That behaviour exhibited by mothers towards their young to aid their survival, growth and development, both physically and behaviorally. It is inherited behaviour
Maternal behaviour in mammals (suckling animals) exhibited by mother toward their young, including feeding, protection, warming growth, development and survival.
Parental behaviour exhibited by both male and female as in pigeons and other birds.
Reproductive behaviour: 1-Sexual behaviour in animalsrhfayed
Reproductive Behaviour involve behaviour patterns associated with courtship, copulation, birth, maternal care and with suckling attempts of newborn. It is species specific behaviour
This document provides an overview of animal behaviour, including definitions, history, types of behaviours, and specific topics. It begins with definitions of animal behaviour and ethology. It then discusses the history of the field and pioneers. Behaviours are classified as innate or learned, and the various types of each are defined. Neural bases of learning and forms of behaviour are also summarized. Specific sections cover thermoregulation mechanisms, bioluminescence including types and functions, and conclusions with references.
This document discusses social behavior and mating systems in animals. It defines social behavior as interactions between two or more animals of the same species that affect one another. Animals form social groups for benefits like protection, cooperative hunting, and care of young. Mating systems include monogamy where one male and female pair up; polygamy where one sex has multiple mates; and promiscuity where both sexes mate with multiple partners. Different mating strategies evolve depending on ecological and social factors.
Behavior is everything an organism does in response to stimuli from both the external environment and internal bodily states. It includes innate behaviors that are genetically determined and critical for survival, such as feeding, grooming, and reproduction, as well as learned behaviors influenced by environmental factors. The scientific study of animal behavior is called ethology and focuses on understanding behavior in natural habitats and social contexts.
ESTROUS CYCLE: Reproductive cycle of female, generally defined as period from one estrus to the next.
Two phases:
Follicular Phase
Luteal phase
TYPES OF ESTROUS CYCLE
Maternal care consist of activities directed towards the young by the mother.
Maternal care represents the mother's willingness to sacrifice her time, energy and resources towards the rearing and protection of her offsping
The care that the mother gives to her young is important for physiological and psycho-logical development of the young and the survival of the youn
"parental care of harvivore animals "seminar by Subrata paul0909091212
This document discusses parental care in herbivorous mammals. It describes how parental care varies between species, with females generally providing most of the care since males contribute little after mating. The types of parental care include maternal, paternal, and biparental care. Examples are given for several species like hippopotamus, giraffe, gorilla, and okapi. Benefits of parental care include improved offspring survival. There can also be conflicts between parents and offspring over the level and duration of care provided.
The document discusses various types of behaviors exhibited by sheep and goats, including feeding, social, sexual, parental, sleeping, excretory, exploratory, and aggressive behaviors. It provides details on how sheep typically graze on short grasses while goats prefer to browse leaves, twigs, and vines. Social behaviors include animals associating in groups with a leader. Parental behaviors involve caring for offspring. Management strategies can regulate animal behaviors through training, control of movement, and use of facilities.
Reproductive behaviour: 1-Sexual behaviour in animalsrhfayed
Reproductive Behaviour involve behaviour patterns associated with courtship, copulation, birth, maternal care and with suckling attempts of newborn. It is species specific behaviour
This document provides an overview of animal behaviour, including definitions, history, types of behaviours, and specific topics. It begins with definitions of animal behaviour and ethology. It then discusses the history of the field and pioneers. Behaviours are classified as innate or learned, and the various types of each are defined. Neural bases of learning and forms of behaviour are also summarized. Specific sections cover thermoregulation mechanisms, bioluminescence including types and functions, and conclusions with references.
This document discusses social behavior and mating systems in animals. It defines social behavior as interactions between two or more animals of the same species that affect one another. Animals form social groups for benefits like protection, cooperative hunting, and care of young. Mating systems include monogamy where one male and female pair up; polygamy where one sex has multiple mates; and promiscuity where both sexes mate with multiple partners. Different mating strategies evolve depending on ecological and social factors.
Behavior is everything an organism does in response to stimuli from both the external environment and internal bodily states. It includes innate behaviors that are genetically determined and critical for survival, such as feeding, grooming, and reproduction, as well as learned behaviors influenced by environmental factors. The scientific study of animal behavior is called ethology and focuses on understanding behavior in natural habitats and social contexts.
ESTROUS CYCLE: Reproductive cycle of female, generally defined as period from one estrus to the next.
Two phases:
Follicular Phase
Luteal phase
TYPES OF ESTROUS CYCLE
Maternal care consist of activities directed towards the young by the mother.
Maternal care represents the mother's willingness to sacrifice her time, energy and resources towards the rearing and protection of her offsping
The care that the mother gives to her young is important for physiological and psycho-logical development of the young and the survival of the youn
"parental care of harvivore animals "seminar by Subrata paul0909091212
This document discusses parental care in herbivorous mammals. It describes how parental care varies between species, with females generally providing most of the care since males contribute little after mating. The types of parental care include maternal, paternal, and biparental care. Examples are given for several species like hippopotamus, giraffe, gorilla, and okapi. Benefits of parental care include improved offspring survival. There can also be conflicts between parents and offspring over the level and duration of care provided.
The document discusses various types of behaviors exhibited by sheep and goats, including feeding, social, sexual, parental, sleeping, excretory, exploratory, and aggressive behaviors. It provides details on how sheep typically graze on short grasses while goats prefer to browse leaves, twigs, and vines. Social behaviors include animals associating in groups with a leader. Parental behaviors involve caring for offspring. Management strategies can regulate animal behaviors through training, control of movement, and use of facilities.
The estrous cycle refers to the physiological changes induced by reproductive hormones in female mammals. It begins at sexual maturity and is interrupted by pregnancy or anestrous phases. The cycle is regulated by hormones like GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogens and progesterone. In most species, the cycle involves the stages of proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus and results in ovulation about halfway through. The length and timing of the estrous cycle varies between species but generally allows females to be sexually receptive and able to conceive when environmental conditions favor survival of offspring.
