The document discusses identifying and selecting a good research problem. It notes that a research problem comes from various sources like personal and practical experiences, literature reviews, existing theories, social issues, and consultation with experts. It provides examples for each source. The document also lists criteria for selecting a feasible research problem, such as allowing sufficient time, considering available resources and equipment, obtaining administrative and peer support, ensuring availability of subjects, matching the researcher's competence, addressing ethical considerations, focusing on current problems, and selecting an interesting problem within the researcher's field of interest.
Hypothesis -Concept Sources Types
Hypothesis
It is a tentative prediction about the nature of the relationship between two or more variables.
It is a tentative explanation of the research problem
Hypotheses are always in declarative sentence form
An hypothesis is a statement or explanation that is suggested by knowledge or observation but has not, yet, been proved or disproved
Sources of hypothesis
Experience of researcher
Review of literature
Findings of the pilot study
Interaction with knowledgeable persons of the concerned field
Knowledge of culture and society
Creative thinking and imagination of researcher
Types of Hypotheses
Directional Hypotheses / One tailed Hypothesis
Non-Directional Hypotheses / Two tailed Hypothesis
Null Hypotheses
Directional Hypotheses / One Tailed Hypothesis
A directional hypothesis is a prediction made by a researcher regarding a positive or negative change, relationship, or difference between two variables /two groups or conditions
directional hypothesis predicts the nature of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
It is often symbolized as H1
Non-Directional Hypotheses / Two Tailed Hypothesis
A non-directional simply states that there will be a difference between the two groups/conditions but does not say which will be greater/smaller, quicker/slower etc.
non-directional hypothesis predicts that the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable, but the direction of the effect is not specified.
Null Hypotheses
A null hypothesis is a hypothesis that says there is no statistical significance between the two variables.
null hypothesis states that there is no relationship between the two variables being studied (one variable does not affect the other).
It is the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to disprove.
the null hypothesis is a statement of
-‘no effect’ or ‘no difference’
It is often symbolized as H0.
Examples
“ In a clinical trial of a new drug with the current drug ”
We would write Null Hypotheses (H0):
H0 : there is no difference between the two drugs.
We would write Directional Hypotheses (H1):
H1 : the new drug is better than the current drug.
We would write Non-Directional Hypothesis:
the two drugs have different effects, on average.
This document is quoted from Academic Writing Skill, IFL, Cambodia. It's for students in year three not only at IFL but also other universities in Cambodia.
Formulation of Research problem
What is research problem?
A research problem is a specific issue, difficulty, contradiction, or gap in knowledge that we will aim to address in our research.
In other words, A research problem can be any question that we want to answer and any assumption or assertion that we want to challenge or investigate.
The formulation of a research problem is the most crucial part of the research journey as the quality and relevance of a research project entirely depends upon it.
The process of formulating a research problem consists of a number of steps. These are:
Step 1: Identify a broad field or subject area of interest.
Step 2: Dissect the broad areas into subareas
Step 3: Select what is of most interest to us.
Step 4: Raise research questions
Step 5: Formulate objectives
Step 6: Assess our objectives
Step 7: Double-check
Exploratory research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
Exploratory research is research conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined. It often occurs before we know enough to make conceptual distinctions or posit an explanatory relationship. Exploratory research helps determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects.
Research, Types and objectives of research Bindu Kshtriya
This presentation is regarding the basics of research method, about the voyage of research, steps included in research, types of research including descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative conceptual, empirical historical conclusion oriented etc
Characteristics of Scientific Method
Replicability
Precision
Parsimony
Falsifiability
Replicability
When other people follow the same steps in your research and get the same or identical result.
Precision
Theoretical concepts, which are often hard to measure, must be defined with such precision that others can use those definitions to measure those concepts and test that theory.
Parsimony
When there are many explanations of a phenomenon, researchers must accept the simplest and most logical of them, to prevent explaining with many complex theories. This concept is called Parsimony or “Occam’s Razor”.
Occam’s razor or Ockham’s Razor is a principle from philosophy.
Falsifiability
A theory must always be stated in a way that it can be Disproved.
It must be tested or falsified
Theories that cannot be tested or falsified are not scientific theories and any such knowledge is not scientific knowledge.
Whose concepts are not accurately measurable cannot be tested, and is therefore not scientific.
Others Characteristics of Scientific Method
Verifiability
Objectivity
Generalization
Systematic study
Control
Scientific research design
Power of prediction
Cause and effect relationship
Theorization
Universability
Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events .
Hypothesis -Concept Sources Types
Hypothesis
It is a tentative prediction about the nature of the relationship between two or more variables.
