Primary and secondary research
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Primary research involves collecting original data through methods like questionnaires, interviews, observations, and testing. Secondary research summarizes and analyzes existing research, rather than primary data collection. It is commonly used in medical and market research to synthesize findings from multiple primary studies through systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Examples of primary research include questionnaires, interviews, and observations, while secondary research relies on published reports and studies.
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Primary research involves collecting original data through methods like questionnaires, observation, and interviews. Secondary research summarizes and analyzes existing research, such as published studies and reports, rather than collecting new data. It is commonly used in medical and market research to systematically review and synthesize previous research, often using statistical techniques like meta-analysis to analyze aggregated findings.
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The document discusses the difference between research methods and research methodology. Research methods refer to the specific techniques used to collect and analyze data, which can be grouped into collecting data, establishing relationships between data, and evaluating accuracy. Research methodology is a broader term that encompasses not just the methods used, but the overall systematic process of conducting scientific research, including literature review, research ethics, and justifying the specific methods chosen.
Developmental Research
This document discusses three methods of developmental research: longitudinal, cross-sectional, and cross-sequential studies. Longitudinal studies involve repeated observations of the same items over long periods of time. Cross-sectional studies observe groups at different ages at the same time. Cross-sequential studies combine longitudinal and cross-sectional methods by comparing two separate longitudinal studies covering different time periods. The document outlines advantages and disadvantages of longitudinal and cross-sectional studies, as well as definitions and examples of these research methods.
Steps in Social science Research
Steps and explanation of Social science Research
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Research methodology
This document outlines the steps for conducting research and writing a report, including identifying a problem, collecting primary and secondary data, developing objectives and methodology, and writing various sections of the report such as introduction, methodology, results, discussion, conclusion, and recommendations. It discusses selecting a topic, analyzing problems and solutions, conducting a literature review to identify gaps, determining appropriate sampling techniques and data collection tools, and selecting factors like sample size, study scope, and statistical tools. The conclusion should discuss what was learned and the study's strengths/weaknesses, while recommendations provide suggestions for organizations/institutions based on the research.
A Template for Writing Research Articles or Papers by Dr. Brian Ebie
This document provides an outline for a research article template, including preliminary materials, the body of the paper divided into five sections (Introduction, Review of Literature, Methodology, Results, and Discussion), and reference materials. The sections include subsections describing the necessary components of each part, such as stating the problem and hypotheses in the Introduction, reviewing previous research and findings in the Literature section, and describing analytic techniques and findings as they relate to the hypotheses in the Results section.
Research methods library, field and laboratory methods
This document discusses research methods used in library, field, and laboratory research. It defines research and notes that it is a systematic process of investigation using study, observation, comparison and experimentation to gain new knowledge. Research methods refer to the specific techniques used to conduct research operations and solve research problems. The document outlines different types of research methods including library methods, field research methods, and laboratory research methods. It provides examples of techniques used within each of these methods, such as observational scales, questionnaires, interviews, and audio-visual devices. The key difference between methods and techniques is that methods refer to the overall approaches used while techniques are the specific tools or procedures employed.
IT3010 Lecture on Case Study Research
The document discusses case study methodology. It defines a case study as an in-depth examination of a single instance or case that is investigated using multiple data sources. Case studies aim for a rich, detailed description of the case and its relationships. They study a phenomenon and its context. The document outlines characteristics of case studies such as depth over breadth and examining phenomena in their natural settings. It also describes different types of case studies including exploratory, descriptive, explanatory, longitudinal, historical, holistic, and embedded case studies. The document notes challenges with generalizing from case studies but possibilities such as developing concepts and theories. It discusses advantages like suitability for complex problems but also disadvantages like challenges in access and confusion.
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Presentation1 media
Primary research involves collecting original data through methods like questionnaires, observation, and interviews. Secondary research summarizes and analyzes existing research, such as published studies and reports, rather than collecting new data. It is commonly used in medical and market research to systematically review and synthesize previous research, often using statistical techniques like meta-analysis to analyze aggregated findings.