This document discusses animal behavior and the factors that influence it. It defines animal behavior and outlines three main categories: instinctive behaviors, learned behaviors, and complex behaviors. Instinctive behaviors are innate and genetically determined, such as nest building and mating rituals. Learned behaviors develop through experience and include habituation, imprinting, and conditioned responses developed through classical and operant conditioning. Both genetic and environmental factors influence animal behavior.
Primate social organizations can generally be categorized into two types: 1) solitary foragers or dispersed polygyny where females forage alone and males monopolize access to females, and 2) where females forage together in female-bonded groups that are larger and contain multiple males. Group structures range from one-male harems to multi-male/multi-female groups. The type of social structure adopted depends on factors like the nature of resources and how defendable or monopolizable they are.
Somalian sheep and goat behavior:
Feeding behavior.
Social behavior.
Sexual behavior.
Parental behavior.
Drinking and excretory behavior.
Exploratory behavior.
Conflict behavior.
Sleep behavior.
Aggression and fear behavior etc.
This document summarizes the social behaviors of various mammal orders and families. It discusses how social systems are patterns of interrelationships between individuals and groups. Some key points made include:
- Metatherians like honey gliders and whiptail wallabies form cohesive groups dominated by males. Male vombats develop and share burrows with kin.
- Bats form nursery groups of females and young that later reunite with males. They have varying mating systems from solitary to multi-male, multi-female groups.
- Rodents like prairie dogs form family groups called coteries for protection, vigilance, and territory maintenance. Lemurs form troops dominated by females.
- Primates like
This document discusses primate social behavior and compares human behavior to that of other primates. It covers topics like why primates form social groups, different types of social structures, communication methods, dominance hierarchies, and behaviors like grooming, territoriality, and tool use. The document also compares the social behaviors of chimpanzees and bonobos, noting that chimpanzees exhibit warfare while bonobos are more peaceful and promote conflict resolution.
1. The document discusses various methods for studying animal behavior, including ad libitum observation, focal animal observation, scanning/instantaneous sampling, all occurrences sampling, and one-zero sampling.
2. It provides examples of how to create an ethogram to catalog an animal's behaviors and create a time budget to track how much time an animal spends on different behaviors like hunting, eating, sleeping, and grooming.
3. The procedure outlines observing a single animal for an hour, recording its behaviors and the time spent on each one in order to analyze which behaviors are most and least frequent.
Learned behavior in animals can occur through various forms of conditioning, as well as observation and reasoning. Animals are able to learn behaviors that help them adapt to their environments and ensure survival. Learning allows animals to be more flexible than if they relied solely on innate behaviors determined by their genetics. The types of learning include habituation, classical and operant conditioning, observation, food hoarding, imprinting, and insight learning. An animal can only learn behaviors that its physical form allows, as a dolphin cannot ride a bicycle due to its lack of legs and fingers.
The document discusses different mating systems such as monogamy, polyandry, and polygamy. It addresses factors that influence which system is evolutionarily adaptive, including parental investment, operational sex ratio, reproductive rates, and benefits/risks of each system. Examples are provided for different mating behaviors in species from insects to mammals. The diversity of polygamous systems is also examined, including female defense, resource defense, scramble competition, and leks.
Parental care is common among amphibians, with 18% of salamander species and 6% of frog and toad species receiving care from both parents. Amphibians exhibit various forms of parental care including building nests, transporting tadpoles, carrying eggs attached to their bodies, and giving live birth (viviparity). In frogs, parental care involves nest building and guarding of eggs, transporting tadpoles, or carrying eggs in pouches or stomachs. In salamanders, both parents may coil around and guard eggs or exhibit viviparity by retaining young in the uterus until metamorphosis. While methods vary across the three amphibian classes, parental care helps increase offspring survival.
This document discusses the field of animal behavior and its importance and applications. It notes that animal behavior is the study of how animals interact with each other and their environment, and serves as a bridge between physiology and the environment. It then outlines several ways in which the study of animal behavior contributes to and influences other fields, such as neuroscience, environmental management, human behavior studies, and conservation. Specific examples are given of insights gained into areas like communication, emotional expression, migration patterns, and pest control from animal behavior research. The document also discusses how animal behavior courses can increase scientific literacy and interest in biology.
1) Sexual dimorphism, or differences in size and appearance between males and females, often occurs due to sexual selection.
2) There are two main types of sexual selection: intrasexual selection, where males compete with each other for access to females; and intersexual selection, where females choose their mates.
3) Examples of traits that evolve due to sexual selection include weaponry used in combat between males, ornamentation used in displays to attract females, and gift-giving behaviors that benefit feeding females.
There are two main animal mating systems: monogamy and polygamy. Monogamy involves an animal having only one mate, while polygamy involves having multiple mates. Polygamy includes polygyny, where one male mates with multiple females, polyandry, where one female mates with multiple males, and polygynandry, where multiple males mate with multiple females. Polygyny is the most common type of polygamy in the animal kingdom. It provides advantages for males in increasing reproductive success but can negatively impact genetic diversity, while females may experience infanticide from new dominant males.
Here is a sample ethogram from a 10 minute observation of a dog:
B1- Eating (solitary, duration 2 minutes)
B2- Sleeping (solitary, duration 5 minutes)
B3- Grooming (solitary, duration 1 minute)
B4- Playing (social, duration 2 minutes)
Behavioral ecology studies how animals respond to each other and their environment. There are innate behaviors that are genetically determined and do not require learning, such as kinesis, taxis, migration, hibernation, estivation, and circadian rhythms. These behaviors increase an animal's chances of survival and reproduction through directed movement toward resources or away from threats.