It is a tentative explanation of the research problem
Hypotheses are always in declarative sentence form
An hypothesis is a statement or explanation that is suggested by knowledge or observation but has not, yet, been proved or disproved
Sources of hypothesis
Experience of researcher
Review of literature
Findings of the pilot study
Interaction with knowledgeable persons of the concerned field
Knowledge of culture and society
Creative thinking and imagination of researcher
Types of Hypotheses
Directional Hypotheses / One tailed Hypothesis
Non-Directional Hypotheses / Two tailed Hypothesis
Null Hypotheses
Directional Hypotheses / One Tailed Hypothesis
A directional hypothesis is a prediction made by a researcher regarding a positive or negative change, relationship, or difference between two variables /two groups or conditions
directional hypothesis predicts the nature of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
It is often symbolized as H1
Non-Directional Hypotheses / Two Tailed Hypothesis
A non-directional simply states that there will be a difference between the two groups/conditions but does not say which will be greater/smaller, quicker/slower etc.
non-directional hypothesis predicts that the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable, but the direction of the effect is not specified.
Null Hypotheses
A null hypothesis is a hypothesis that says there is no statistical significance between the two variables.
null hypothesis states that there is no relationship between the two variables being studied (one variable does not affect the other).
It is the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to disprove.
the null hypothesis is a statement of
-‘no effect’ or ‘no difference’
It is often symbolized as H0.
Examples
“ In a clinical trial of a new drug with the current drug ”
We would write Null Hypotheses (H0):
H0 : there is no difference between the two drugs.
We would write Directional Hypotheses (H1):
H1 : the new drug is better than the current drug.
We would write Non-Directional Hypothesis:
the two drugs have different effects, on average.
This document is quoted from Academic Writing Skill, IFL, Cambodia. It's for students in year three not only at IFL but also other universities in Cambodia.
Formulation of Research problem
What is research problem?
A research problem is a specific issue, difficulty, contradiction, or gap in knowledge that we will aim to address in our research.
In other words, A research problem can be any question that we want to answer and any assumption or assertion that we want to challenge or investigate.
The formulation of a research problem is the most crucial part of the research journey as the quality and relevance of a research project entirely depends upon it.
The process of formulating a research problem consists of a number of steps. These are:
Step 1: Identify a broad field or subject area of interest.
Step 2: Dissect the broad areas into subareas
Step 3: Select what is of most interest to us.
Step 4: Raise research questions
Step 5: Formulate objectives
Step 6: Assess our objectives
Step 7: Double-check
Exploratory research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
Exploratory research is research conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined. It often occurs before we know enough to make conceptual distinctions or posit an explanatory relationship. Exploratory research helps determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects.
Research, Types and objectives of research Bindu Kshtriya
This presentation is regarding the basics of research method, about the voyage of research, steps included in research, types of research including descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative conceptual, empirical historical conclusion oriented etc
Characteristics of Scientific Method
Replicability
Precision
Parsimony
Falsifiability
Replicability
When other people follow the same steps in your research and get the same or identical result.
Precision
Theoretical concepts, which are often hard to measure, must be defined with such precision that others can use those definitions to measure those concepts and test that theory.
Parsimony
When there are many explanations of a phenomenon, researchers must accept the simplest and most logical of them, to prevent explaining with many complex theories. This concept is called Parsimony or “Occam’s Razor”.
Occam’s razor or Ockham’s Razor is a principle from philosophy.
Falsifiability
A theory must always be stated in a way that it can be Disproved.
It must be tested or falsified
Theories that cannot be tested or falsified are not scientific theories and any such knowledge is not scientific knowledge.
Whose concepts are not accurately measurable cannot be tested, and is therefore not scientific.
Others Characteristics of Scientific Method
Verifiability
Objectivity
Generalization
Systematic study
Control
Scientific research design
Power of prediction
Cause and effect relationship
Theorization
Universability
Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events .
Research problem is a question that a researcher wants to answer or a problem that a researcher wants to solve. Identification and formulation of a research problem is the first step of the research process.
However, it is considered as one of the most challenging and difficult phases of any research project. It is believed that selection of a good research problem is a discovery in itself.
Selection of a research problem depends on several factors, such as researcher's knowledge, skills, interest, expertise, motivation, and creativity with respect to the subject of inquiry.
In addition, a researcher needs to ensure that a selected problem has high significance and implication for his or her profession as well as it should be a suitable, feasible, testable, and solvable research problem.
It is believed that most of the good research studies need lots of time for selection of a research problem. Initially, every researcher faces the predicament of identifying, selecting, and formulating a good research problem. This chapter will answer these pertinent questions.
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Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1. Topic: Problem Identification ,Sources
The Islamia University of
Bahawalpur
Muhammad Khizer Hayat
Khaleel Ahmad
Session: 2016-18 (Spring)
Semester: 3rd
Supervised By: Dr.Fakhra Shamim
2. Introduction
A research problem is a question that researcher wants to answer or a problem that a researcher wants to solve.