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The document discusses the difference between research methods and research methodology. Research methods refer to the specific techniques used to collect and analyze data, which can be grouped into collecting data, establishing relationships between data, and evaluating accuracy. Research methodology is a broader term that encompasses not just the methods used, but the overall systematic process of conducting scientific research, including literature review, research ethics, and justifying the specific methods chosen.
Developmental Research
This document discusses three methods of developmental research: longitudinal, cross-sectional, and cross-sequential studies. Longitudinal studies involve repeated observations of the same items over long periods of time. Cross-sectional studies observe groups at different ages at the same time. Cross-sequential studies combine longitudinal and cross-sectional methods by comparing two separate longitudinal studies covering different time periods. The document outlines advantages and disadvantages of longitudinal and cross-sectional studies, as well as definitions and examples of these research methods.
Steps in Social science Research
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Research methodology
This document outlines the steps for conducting research and writing a report, including identifying a problem, collecting primary and secondary data, developing objectives and methodology, and writing various sections of the report such as introduction, methodology, results, discussion, conclusion, and recommendations. It discusses selecting a topic, analyzing problems and solutions, conducting a literature review to identify gaps, determining appropriate sampling techniques and data collection tools, and selecting factors like sample size, study scope, and statistical tools. The conclusion should discuss what was learned and the study's strengths/weaknesses, while recommendations provide suggestions for organizations/institutions based on the research.
A Template for Writing Research Articles or Papers by Dr. Brian Ebie
This document provides an outline for a research article template, including preliminary materials, the body of the paper divided into five sections (Introduction, Review of Literature, Methodology, Results, and Discussion), and reference materials. The sections include subsections describing the necessary components of each part, such as stating the problem and hypotheses in the Introduction, reviewing previous research and findings in the Literature section, and describing analytic techniques and findings as they relate to the hypotheses in the Results section.
Research methods library, field and laboratory methods
This document discusses research methods used in library, field, and laboratory research. It defines research and notes that it is a systematic process of investigation using study, observation, comparison and experimentation to gain new knowledge. Research methods refer to the specific techniques used to conduct research operations and solve research problems. The document outlines different types of research methods including library methods, field research methods, and laboratory research methods. It provides examples of techniques used within each of these methods, such as observational scales, questionnaires, interviews, and audio-visual devices. The key difference between methods and techniques is that methods refer to the overall approaches used while techniques are the specific tools or procedures employed.
IT3010 Lecture on Case Study Research
The document discusses case study methodology. It defines a case study as an in-depth examination of a single instance or case that is investigated using multiple data sources. Case studies aim for a rich, detailed description of the case and its relationships. They study a phenomenon and its context. The document outlines characteristics of case studies such as depth over breadth and examining phenomena in their natural settings. It also describes different types of case studies including exploratory, descriptive, explanatory, longitudinal, historical, holistic, and embedded case studies. The document notes challenges with generalizing from case studies but possibilities such as developing concepts and theories. It discusses advantages like suitability for complex problems but also disadvantages like challenges in access and confusion.
Research Process Steps
This document outlines the 7 key steps in the research process: 1) identifying a problem, 2) reviewing literature, 3) setting objectives and hypotheses, 4) choosing a study design, 5) collecting data, 6) processing and analyzing data, and 7) writing a report. It provides details on each step, including how to identify a research problem versus a non-research problem, review existing literature, develop objectives and hypotheses, choose an appropriate design, collect and analyze data, and structure a research report. The overall process is meant to guide researchers in conducting thorough scientific studies.
Primary and secondary research
Primary research involves collecting original data through methods like questionnaires, interviews, experiments and observations. Secondary research summarizes and analyzes existing research rather than collecting new primary data, and is also called desk research. Primary research is often done after reviewing secondary research or analyzing previous primary data to gain insight into the issue being studied.
Overview of Research process
Research is a scientific process that involves 7 steps: 1) defining the research problem, 2) reviewing relevant literature, 3) formulating hypotheses, 4) preparing the research design, 5) collecting data, 6) analyzing the data, and 7) interpreting the results and writing a report. The overall goal is to systematically collect empirical data to draw conclusions.