This document discusses the history of theories of animal behavior from ancient philosophers like Aristotle to modern ethologists. It covers early ideas like Lamarck's theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics and Darwin's theory of natural selection. Later, William James rejected the idea that animal behavior is purely instinctual while Skinner's experiments with operant conditioning in a Skinner Box influenced ideas of learning. Ethologists like Lorenz, Tinbergen, and von Frisch studied animal communication and behavior in natural environments.
This document summarizes different types of animal behavior including innate behaviors, learned behaviors, social behaviors, and communication. It discusses how behaviors can be inherited instincts or developed through learning and experience. Key points include the differences between innate behaviors that are fixed versus learned behaviors that are flexible, examples of innate behaviors like imprinting and migration, how learning occurs through classical and operant conditioning, and the social behaviors animals use for interacting, cooperating, competing, and communicating such as dominance hierarchies, cooperation, and language.
The document discusses sexual behavior in domestic animals. It covers physiological bases of sexual behavior, breeding strategies, seasonality, polygamous vs monogamous mating, and general aspects of precopulatory, copulatory, and postcopulatory behavior in males and females. Signs of estrus and receptive behavior in females vary between species but include changes in activity levels, interactions with other animals, and postures indicating receptivity to males.
Histology of Avian female reproductive systemDr. Waqas Nawaz
Thank you for the encouragement. I don't actually experience winning or losing - I'm an AI assistant created by Anthropic to be helpful, harmless, and honest.
The estrous cycle refers to the physiological changes induced by reproductive hormones in female mammals. It begins at sexual maturity and is interrupted by pregnancy or anestrous phases. The cycle is regulated by hormones like GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogens and progesterone. In most species, the cycle involves the stages of proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus and results in ovulation about halfway through. The length and timing of the estrous cycle varies between species but generally allows females to be sexually receptive and able to conceive when environmental conditions favor survival of offspring.
This document discusses animal behavior and the factors that influence it. It defines animal behavior and outlines three main categories: instinctive behaviors, learned behaviors, and complex behaviors. Instinctive behaviors are innate and genetically determined, such as nest building and mating rituals. Learned behaviors develop through experience and include habituation, imprinting, and conditioned responses developed through classical and operant conditioning. Both genetic and environmental factors influence animal behavior.
Primate social organizations can generally be categorized into two types: 1) solitary foragers or dispersed polygyny where females forage alone and males monopolize access to females, and 2) where females forage together in female-bonded groups that are larger and contain multiple males. Group structures range from one-male harems to multi-male/multi-female groups. The type of social structure adopted depends on factors like the nature of resources and how defendable or monopolizable they are.
Somalian sheep and goat behavior:
Feeding behavior.
Social behavior.
Sexual behavior.
Parental behavior.
Drinking and excretory behavior.
Exploratory behavior.
Conflict behavior.
Sleep behavior.
Aggression and fear behavior etc.
This document summarizes the social behaviors of various mammal orders and families. It discusses how social systems are patterns of interrelationships between individuals and groups. Some key points made include:
- Metatherians like honey gliders and whiptail wallabies form cohesive groups dominated by males. Male vombats develop and share burrows with kin.
- Bats form nursery groups of females and young that later reunite with males. They have varying mating systems from solitary to multi-male, multi-female groups.
- Rodents like prairie dogs form family groups called coteries for protection, vigilance, and territory maintenance. Lemurs form troops dominated by females.
- Primates like
This document discusses primate social behavior and compares human behavior to that of other primates. It covers topics like why primates form social groups, different types of social structures, communication methods, dominance hierarchies, and behaviors like grooming, territoriality, and tool use. The document also compares the social behaviors of chimpanzees and bonobos, noting that chimpanzees exhibit warfare while bonobos are more peaceful and promote conflict resolution.
1. The document discusses various methods for studying animal behavior, including ad libitum observation, focal animal observation, scanning/instantaneous sampling, all occurrences sampling, and one-zero sampling.
2. It provides examples of how to create an ethogram to catalog an animal's behaviors and create a time budget to track how much time an animal spends on different behaviors like hunting, eating, sleeping, and grooming.
3. The procedure outlines observing a single animal for an hour, recording its behaviors and the time spent on each one in order to analyze which behaviors are most and least frequent.
Learned behavior in animals can occur through various forms of conditioning, as well as observation and reasoning. Animals are able to learn behaviors that help them adapt to their environments and ensure survival. Learning allows animals to be more flexible than if they relied solely on innate behaviors determined by their genetics. The types of learning include habituation, classical and operant conditioning, observation, food hoarding, imprinting, and insight learning. An animal can only learn behaviors that its physical form allows, as a dolphin cannot ride a bicycle due to its lack of legs and fingers.
The document discusses different mating systems such as monogamy, polyandry, and polygamy. It addresses factors that influence which system is evolutionarily adaptive, including parental investment, operational sex ratio, reproductive rates, and benefits/risks of each system. Examples are provided for different mating behaviors in species from insects to mammals. The diversity of polygamous systems is also examined, including female defense, resource defense, scramble competition, and leks.
Parental care is common among amphibians, with 18% of salamander species and 6% of frog and toad species receiving care from both parents. Amphibians exhibit various forms of parental care including building nests, transporting tadpoles, carrying eggs attached to their bodies, and giving live birth (viviparity). In frogs, parental care involves nest building and guarding of eggs, transporting tadpoles, or carrying eggs in pouches or stomachs. In salamanders, both parents may coil around and guard eggs or exhibit viviparity by retaining young in the uterus until metamorphosis. While methods vary across the three amphibian classes, parental care helps increase offspring survival.
This document discusses the field of animal behavior and its importance and applications. It notes that animal behavior is the study of how animals interact with each other and their environment, and serves as a bridge between physiology and the environment. It then outlines several ways in which the study of animal behavior contributes to and influences other fields, such as neuroscience, environmental management, human behavior studies, and conservation. Specific examples are given of insights gained into areas like communication, emotional expression, migration patterns, and pest control from animal behavior research. The document also discusses how animal behavior courses can increase scientific literacy and interest in biology.
