Today there exists a wide spectrum of views on this subject, ranging from those concerned with animal 'rights' to those who view animals only as a resource to be exploited.
All of thThe five freedoms were originally developed from a UK Government report on livestock husbandry in 1965 (Prof.Roger Brambell) then by Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC) In July 1979
Freedom from hunger or thirst by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigour .
Freedom from discomfort by providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area .
Freedom from pain, injury or disease by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment.
Freedom to express (most) normal behaviour by providing sufficient space, proper facilities and company of the animal's own kind.
Freedom from fear and distress by ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering.
Animal Experimentation- Contemporary IssueChandan Saha
Animals have their own rights. They are not puppet of our laboratory. With the help of modern and scientific technology we can change old traditional animal experiment methods.
Animals are such agreeable friends—they ask no questions; they pass no criticisms. The extreme position is that animals can be treated in any way that humans want to treat them.Animals should be treated well as they do a number of jobs for humans.You give love to animals and watch what they will give to you in return.
Ethics of Animals should always be kept in forefront while treating with animals.
Mahatma Gandhi Quotes. The greatness of a nation can be judged by the way its animals are treated.
Ethical considerations in molecular & biotechnology researchDr Ghaiath Hussein
A lecture presented by Dr. Ghaiath Hussein in University of Khartoum for the students of the MSc programme in Genetics/Molecular Biology.
Session 1 (Introduction): Definition of ethics, bioethics and medical ethics.
What is an ethical issue?
International approaches to medical ethics
Islamic approaches to medical ethics
Lecture to students at the SOCRATES / ERASMUS INTERNATIONAL COURSE 2003, ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht,The Netherlands
Ethical issues related to animal biotechnologyKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Why are genetically modified animals produced?
Examples of transgenic animals
Why are animals used instead of genetically modified microbes or plants?
Ethical issues
Religious concerns
Responsibility of Scientists
Need for Guidelines
Conclusion
References
Animal Experimentation- Contemporary IssueChandan Saha
Animals have their own rights. They are not puppet of our laboratory. With the help of modern and scientific technology we can change old traditional animal experiment methods.
Animals are such agreeable friends—they ask no questions; they pass no criticisms. The extreme position is that animals can be treated in any way that humans want to treat them.Animals should be treated well as they do a number of jobs for humans.You give love to animals and watch what they will give to you in return.
Ethics of Animals should always be kept in forefront while treating with animals.
Mahatma Gandhi Quotes. The greatness of a nation can be judged by the way its animals are treated.
Ethical considerations in molecular & biotechnology researchDr Ghaiath Hussein
A lecture presented by Dr. Ghaiath Hussein in University of Khartoum for the students of the MSc programme in Genetics/Molecular Biology.
Session 1 (Introduction): Definition of ethics, bioethics and medical ethics.
What is an ethical issue?
International approaches to medical ethics
Islamic approaches to medical ethics
Lecture to students at the SOCRATES / ERASMUS INTERNATIONAL COURSE 2003, ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht,The Netherlands
Ethical issues related to animal biotechnologyKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Why are genetically modified animals produced?
Examples of transgenic animals
Why are animals used instead of genetically modified microbes or plants?
Ethical issues
Religious concerns
Responsibility of Scientists
Need for Guidelines
Conclusion
References
Alternatives to animal studies in Pharmaceutical research has been explained on the basis of replacement, reduction and refinement. Also newer pre-clinical animal models like use of genetically modified animals were presented.
Slide contains aspects of animal use in pharmacology laboratory.
Along with CPCSEA Guidelines (now CCSEA).
Laboratory animals experiment benefits as well as limitations.
Different animals used in laboratory.
Animal Experimentation for Cosmetics - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
The Use of Animals in ResearchStudent NameAffi.docxssusera34210
The Use of Animals in Research
Student Name
Affiliate Institution
The Use of Animals in Research
The debate about experimental animal use in research aim to prove weather their usage is a pseudoscience or not. Animals have been used widely in scientific research since the 500 BC. However, the use of experimental animals for research has been a controversial issue and subject of ethical debates. The growing body of animal advocates believes that experimental animal use in research is not necessary for reasons of wasting resources. Industries such as pharmaceutical research companies and cosmetics manufacturers use animals such as rats, rabbits and pigs to test their products. With such usage, the society has persistently called upon the concerned scientific community to find an alternative of experimental animal use especially in the business industries. Despite the fact that animal advocates who stage campaigns against the use of animals in research consider it unethical, pure research scientists have not demonstrated the economic and academic benefits of using these animals where Pound et al., (2004) argue that there is no evidence to show that the use of animals in research has direct human benefits. The animal use has led to a better scientific understanding of disease and drug processes hence leading to proper formulations and medical breakthroughs. Experimental animals have been successful models of disease and drug studies before clinical trials. The use of experimental animals is the basic science established in the research of cognitive science, biology, and medicine.
Organizations that refute the use of animals for research such as PETA and ASPCA consider these traditional scientific activities out of date and that it is morally wrong to use animals solely for the benefit of human beings. These organizations claim that traditional animal experiments are costly, they are expensive and time-consuming, (Ryder, 2005). In addition, animal advocates argue that pure research scientists have not been accountable for those experiments that have failed and their results having no economic or academic benefits in the society. Even worse, there is evidence indicating that experimental animal results can mislead researchers. Animals may die in the process of experimentation due to toxic drug treatment and such results may confuse. The PETA organization indicate that researchers focus on making the animals sick and later cure them, a process that does not happen in human. The PETA and allied organization also argue that best doctors and scientists are misplaced because they are compensated to work with animals in the laboratory instead of working with real patients in the community. Even though using animals in research is undisputedly intellectually seductive, these experiments have not solved the urgent health problems of this era such as heart disease, cancer, stroke, AIDS and birth defects. However, scientists have a good course ...
