on research design

1. Venu chittaloori

2. Introduction
1. Introduction, Research
Problems/Objectives, & Justification
2. Literature Review
3. Methodology (Research sample, data
collection, measurement,
data analysis)
4. Results & Discussion
5. Implications
6. Conclusions and
Recommendations for
Future Research
 What--What was studied?
 What about--What aspects of
the subject were studied?
 What for--What is/was the
significance of the study?
 What did prior lit./research say?
 What was done--How was the
study conducted?
 What was found?
 So what?
 What now?

3. RESEARCH DESIGN
 Research Design
-provides a framework for the collection and analysis of data.
-refers to the plan, structure, and strategy of research--the blueprint
that will guide the research process.
 Research Method
-technique for collecting data.
- choice of research method reflects decisions about the type of
instruments or techniques to be used.

4. Types of Research Designs
 Descriptive
 Case study
 Cross-sectional study
 Qualitative study
 Exploratory
 Cohort study
 Case control study
 Experimental
 True experimental designs
 Quasi-experimental designs
 Diagnostic

5. Descriptive Research
Descriptive: investigator attempts to describe a group of
individuals on a set of variables or characteristics.
 Enables classification and understanding
 Methods: survey research, case study, qualitative,
developmental (natural history of something, patterns
of growth and change).

6. Research Design: Descriptive Research
 Descriptive research is undertaken to provide answers to
questions of who, what, where, when, and how – but not
why.
 Two basic classifications:
 Cross-sectional studies
 Longitudinal studies

7. Research Design: Descriptive Research
(Cross-sectional Studies)
 Cross-sectional studies measure units from a sample
of the population at only one point in time.
-sample surveys are cross-sectional studies whose
samples are drawn in such a way as to be
representative of a specific population.
-on-line survey research is being used to collect data
for cross-sectional surveys at a faster rate of speed.

8. Research Design: Descriptive Research
Longitudinal Studies
• Longitudinal studies repeatedly draw sample units of a
population over time.
-one method is to draw different units from the same
sampling frame.
-a second method is to use a “panel” where the same people
are asked to respond periodically.

9. Exploratory Research
 Investigator examines a phenomenon of interest and explores
its dimensions, including how it relates to other factors.
 Proven relationships between the phenomenon and other
factors can lead to predictive models
 Types include Correlational studies, cohort and case control,
secondary analysis, historical research

10. Research Design: Exploratory Research
 Exploratory research is most commonly unstructured,
“informal” research that is undertaken to gain
background information about the general nature of the
research problem.
-usually conducted when the researcher does not know
much about the problem and needs additional
information or desires new or more recent information.
- includes surveys, case analysis, focus groups

11. Experimental Research
 Provides a basis for comparing TWO or more conditions
 Controls or accounts for the effects of extraneous factors, providing the
highest degree of confidence in the validity of outcomes
 Enables the researcher to draw meaningful conclusions about observed
differences
 Types include Randomized controlled trials, sequential clinical trials,
evaluation research, quasi-experimental research, meta-analysis

12. Diagnostic Research Design
 Studies sets of signs and symptoms
 Has a clinical approach
 Cause and effect wrt to illness

13. Basic Research Objectives and Research Design
 Research Objective
 To gain background information, to define
terms, to clarify problems and develop
hypotheses, to establish research priorities,
to develop questions to be answered
 To describe and measure a phenomena at a
point in time
 To determine causality, test hypotheses, to
make “if-then” statements, to answer
questions
 Appropriate Design
 Exploratory
 Descriptive
 Causal

14. Purpose of Research Design
 First, it suggests the necessary observations you need to
make to provide answers to the research question. It
outlines the ways you should make your observations.
 Second, the research design identifies the analytical and
statistical procedures you will need to use when analyzing
the data. A major purpose of research is to establish that
the independent and dependent variables are causally
related.

15. Thank you