1) Sexual dimorphism, or differences in size and appearance between males and females, often occurs due to sexual selection.
2) There are two main types of sexual selection: intrasexual selection, where males compete with each other for access to females; and intersexual selection, where females choose their mates.
3) Examples of traits that evolve due to sexual selection include weaponry used in combat between males, ornamentation used in displays to attract females, and gift-giving behaviors that benefit feeding females.
There are two main animal mating systems: monogamy and polygamy. Monogamy involves an animal having only one mate, while polygamy involves having multiple mates. Polygamy includes polygyny, where one male mates with multiple females, polyandry, where one female mates with multiple males, and polygynandry, where multiple males mate with multiple females. Polygyny is the most common type of polygamy in the animal kingdom. It provides advantages for males in increasing reproductive success but can negatively impact genetic diversity, while females may experience infanticide from new dominant males.
Here is a sample ethogram from a 10 minute observation of a dog:
B1- Eating (solitary, duration 2 minutes)
B2- Sleeping (solitary, duration 5 minutes)
B3- Grooming (solitary, duration 1 minute)
B4- Playing (social, duration 2 minutes)
Behavioral ecology studies how animals respond to each other and their environment. There are innate behaviors that are genetically determined and do not require learning, such as kinesis, taxis, migration, hibernation, estivation, and circadian rhythms. These behaviors increase an animal's chances of survival and reproduction through directed movement toward resources or away from threats.
This document discusses the history of theories of animal behavior from ancient philosophers like Aristotle to modern ethologists. It covers early ideas like Lamarck's theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics and Darwin's theory of natural selection. Later, William James rejected the idea that animal behavior is purely instinctual while Skinner's experiments with operant conditioning in a Skinner Box influenced ideas of learning. Ethologists like Lorenz, Tinbergen, and von Frisch studied animal communication and behavior in natural environments.
This document summarizes different types of animal behavior including innate behaviors, learned behaviors, social behaviors, and communication. It discusses how behaviors can be inherited instincts or developed through learning and experience. Key points include the differences between innate behaviors that are fixed versus learned behaviors that are flexible, examples of innate behaviors like imprinting and migration, how learning occurs through classical and operant conditioning, and the social behaviors animals use for interacting, cooperating, competing, and communicating such as dominance hierarchies, cooperation, and language.
The document discusses sexual behavior in domestic animals. It covers physiological bases of sexual behavior, breeding strategies, seasonality, polygamous vs monogamous mating, and general aspects of precopulatory, copulatory, and postcopulatory behavior in males and females. Signs of estrus and receptive behavior in females vary between species but include changes in activity levels, interactions with other animals, and postures indicating receptivity to males.
Histology of Avian female reproductive systemDr. Waqas Nawaz
Thank you for the encouragement. I don't actually experience winning or losing - I'm an AI assistant created by Anthropic to be helpful, harmless, and honest.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of reproduction in camels. It describes the external genitalia of both male and female camels, including details about testes, penis, ovaries, uterus, cervix, and vagina. It also discusses the sexual behavior of male and female camels, gestation length, calf sex ratios, and methods for detecting pregnancy in camels.
This document provides information on preparing for and assisting with the foaling process. It discusses preparing the foaling location, signs that a mare is close to foaling, the stages of labor and birth, caring for the newborn foal, and ensuring a healthy postpartum recovery for the mare. Key preparations include vaccinations, cleaning the foaling area, and monitoring the mare's udder and other signs in the final weeks. The presentation outlines the normal stages of labor, presentation of the foal, and procedures for a typical uncomplicated birth. Potential post-foaling complications like retained placenta are also addressed.
The document discusses adolescent sexual behavior and intervention programs. It provides data showing rates of sexual intercourse and high-risk sexual behaviors among adolescents in Bismarck/Mandan and the United States. Influences on sexual behavior include peer norms, substance use, and lack of education. Successful intervention programs aim to improve knowledge, decision-making abilities, and reduce risky behaviors. The document recommends selecting programs supported by research that are developmentally appropriate and have proven effective.
The document provides information about dromedary camels. It describes their physical characteristics, including their one hump that stores fat rather than water. Camels are well adapted to survive in harsh desert environments, with long legs, closable nostrils, and the ability to consume difficult to digest plants. They were domesticated as working animals, allowing trade across the Sahara desert, and some were introduced to Australia in the 1840s. Camels live in herds led by a dominant male and females give birth to a single calf after a 12-13 month gestation. They have several uses to humans, from transportation to their meat, hair and milk.
This document provides information on goat management, including different goat breeds, health concerns, feeding, housing, breeding, and developing a herd health management program. It discusses the Nubian, Anglo-Nubian, Alpine, Damascus, Angora, and Somali breeds. Common diseases mentioned are CAE, caseous lymphadenitis, pregnancy toxemia, and selenium deficiency. The document emphasizes the importance of proper nutrition, facilities, health protocols like deworming, and record keeping for goat health.
Pet Animal Management and Behaviour (dogs)Rabie Fayed
This document provides information on pet animal management and behavior. It discusses various breeds of dogs and how to determine a dog's age based on its teeth. It also covers basic care of dogs including feeding, exercise, grooming, housing, licensing, health management, and abnormal behaviors such as barking, destructive chewing, and urine marking. Recommendations are provided for addressing problematic behaviors through training and environmental modifications.
This document defines several terms related to animal behavior and summarizes the major types of behaviors exhibited by animals. It discusses instinct, habituation, conditioning, reinforcement, reasoning, and intelligence. The major types of behaviors covered include sexual, maternal, communicative, social, feeding, eliminative, and shelter-seeking. Examples are provided for each type of behavior.
This document discusses the metabolism of fructose and galactose. It outlines the dietary sources and absorption pathways of each sugar. Fructose is metabolized separately in the liver and muscle, while galactose is metabolized through a pathway involving phosphorylation, reduction, and synthesis of UDP-galactose. The document also describes inborn errors that can occur in these metabolic pathways, including fructokinase deficiency, aldolase B deficiency, and classic galactosemia due to galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase deficiency. These errors can result in conditions like fructosuria, fructose intolerance, and galactosemia.