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research process
The document outlines the 8 key stages of the research process: 1) selecting a topic, 2) reviewing literature, 3) developing theoretical and conceptual frameworks, 4) clarifying the research question, 5) designing the research, 6) collecting data, 7) analyzing data, and 8) drawing conclusions. It emphasizes that research involves more than just data collection, and that following these stages in order will allow one to develop and answer the research question in a logical and systematic manner.
STEPS IN RESEARCH PROCESS
The document outlines the typical steps involved in a research process, which include:
1) The conceptual phase where researchers formulate the problem, review literature, define theoretical frameworks, and form hypotheses.
2) The design and planning phase where researchers select research designs, identify study populations, specify data collection methods, develop sampling plans, and finalize research plans with pilot testing.
3) The empirical phase involving data collection and preparation for analysis.
4) The analytical phase where researchers analyze and interpret the collected data.
5) The dissemination phase for communicating and utilizing the research findings.
3. types of research study
This document discusses various types of research designs. It begins by noting there is no single best design as the appropriate design depends on factors like the level of knowledge, research purpose, feasibility and more. The document then covers descriptive studies, cross-sectional studies, cohort studies, case-control studies, randomized controlled trials, surveys and case studies. It provides details on each design type including their advantages and disadvantages. The document aims to help researchers select the most suitable research design given their specific research question and context.
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The document provides an overview of research methodologies that could be used for studies conducted in an academic library setting. It discusses 7 potential research study topics that include assessing student learning outcomes, developing a library collection allocation formula, examining the impact of virtual reference services, and evaluating library user satisfaction. The document also outlines basic steps for conducting research like identifying a topic and questions, defining the study population, selecting a design and measurements, gathering and interpreting evidence. Finally, it discusses common methodologies like qualitative and quantitative approaches and some typical areas libraries conduct research like online resources, instruction programs, and user behaviors.
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Methods in reserch article
This document outlines different research methods and designs. It discusses key parts of research including research designs, sampling design, observational design, and statistical analysis. It covers types of research like descriptive, exploratory, and explanatory research. Sampling probability and non-probability sampling are discussed. Observational design focuses on outcome measures, measurement errors, and data collection. Statistical design depends on study design, data type, sample size, and software. Clinical research designs covered include case series, case control studies, cross sectional studies, cohort studies, and experimental studies. Examples are provided.
Materials and methods discuss
This document provides guidance on writing the materials and methods section of a research study. It discusses including a list of all materials used, such as live organisms, reagents, chemicals, and experimental units. The materials and methods section should specify these materials in sufficient detail and describe the procedures to allow others to evaluate and replicate the study. It is important to control for experimental error by using proper research design, replication, and statistical analysis to reduce or eliminate errors from instruments, limited samples or trials, and lack of controls. The materials and methods section should be written in an expository style using future tense for proposed studies and past tense for technical reports, without personal pronouns, spelling out numbers if they start sentences, and including diagrams to
How to Write a Research Proposal
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the workshop, the participants will be able to:
-Define and Classify the Types of Research
-Write the Research Proposal
Primary and secondary research meg
Primary research involves collecting original data through methods like questionnaires, interviews, experiments and observations. Secondary research summarizes and analyzes existing research, such as previous studies or primary data, rather than collecting new data. Common secondary research methods include systematic reviews and market research, while primary research may inform areas of focus for secondary research.
lec1.pdf
Research involves systematically studying issues to create new knowledge or apply existing knowledge in new ways. It is done to understand phenomena, test theories, answer questions, and expand knowledge. High quality research builds on past studies, can be replicated, generalized, logically tied to theories, practical in scope, and generates new inquiries.
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Primary and secondary research
Primary research involves collecting original data through methods like questionnaires, interviews, experiments and observations. Secondary research summarizes and analyzes existing research rather than collecting new primary data, and is also called desk research. Primary research is often done after reviewing secondary research or analyzing previous primary data to gain insight into the issue being studied.