Identification & formulation of a research problem is the first step of the research process.
Selection of research problem depends on several factors such as researcher’s knowledge, skills, interest,
expertise, motivation & creativity with respect to the subject of inquiry.
It is believed that most of the good research studies need lots of time for selection of a research problem.
Def: According to Kerlinger, ‘A problem is an interrogative sentence or
statement that asks what relation exists between two or more variable. The
answer to question will provide what is having sought in the research.
Identification of Problem
Identification of a research problem is the first & most important step in
research process. Generally, a broad area is selected & then a broad
topic is delimited or narrowed down to a specific one-sentence statement
of the problem. This step of the research process is considered as the
most difficult & challenging, & need slots of time. A research problem
may come from several sources:
3.
4. Personal Experiences:
Day-to-day personal experience of a research may serve as good source of ideas to
formulate a research problem.
For example, a researcher observed domestic violence suffered by wives of alcoholic
husbands.
Practical Experiences:
Nurses gets plenty of ideas to formulate research problems from their clinical experiences.
For example, a nurse finds that unrestricted visiting hours in surgical wards reduced the analgesic
demand among postoperative patients.
Critical Appraisal of literature:
When we critically study books & articles relating to the subject of our interest,
including research report, opinion articles, & summaries of clinical issues, pertinent
questions may arise in our mind.
For example, a nurse reads an article on the prevalence of the pin site infection among
patients with external fixators; while reading this article nurse learns that there is lack of
consensus about pin site care.
5. Previous Experience:
A body of knowledge should be developed on a sound foundation of research findings.
Usually at the end of a research further research problems are suggested, based on the
shortcomings of previous research, which can be investigated.
Existing theories:
Research is a process of theory development & theory testing.
It an existing theory is used in developing a researchable problem, a specific statement
from the theory must be isolated.
Generally, a part of parts of the theory are subjected to testing in the clinical situation.
Social issues:
Sometimes, topics are suggested by more global contemporary social or political issues
of relevance to the health care community.
For example, HIV/AIDS, female foeticide, sexual harassment, domestic violence, &
gender equality in health care & in research are some of the current social & political
issues of concern for health care professionals.
6. Brainstorming:
Brainstorming sessions are good techniques to find new questions, where an
intensified discussion among interested people of the profession is conducted to find
more ideas to formulate a good research problem.
For example, ideas for studies may emerge from reviewing research priorities by
having brainstorming session with other nurses, researchers, or nursing faculties.
Intuition:
Traditionally institutions are considered good sources of knowledge as well as sources to
find new research problems.
It is believed that reflective mind is good sources of ideas, which may be used to
formulate a good research problem.
Folklores:
Common beliefs could be right or wrong.
For examples, it is generally believed that studying just before the test decrease the
score.
Researchers can conduct a research study on whether one should study before the test
or not.
7. Exposure to field situations:
During field exposure, researchers get variety of experiences, which may provide plenty of
ideas to formulate research problems.
For example, while working in field a researcher observed a specific traditional practice for
cure of disease condition, which can be used as research problem to investigate its efficacy.
Consultation with experts:
Experts are believed to have sound experience of their respective field, which may suggest a
significance problem to be studied.
In addition, expert may help in finding a current problem of discipline to be solve, which may serve
as basis for formulation of research problem.
CRITERIA FOR SELECTING A GOOD RESEARCH PROBLEM
It is fundamentally considered that every research problem should be new & unique in itself.
Regardless of how significant or researchable a problem may be, the feasibility of
research problem in reference to time, availability to subjects, facilities, equipment etc.
should be checked.
It is wise to allow more time than seems to be needed because unexpected delays frequently occur.
The researcher must consider realistically the financial resources available.
8. If researcher takes into consideration equipment & supplies in the early phases of a
research project, there are less chances of the project to be revised or discarded later
because of equipment or supply problems.
Many research projects require administrative support. Financial as well as
psychological support from administrative is very helpful.
Peer support:
Many research ideas have never been developed because potential researchers received
no support from their peers.
Availability of subjects:
A researcher may believe that study subjects are readily available for the study. But this
may not be the case.
Potential subjects may not meet the study criteria, may be unwilling to participate, or
may already be participating in other studies.
9. Researcher’s competence:
A research problem can only be feasible if it is in accordance with researcher’s
competence, where researcher is capable to handle a given research problem.
Ethical considerations:
A researcher must ensure that the research problem can be considered by the ethical
committee without undue hurdles.
A very important topic of research cannot be considered feasible unit & unless it is in
accordance with ethical guideline.
Current problems:
A good research problem must be based on the current problems & needs of a
profession, so that results generated will be of more use.
Interesting:
A research problem can only be considered good if it is an accordance with
researcher’s field of interest, so that research is conducted with full enthusiasm
& not merely for its accomplishment.