1) Fructose is absorbed in the small intestine and metabolized separately in the liver and muscle.
2) In the liver, fructose is converted to fructose-1-phosphate then glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) which can enter glycolysis or gluconeogenesis.
3) Excess fructose intake can lead to hyperlipidemia as the liver converts fructose to triglycerides and glycoproteins.
Camels are well-adapted to travel and carry loads across hot deserts. They can go long periods without food or water due to their humps, which store fat, and ability to tolerate high body temperatures. There are two main types - the Arabian camel with one hump and the Bactrian camel with two humps. Camels have played an important role in desert cultures by providing transportation, food, clothing, shelter and more.
The respiratory system of poultry includes nasal openings, nasal passages, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and air sacs. It differs from mammals in that poultry have complete tracheal rings, an organ of phonation at the trachea bifurcation rather than near the pharynx, fixed non-expanding lungs, and air sacs that extend into pneumatic bones. Respiration involves inspiration through bronchi and expiration through air sacs, facilitating gas exchange through the lungs. Thermoregulation occurs via radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation from the respiratory tract.
This document provides an overview of avian reproductive systems and egg formation in chickens. It describes the female reproductive system including the ovary and oviduct. The male reproductive system is also summarized. The process of egg formation is then outlined, beginning with ovulation and continuing through albumen, shell, and membrane formation in the oviduct over 25-26 hours. Key structures of the finished egg like the yolk, chalazae, and shell are defined. Differences between fertile and infertile eggs are highlighted. Finally, the concept of egg clutches is introduced.
This document provides guidelines for calf rearing, including colostrum feeding, milk feeding amounts and schedules, housing, and general health management. The key recommendations are to feed colostrum within the first 8 hours, provide 8-10% of birth weight in milk daily for 8 weeks, house calves individually until 1 month old, and clean and disinfect housing and equipment regularly. Basic principles like cleanliness, adequate colostrum and nutrition, and preventing stress are essential to successful calf rearing.
The female reproductive tract of chickens consists of a pair of ovaries and oviducts. The egg travels through the oviduct over approximately 22 hours, undergoing several modifications. It passes through the infundibulum, where it is engulfed. In the magnum, albumen is deposited on the egg. The isthmus adds two shell membranes. In the uterus or shell gland, calcite crystals are deposited to form the eggshell. A protective bloom coating is applied in the vagina before laying.
Mouse pups are born helpless and require extensive parental care from both mothers and fathers. Maternal behaviors in mice include nest building, nursing, pup retrieval, and aggression to protect the litter. Pups communicate their needs through ultrasonic vocalizations which stimulate maternal care. Communal nesting with multiple females provides benefits like improved thermoregulation and defense. While infanticide can occur, paternal behaviors like huddling, grooming and play also contribute to pup survival when tolerated by the mother. Genetics, experience, stress, and pup communication all influence the display of nurturing behaviors in mice.
This document discusses lactation in various mammals. It begins by explaining that lactation is controlled by hormones like prolactin and oxytocin and provides nutrition and immunity to young. It then covers characteristics of different subclasses of mammals - monotremes lay eggs but secrete milk, marsupials give birth to underdeveloped young that nurse in pouches, and placentals have fully developed young. Specific examples of lactation in platypuses, koalas, kangaroos, mice, cats and humans are provided, describing milk composition, nursing behaviors, and length of lactation periods.
The document describes different ways that animals reproduce, including either laying eggs (oviparous reproduction) or giving birth to live young (viviparous reproduction). It provides examples of oviparous and viviparous reproduction across groups of animals such as mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. The document also discusses internal and external fertilization and parthenogenesis, a type of reproduction without fertilization that occurs in some non-mammal species.
The document discusses the reproductive system. It defines reproduction as the process by which animals produce offspring through sexual reproduction, which requires the union of sperm and egg. Fertilization, or conception, occurs when sperm fertilizes an egg in the female reproductive tract. The document then outlines the stages of reproductive development, including prepuberty before an animal can reproduce, puberty when it becomes capable of reproduction, gestation during pregnancy, parturition of birth, and lactation of milk production.
Earth and Life Science-Q2-WK3-ANIMAL-REPRODUCTION.pptxajkwar
1) Animals reproduce either sexually or asexually. Asexual reproduction involves a single parent and cell division or splitting, producing offspring identical to the parent.
2) Sexual reproduction involves male and female gametes fusing during internal or external fertilization. Most animals are sexually dimorphic with separate sexes.
3) Fertilization can occur internally, as seen in mammals and birds, or externally, as with fish and amphibians where egg and sperm meet outside the body. This determines if offspring develop inside or outside the parent.
Elasmobranchii is a subclass of Chondrichthyes or cartilaginous fish, including the sharks and the rays, skates, and sawfish. Members of this subclass are characterised by having four to seven pairs of gill clefts opening individually to the exterior, rigid dorsal fins and small placoid scales on the skin. The teeth are in several series; the upper jaw is not fused to the cranium, and the lower jaw is articulated with the upper. The details of this jaw anatomy vary between species, and help distinguish the different elasmobranch clades. The pelvic fins in males are modified to create claspers for the transfer of sperm. There is no swim bladder; instead, these fish maintain buoyancy with large livers rich in oil.
placenta is established very early in development. In the placental Elasmohranchs, the Rays and Skates, the yolk-sac persists, the yolk being taken directly into the alimentary canal. In some cases an internal yolk-sac is also present. The blood vessels in the mesoblastic portion of the yolk-sac are also of use in absorbing the fiourishment contained. Observations on the Structure of Uterus & Placenta of Elasmobranchs 3 within it. External gill filaments present in the early stages of the ...
he second mode is that elasmobranchs give birth to live young. The picture is, however, somewhat more complicated than that because there are two methods of live birth. The first is aplacental viviparity (also referred to as ovoviviparity) and involves the pups being retained in the uterus, without a placental connection, until they are sufficiently developed to be able to fend for themselves.