Overview of Research process
Research is a scientific process that involves 7 steps: 1) defining the research problem, 2) reviewing relevant literature, 3) formulating hypotheses, 4) preparing the research design, 5) collecting data, 6) analyzing the data, and 7) interpreting the results and writing a report. The overall goal is to systematically collect empirical data to draw conclusions.
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This document outlines an eight-step research methodology model: 1) Formulating a research problem, 2) Conceptualizing a research design, 3) Constructing a data collection instrument, 4) Selecting a sample, 5) Writing a research proposal, 6) Collecting data, 7) Processing and displaying data, and 8) Writing a research report. It provides details on each step, including how to formulate a research problem, select an appropriate research design, field test data collection tools, choose an appropriate sampling strategy, write an effective research proposal, collect data, analyze both qualitative and quantitative data, and structure a research report. The overall process guides researchers in planning and conducting valid research.
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The scientific method involves systematically defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. There are three main types of social research: exploratory research explores new phenomena, descriptive research provides facts about the social world, and explanatory/causal research looks for causation between variables. Proper research requires carefully operationalizing variables, reviewing literature without duplication, posing testable hypotheses relating independent and dependent variables, collecting data through sampling techniques, analyzing data objectively, and verifying findings through reliability and validity.
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This document outlines five essential questions to ask when assessing the methodological quality of papers: 1) Was the study original? 2) Whom is the study about? 3) Was the design of the study sensible? 4) Was systematic bias avoided or minimized? 5) Was the study large enough and long enough to make the results credible? It discusses factors to consider for each question when evaluating a study's methods section such as sample size, duration of follow up, and completeness of follow up.
research process
The document outlines the 8 key stages of the research process: 1) selecting a topic, 2) reviewing literature, 3) developing theoretical and conceptual frameworks, 4) clarifying the research question, 5) designing the research, 6) collecting data, 7) analyzing data, and 8) drawing conclusions. It emphasizes that research involves more than just data collection, and that following these stages in order will allow one to develop and answer the research question in a logical and systematic manner.
STEPS IN RESEARCH PROCESS
The document outlines the typical steps involved in a research process, which include:
1) The conceptual phase where researchers formulate the problem, review literature, define theoretical frameworks, and form hypotheses.
2) The design and planning phase where researchers select research designs, identify study populations, specify data collection methods, develop sampling plans, and finalize research plans with pilot testing.
3) The empirical phase involving data collection and preparation for analysis.
4) The analytical phase where researchers analyze and interpret the collected data.
5) The dissemination phase for communicating and utilizing the research findings.
3. types of research study
This document discusses various types of research designs. It begins by noting there is no single best design as the appropriate design depends on factors like the level of knowledge, research purpose, feasibility and more. The document then covers descriptive studies, cross-sectional studies, cohort studies, case-control studies, randomized controlled trials, surveys and case studies. It provides details on each design type including their advantages and disadvantages. The document aims to help researchers select the most suitable research design given their specific research question and context.
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The document provides an overview of research methodologies that could be used for studies conducted in an academic library setting. It discusses 7 potential research study topics that include assessing student learning outcomes, developing a library collection allocation formula, examining the impact of virtual reference services, and evaluating library user satisfaction. The document also outlines basic steps for conducting research like identifying a topic and questions, defining the study population, selecting a design and measurements, gathering and interpreting evidence. Finally, it discusses common methodologies like qualitative and quantitative approaches and some typical areas libraries conduct research like online resources, instruction programs, and user behaviors.
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The document provides an overview on how to read and evaluate academic papers. It discusses the typical structure of papers, known as IMRAD (Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion). It outlines factors to consider in determining if a paper is worth reading such as the study design presented in the methods section. The document describes how to critically appraise papers by considering why the study was done, what type of study design was used, and if the design was appropriate. It also reviews hierarchies of evidence, common terms, the peer review process, and reasons why papers may be rejected.
