This document summarizes the emergence and characteristics of chordates and mammals. It describes how chordates evolved to include fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals, with defining characteristics like a notochord, post-anal tail, pharyngeal gill slits, and dorsal nerve cord. Within mammals, it distinguishes monotremes that lay eggs but produce milk, marsupials whose young develop further in pouches, and placental mammals where development occurs fully internally. Key mammalian systems like skeletal, muscular, circulatory and others are also outlined.

1. Emergence of the Animal
Kingdom
Or “Rise of the Chordates”
Phylum Chordata
Leading to
Subphylum Vertebrata 

2. Chordates include the following:
1. Fish
2. Reptiles
3. Amphibians
4. Birds
5. Mammals

3. Chordates
– 4 characteristics
1. notochord - support
2. post-anal tail
3. pharyngeal gill slits
4. dorsal hollow nerve cord

4. Chordate Characteristics

5. Gills in Humans! – check it out

6. Tunicates are Chordates!
Sea Squirts
• sponge like - filter feeder
•larva free swimming,
bilateral with all Chordate
traits

7. • Lancets (a primitive fish like organism) closely
resembles the idealized chordate.
– The notochord, dorsal nerve cord, numerous gill
slits, and post-anal tail all persist in the adult
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

8. “Ontogency Recapituates
Evolution”
Evolution Playing out in Fetus…
(all these Chordates (birds,
mammals, reptiles, fish, have
strikingly similar
Embryonic Development)

10. Chp 33 – Rise of the Mammals
• Definition of a Mammal:
1. Homoeothermic – meaning that mammals
produce their own body heat
2. Mammary tissue - for the production of Milk
3. Hair Follicles - for the production of Hair
4. Generally, internal fertilization and harboring
of young, however, this is only a generality
because not all young are “cooked” to term
internally.

11. Monotremes – an Order of Class
Mammalia
Monotremes
eg. The Platypus, which has a BILL, lays EGGS, but still has
mammary glands and produces MILK for young. This
suggests a relationship between REPTILES, BIRDS and
mammals. Imagine that?

12. Marsupials
– eg. The Kangaroo, which is a non-placental mammal.
Here, the development of the young is very
complex, and a baby kangaroo is born very
“uncooked”, and must crawl into the mother’s
pouch and latch onto a nipple to receive milk to
continue development. You might say, baby
Kangaroos or “Joey’s” get a womb with a view 

13. Kangaroo Birth
17 Weeks

14. Placental Mammals
– eg. You – well if you’re female, anyway. Internal
Fertilization development of young to a highly
Advanced stage.

15. The Placenta is Key

16. In Mammals, all the Major Body
Systems are online and advanced

17. Skeletal System

18. Muscular System

19. Advanced Circulatory System

20. Respiratory System

21. Nervous System is online and
advanced!

22. Excretory System – ooo look,
Kidneys!

23. Endocrine System – Controls
you Hormones

24. Lots of Mammals in the Simpsons


25. Lastly, we can Learn Important
Lessons from Mammals like Homer

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