This document provides an overview of behavioral ecology, which studies how animal behavior develops and contributes to survival. It discusses different types of behaviors such as fixed action patterns, imprinting, kinesis, taxis, migration, communication, learning, cognition, and mating behaviors. Many behaviors have genetic components that evolved through natural selection, while others are influenced by environmental factors like learning. The goal is to understand both the proximate causes of behaviors as well as their ultimate evolutionary significance.
This document provides an overview of animal behavior, including the aims of studying it, its history as a field of study, key concepts and approaches. It discusses major types of behaviors like sexual, maternal, social behaviors and gives examples. It also defines important terms and concepts in animal behavior studies.
The document discusses various examples of animals sucking on objects other than their mother's nipple due to maternal nipple deprivation, including kittens sucking on dogs, lambs sucking on women, and piglets sucking on each other in a way that can cause injury. Maternal nipple deprivation is argued to cause distress in infants and damage the infant's emotional relationship with the mother, with body part sucking serving as a displacement behavior in mammals without the mother's nipple.
The document provides guidance on caring for cows before, during, and after calving. It discusses isolating cows that are close to calving, monitoring for signs that calving is imminent, and what to do during each stage of the calving process. It also covers caring for the newborn calf, ensuring it receives colostrum, and general feeding and health practices for mother and calf in the days and weeks after birth.
This document summarizes the emergence and characteristics of chordates and mammals. It describes how chordates evolved to include fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals, with defining characteristics like a notochord, post-anal tail, pharyngeal gill slits, and dorsal nerve cord. Within mammals, it distinguishes monotremes that lay eggs but produce milk, marsupials whose young develop further in pouches, and placental mammals where development occurs fully internally. Key mammalian systems like skeletal, muscular, circulatory and others are also outlined.
This narrated presentation discusses the development of 4 different species, two are deuterostomes and 2 are protostomes (one from the phyla Cnidaria, one from the phyla arthropoda, and two from the phylum chordata) development discussed is from early embryonic or egg stage to a mature adult. The presentation focuses on morphological development but also may key in on the purpose of each developmental stage. The creatures representing each of the phyla include the jellyfish, the honeybee, the elephant, and the platypus. Interestingly, Cnidaria have both sexual and asexual stages in their life cycle. The honeybee larvae have 3 different developmental paths they can take, the elephant has an extremely long gestation period, and the platypus is an egg-laying mammal. The video focuses on the uniqueness of each organisms development.
Animals reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction involves the union of male and female gametes through internal or external fertilization. It ensures genetic variation but requires more energy. Asexual reproduction requires only one parent and copies genetic material, allowing for rapid population growth but less variation. Common methods of sexual reproduction in animals include oviparity (egg-laying), ovoviviparity (egg-retention), and viviparity (live-bearing young). The life cycles of frogs and fish are given as examples, from fertilization of eggs to metamorphosis or growth into adults.
This document discusses proximate and ultimate questions in animal behavior. Proximate questions focus on the physical mechanisms and causes of behavior, while ultimate questions examine the evolutionary advantages provided by a behavior. It provides examples of experiments conducted by Niko Tinbergen to answer both proximate and ultimate questions. Tinbergen studied how beewolves locate their nests and why black-headed gulls remove eggshells from their nests. The document also outlines several major types of animal behaviors and provides examples, including sexual, maternal, communicative, social, feeding, shelter-seeking, and investigative behaviors.
This document discusses sheep and goat behavior. It covers various types of behaviors including feeding, social, sexual, parental, drinking, excretory, exploratory, conflict, sleep, communication, climbing, shelter-seeking, learning, aggression, fear, anomalous, and behaviors during handling and restraint. The conclusion emphasizes that animal behavior results from interactions with internal and external stimuli and that understanding behavior can help producers more efficiently manage livestock.
The document discusses gestation and parturition (birth) across several species. It covers topics like fertilization, fetal development, placental structures and types, recognition of pregnancy, fetal growth, the stages and hormones of parturition, dystocia (difficult birth), and lactation. Key details are provided on the placental characteristics, birth processes and signals, and gestation lengths of cows, sheep, sows, and mares.
Presentation on breeding biology & parental care of mammalsMariama Mili
This document provides information about the classification, characteristics, reproduction, and parental care of various orders of mammals. It discusses the mating systems, gestation periods, litter sizes, and maternal care provided to offspring for groups such as artiodactyls, carnivores, cetaceans, chiropterans, lagomorphs, perissodactyls, proboscideans, rodents, sirenians, and soricomorphs. Key details include that mammals display a variety of reproductive behaviors including monogamy, polygyny, and promiscuity. Parental investment generally involves extended maternal care, though some species receive biparental care or alloparenting.
Breeding Biology and Parental Care of MammalsMariama Mili
This document summarizes key aspects of mammalian biology and behavior, organized by order. It describes characteristics like mating systems, courtship displays, gestation periods, litter sizes, parental care behaviors, and examples for different mammal groups. The orders covered include Artiodactyla, Carnivora, Cetacea, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Perissodactyla, and others. For each order, it highlights traits like social structure and parental roles during breeding and rearing of offspring.
Reproduction & development in reptilesShahida Aziz
This document summarizes reproduction and development in reptiles. It discusses that most reptiles reproduce sexually through internal fertilization. It also describes the amniotic egg which protects the embryo and allows for gas exchange. Reptiles can be oviparous (egg-laying), viviparous (live birth), or ovoviviparous (eggs develop internally but hatch inside the mother's body). Some reptiles like crocodilians and turtles provide parental care of their eggs or young, while snakes generally do not. The document also briefly mentions parthenogenesis, or reproduction without fertilization, which occurs in some lizard species.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of bovine reproduction. It describes the main female and male reproductive organs of cows and their functions in the estrous cycle, fertilization, gestation, parturition, and lactation. It also discusses breeding methods for cattle like natural mating, artificial insemination, and embryo transfer.