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This document provides an overview of experiments as a research methodology. It defines experiments as strategies that investigate cause-and-effect relationships by testing hypotheses about how changing an independent variable affects a dependent variable. Key aspects of experiments discussed include identifying hypotheses and variables, controlling unwanted factors, threats to internal and external validity, and types of experiments such as pure lab experiments, quasi-experiments, and uncontrolled trials. Advantages of experiments are establishing causation and controlling parameters, while disadvantages include creating artificial situations and difficulty controlling all factors.
Case study
Write a one-sentence research question relevant to your work or interests.
What data would be required?
What disciplines? Types of knowledge?
What research approach would be appropriate? What specific methods?
Empirical Research Activity (ERA) Guide
This document provides an overview of the typical structure and sections of an Experimental Research Assignment (ERA). It explains that an ERA generally follows a logical order, describing what was done, why it was done, how it was done, what was found, and what the findings mean. The key sections outlined are: the title page, abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, references, and appendices. Each section is briefly described, including the typical content and purpose.
Sampling
This document discusses different types of sampling methods used in research studies. It describes non-probability sampling methods like accessibility sampling and quota sampling which do not give a true representation of the population. It then explains various probability sampling methods that give each individual an equal chance of being selected, including simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and multistage sampling. For each method, it provides a brief definition and example to illustrate how it is implemented in research.
One time research and longitudinal research
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Methods in reserch article
This document outlines different research methods and designs. It discusses key parts of research including research designs, sampling design, observational design, and statistical analysis. It covers types of research like descriptive, exploratory, and explanatory research. Sampling probability and non-probability sampling are discussed. Observational design focuses on outcome measures, measurement errors, and data collection. Statistical design depends on study design, data type, sample size, and software. Clinical research designs covered include case series, case control studies, cross sectional studies, cohort studies, and experimental studies. Examples are provided.
Materials and methods discuss
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How to Write a Research Proposal
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the workshop, the participants will be able to:
-Define and Classify the Types of Research
-Write the Research Proposal
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This document outlines the objectives and content of a research methodology course. The course aims to enable students to understand the information needs of management, introduce scientific research methods, and statistical data analysis tools. The 5 units cover topics like research components, data collection methods, statistical analysis techniques, statistical applications, and structuring research reports. Key concepts discussed include the meaning of research, objectives of research, qualitative and quantitative approaches, descriptive vs analytical research, and important qualities of researchers.
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This document discusses the different types of research. It identifies six main types: applied vs basic research, descriptive vs analytical research, quantitative vs qualitative research, cross-sectional vs longitudinal research, primary vs secondary research, and conceptual vs empirical research. Additional types discussed include historical research, simulation research, exploratory research, conclusion-oriented research, and decision-oriented research. The purpose of research is to systematically search for and acquire new knowledge, whether it be discovering new facts or verifying existing theories. The type of research used depends on the goal and whether the focus is on gathering new knowledge or solving practical problems.
Mk research methodology ppt
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and thesis, discusses the objectives and importance of research. It also outlines the main types of research such as descriptive, applied, quantitative, qualitative, and fundamental. Additionally, it explains the key steps of the research process including identifying a problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, and presenting findings. The document aims to give students an introduction to best practices in conducting and communicating scientific research.
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Research/thesis for post graduate students in dentistry.
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Primary and secondary research
- 2. Primary research • Primary research consists in research to collect original primary data. It is often undertaken after the researcher has gained some insight into the issue by collecting secondary data. This can be through numerous forms, including questionnaires, direct observation and telephone interviews amongst others.
- 3. Secondary research • Secondary research (also known as desk research) involves the summary, collation and/or synthesis of existing research rather than primary research, where data is collected from, for example, research subjects or experiments. • The term is widely used in medical research and in market research. The principal methodology in medical secondary research is the systematic review, commonly using meta-analytic statistical techniques, although other methods of synthesis, like realist reviews and meta- narrative reviews, have been developed in recent years. Such secondary research uses the primary research of others typically in the form of research publications and reports.
- 4. Primary examples • Questionnaires Interviews • Surveys • Observations • and testing