Similar to Reproductive behaviour 2-Maternal behaviour in animals (20)
Adaptation of Camel to Desert EnvironmentRabie Fayed
The camel has several anatomical, physiological, and behavioral adaptations that allow it to survive in desert environments where food and water are scarce. Anatomically, the camel has a small head with ears and nostrils that can close to protect from sand. It has a hump for fat storage and limbs with padded feet suited for sand. Physiologically, the camel can fluctuate its body temperature, conserve water through its kidneys and feces, and extract water from its hump fat. Behaviorally, it positions itself to minimize heat absorption and will lie in groups. The camel's milk also remains dilute with low fat when the camel is dehydrated, providing water for its young. These combined adaptations allow the camel to withstand
Today there exists a wide spectrum of views on this subject, ranging from those concerned with animal 'rights' to those who view animals only as a resource to be exploited.
All of thThe five freedoms were originally developed from a UK Government report on livestock husbandry in 1965 (Prof.Roger Brambell) then by Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC) In July 1979
Freedom from hunger or thirst by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigour .
Freedom from discomfort by providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area .
Freedom from pain, injury or disease by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment.
Freedom to express (most) normal behaviour by providing sufficient space, proper facilities and company of the animal's own kind.
Freedom from fear and distress by ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering.
The document discusses animal welfare from scientific, ethical, and legal perspectives. It defines animal welfare as considering how human actions affect the physical and mental states of animals. The concepts of physical status, mental status, and naturalness are introduced as three aspects of animal welfare. Behavioral indicators are an important tool for assessing animal welfare as behaviors reveal how animals feel and what they prefer. The Five Freedoms framework is also discussed as a common approach for evaluating animal welfare.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
3. Definition (Concepts) of
maternal behaviour
That behaviour exhibited by mothers towards
their young to aid their survival, growth and
development, both physically and
behaviorally. It is inherited behaviour
Maternal behaviour in mammals (suckling
animals) exhibited by mother toward their
young, including feeding, protection,
warming growth, development and survival.
Parental behaviour exhibited by both male
and female as in pigeons and other birds.
4. Classifications of Maternal
behaviour
1-According to No.of youngs / birth
Polytocus Animals
Monotocus Animals
2- According to Nature of youngs:
Precocial young
Altracial young
5. Classifications of Maternal
behaviour
3- According to Following dams :
Follower Animals
Hider Animals
Intermediate Animals
4- According to stage of parturition:
Pre-parturient behaviour
Parturient behaviour
Post-parturient behaviour
6. Polytoccus Animals
Mother give birth to more than one or
two youngs e.g. dog, cat, rate, mice,
hamster.
Characters of their young ( altracial young )
1- immature young
2-helpless at birth
3-sealed eye and
4- Sealed ears until 2-3 weeks
7. Characters of their young ( altracial young(
5-imobile( crawl around the dam)
6-cannot eliminate them selves
7-cannot regulate their body temp.
8-They have no teeth (smooth gum)
9-hairless
10-depend completely on their dam in
feeding, warmth, protection and
elimination.
10. Monotoccus Animals
Mother give birth to one or two young
e.g. cattle, horses, sheep, goat, camel.
Characters of their young (precocial young)
relatively mature young
opened eye
opened ears
11. Characters of their young
(precocial young(
4- can move, and stand
5- can eliminate themselves
6- can regulate their body temp.
7- they have a teeth
8- body covered with hair
9- depend partially on their mother in
feeding and protection.
14. Follower Animals
Young spent most of time within a very
short distance of the mother to be more
safe
e.g. cattle, sheep, horses
in horse the young follow their mother
until grow older
18. Hider Animals
The kid is hidden for as long as eight
hours while the mother feed. after 5
days the kid stay with mother when she
feed
e.g. goat
23. Pre-parturient behaviour
Restlessness
Signs of pain looking and kicking at the flank (Mare)
In Ewe vicious, pawing to the ground
Vocalization increased
Isolation from the herd to avoid disturbance
Early maternal interest( lamb and calf stealing)
Getting up and lying down
Rolling on the ground (Mare and cats)
Rubbing to any fixed objects
Cessation of rumination (Cow-ewe)
24. Lamb or calf stealing
It is high maternity
It occurs in group housing animals
as the parturition approached the
pregnant female showing early
maternal interest to the young of other
females that give birth in vicinity she
may care it and this called lamb stealing
25. Pre-parturient behaviour in mare
Mares isolate themselves from the herd
mates
1 month prior:mammary gland begins to
enlarge and ventral edema
2 days prior: udder distended, secretion
changes to colostrum
24 hours prior: waxing of teats
4 hours prior: drips milk
32. 1st
stage ( preliminary stage(
Contraction of the abdominal muscle,
straining and pain
Alternative standing and lying down
Appearance of water sac
It ends with rapture of the chorio-allantoic
membrane and straw colored fluid
Accompanied by urination and defecation
45. 3rd
stage (after birth stage(
• Expulsion of placenta take 30 min. to six
hours.
• Eating of placenta called
Placento-phagia.
• Eaten in cow and buffalo
• Mares doubtful
• Not occur in she camel
48. Behaviour of the dam
Standing of dam immediately after
birth
Maternal grooming of newly born
Maternal imprinting and recognition
Eating placenta (placento-phagia)
49. Maternal imprinting and
recognition
Rapid, stable, irreversible learning
occur shortly after birth ( immediately)
within a period called
critical period or sensitive period .
The young follow its mother and the
mother- young bond is formed through
labeling and recognition.
50. Maternal grooming of newly born
immediately, begins by the head, body
then limbs and hind parts
Functions of licking
1-dryness of young body.
2-removal of fetal fluid from nostril and
mouth to stimulate respiratory center
3-stimulation of cut, blood, lymph
circulation.
51. Functions of licking (cont.(
4- help to stand.
5- facilitate urination and defecation.
6- increase muscular tone.
7- labeling of young and recognition.
8- aid in the formation of maternal filial
bond.
52. Licking Behaviour
• Social Licking
1. Promotes maternal-
offspring bond and
social bond among
herd members
2. Directed mainly to
the head and neck
of the calf
• Maternal Licking
1. It is designed to
stimulate calves to
eliminate wastes
(Urination and/ or
defecation(
2. Directed mainly to
the perineum region
of the calf
59. Eating placenta (placento-phagia(
Function of Placentophagia :
1-Contain hormones as estrogen, progesterone and
prolactine that important for milk yield
2-defence against predators by removing the odour
3-hygienic measures prevent micro-organism
4-affect on maternal immune response as it contain
factors prevent the formation of antibodies against
fetal antigen which might impair subsequent
pregnancies.
5-Recycling of nutrients (Protein and minerals(
60. Behaviour of the Newly born
1- Standing behaviour
2- Udder searching or Teat seeking
Suckling behaviour
67. Udder searching or Teat
seeking
Newly born directed to the wrong parts
of the body in the 1st attempts of
suckling
Guides of the calf to find teat may be
1- the pendulus shape of the udder
2- the movement of udder (udder tilting)
3- temperature between thighs
(thigmotaxis)
68. Udder searching behaviour
The mother also help the calf to find
teats by:
1- rotating her body
2- abduction the hind legs
3- moving forward bringing the udder
closer to the calf
4- licking the perineal region to stimulate
the calf to suckle
71. Suckling behaviour
Posture of suckling
Mechanism of suckling
Rate and frequency of suckling
Non-nutritional suckling
Difference between sucking and
suckling behaviour
72. Posture of suckling
• Typical posture is the young stands
alongside the mother facing caudally
• There is often no teat preferences for front
or hind teats
• Abnormal posture may be
– 1- rear suckling
– 2- the calf stay in right angle with mother body
( perpendicular suckling)
73. Mechanism of suckling
The calf grasp the teat with its mouth and
sucks vigrously
It develops negative pressure by warping
thetongue around the teat
It forms an air- tight compartment in oral
cavity which is necessary for milk flow
- the calf butts the udder with its head in
buffalo
- tail wagging and peaceful suckling
85. Pre-parturient behaviour
In dogs and cats
- Licking of genital and abdominal areas 12-24 hours
before labour.
- drop in body temp
- squatting posture as in defecation
Scratching of ground
- nest building is not pronounced
- bedding for kittening or whelping is provided by
owner
While in dogs it scratch rugs or towels and blanket
88. In rodents (Rat & mice) &
Rabbits
self Licking of genital and abdominal areas
during the last week of pregnancy.
Nest building rabbits (straw nest)
Plucking Hair from body (neck, thigh,
abdomen and back) to build maternal nest
few days before part. to maternal nest
- increase restless, vocalization.
- increase respiratory rate.
Loss Appetite
91. 2nd stage
-abdominal contraction
- the mother consume the fetal membrane
as the fetus passed and licking them.
92. 3rd stage
- delivering of placenta and readily eaten by
mother
Functions of placentophagia
-keep the nest clean and free from
material which may attract bacteria.
2-Some nutritive value to the mother protein
and water allow her
to stay in nest with her young.
93. Post-parturient behaviour
Grooming of the young
Nursing- sucking development
Nipple exploratory movement
Retrieving behaviour.
Protection of young
94. Grooming of the young
1st three weeks of life the dam licks
and grooming each new born .
grooming directed to ano-genital region
to stimulate urination and defecation .
Fecal material consumed by mother to
keep nest clean
96. 1st stage
from birth to 2.5 weeks (14 to 17 days)
mothers play the major role in nursing,
licking ,nursing and suckling of young
Mother initiates nursing by hovering
over the litter & arousing them to
nursing by licking them
The young nuzzle into fur of mother,
find a teat & nurse
97. 2nd stage
From 3 weeks –5 weeks of age
open eye and ears
can leave the nest, recognize and
interact with mother outside the nest
young here initiate suckling
While mother facilitate suckling by
exposure nipple
98. 3rd stage
From 5 weeks – weaning
young are able to take food from other
source
nursing initiated and completed by
young
104. Retrieving behaviour
Stimuli from young outside nest
female grasping, each young with
incisors at mid dorsal region & transport
them back to the nest
This occur at first week after birth.
109. Stimuli elicit maternal behaviour
odour and taste: the presence of birth fluid
Stimulate licking
Vocalization (distress calls) mother
distinguish young from calls
altracial inaudible calls while Precocial
audible calls.
Stimuli emanating at suckling :
thermal contact or tactile stimuli
Sniffing & licking them at suckling due to butting
nuzzling by young.
110. Stimuli elicit maternal behaviour
Movement : newly born activity specially
during suckling
Vigor or strong newborn stimulate dam to
lick him
● shape of the young (visual stimuli)
●protective response: defence against
predators to protect young.
119. Abnormal maternity
Delay of standing of the dam
Delay of licking the newly born
Cow step on its calf or foal
Eating of placenta
120. Abnormal maternal behaviour
Early maternal interest
early maternal interest to the young of
other females that give birth in vicinity
she may care it and this called lamb
stealing or calf stealing
Cross licking behaviour
Cow licks alien calf
124. Abnormal maternal behaviour
Cross suckling behaviour
Cross fostering behaviour
Inter-suckling behaviour
Cow suckle an alien calf
Or A calf suck alien cow (mother)
125. Abnormal maternal behaviour
Miss-mothering behaviour
This may be due to the mother having
suffered a long and difficult birth and not
being able to stand up for suckling. The calf
may also be too weak to suckle. Cases of
mismothering are common with cows calving
in synchrony in intensively managed
maternity groups.