Maternal care consist of activities directed towards the young by the mother.
Maternal care represents the mother's willingness to sacrifice her time, energy and resources towards the rearing and protection of her offsping
The care that the mother gives to her young is important for physiological and psycho-logical development of the young and the survival of the youn
Reproductive behaviour 2-Maternal behaviour in animalsRabie Fayed
That behaviour exhibited by mothers towards their young to aid their survival, growth and development, both physically and behaviorally. It is inherited behaviour
Maternal behaviour in mammals (suckling animals) exhibited by mother toward their young, including feeding, protection, warming growth, development and survival.
Parental behaviour exhibited by both male and female as in pigeons and other birds.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...
Ethics of Using animals in Research
1. By
Prof. Dr. Rabie Hassan Fayed
Animal Behaviour & Management
Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Cairo University
General Secretary of Egyptian Federation for Animal Welfare (EFAW)
rhfayed@cu.edu.eg
2. Animals are used in research or
experimentation in place of human subjects
for various reasons..
Animals are used most often in the following
cases:
• Disease Treatment
• Prevention
• Treatment of Injuries
• Basic Medical Testing
• Medical Diagnosis
5. Today there exists a wide spectrum of
views on this subject, ranging from
those concerned with animal 'rights' to
those who view animals only as a
resource to be exploited.
All of these viewpoints have
contributed to the development of
ethical principles of animal use.
6. is a term used to describe human-animal
relationships and how animals ought to be
managed and treated.
The subject matter includes
animal rights,
animal welfare,
animal law,
animal cognition,
wildlife conservation,
the moral status of nonhuman animals,
And the history of animal use
8. The five freedoms were originally
developed from a UK
Government report on livestock
husbandry in 1965 (Prof.Roger
Brambell) then by Farm Animal
Welfare Council (FAWC) In July
1979
9. Freedom from hunger or thirst by ready access
to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health
and vigour .
Freedom from discomfort by providing an
appropriate environment including shelter and
a comfortable resting area .
Freedom from pain, injury or disease by
prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment.
10. Freedom to express (most) normal
behaviour by providing sufficient space,
proper facilities and company of the
animal's own kind.
Freedom from fear and distress by ensuring
conditions and treatment which avoid
mental suffering.
11.
12. Animal experiments are widely used to
develop new medicines and to test the
safety of other products.
Many of these experiments cause pain to
the animals reduce their quality of life in
other ways.
If it is morally wrong to cause animals to
suffer from experimenting on them.
13. 85 % of the animals used in research
are rodents - rats and mice that have
been bred for laboratory use
Most laboratory tests on animals are
simple single type tests - change in
diet, drawing a simple blood sample,
administering a drug
Animals are given anesthetics if a
procedure is going to be invasive in
any way
14. Dogs, cats and non-human primates
account for only 3 out of 1000
subjects in experimentation
Humans are still the largest group that
is used for research and
experimentation and beats out all
other lab animals when it comes to
testing.
15. In favour of animal experiment
Experimenting on animals is acceptable if
(and only if):
suffering is minimized in all
experiments
human benefits are gained which
could not be obtained by using
other methods
16. Experimenting on animals is always
unacceptable because:
it causes suffering to animals.
the benefits to human beings are not
proven.
any benefits to human beings that
animal testing does provide could be
produced in other ways.
17.
18. The three Rs are encouraged to
follow in order to reduce the
impact of research on animals
The three Rs are:
Replacement.
Reduction,
Refinement,
19. means replacing 'higher' animals with 'lower'
animals. Microorganisms, plants, eggs, reptiles,
amphibians, and invertebrates may be used in
some studies to replace warm-blooded animals.
Alternately, live animals may be replaced with
non-animal models, such as
◦ dummies for an introduction to dissection for
teaching the structure of the animal or the human
body,
◦ mechanical or computer models, audiovisual aids,
or in vitro modeling.
20. Replacing experiments on animals
with alternative techniques such as:
Experimenting on cell cultures
instead of whole animals
Using computer models
Studying human volunteers
Using epidemiological studies
21. An alternative method should not require any
animal-derived biological material. Examples
of such methods or approaches include
The use of predictions based on the physical and
chemical properties of molecules.
Mathematical and computer studies of biological
processes (Simulation and Virtual Reality).
Analysis of epidemiological data.
research involving human participants .
or research on isolated human cells and tissues in
culture .
22. However, many methods considered as
Replacements also use some biological
material obtained from living or humanely
killed animals as research on cells and tissues
derived from living or humanely killed
animals for culture in vitro and animal-
derived growth supplements such as serum
derived from fetal or newborn calves. These
methods can be called incomplete
replacement
23. • Utilizing pre-existing knowledge
for teaching.
• Applying known principles to new
systems to look for similarities.
• Using less expensive animals or
models to screen large numbers of
agents for toxicity or mutagenicity.
24. chiefly stem from the fact that any
models are dependent on pre-existing
information.
In a system as complex as a live
organism, all of the variables in
physiology and pathology are not known.
Thus, any research on new biological
processes must utilize a living organism
at some point.
25. means minimizing the number of
animals needed to perform an
experiment or teach a concept. By
examining these parameters, the
IACUC can determine if thoughtful
experimental design was
employed to minimize overall
animal use.
26. Reducing the number of animals used in
experiments by:
• Improving experimental techniques
• Improving techniques of data
analysis
• Sharing information with other
researchers
27. Consulting with a statistician to use
only the numbers of animals required
to achieve significance.
Minimizing variables such as disease,
stress, diet, genetics, etc., that may
affect experimental results.
28. • Performing appropriate literature
searches and consulting with
colleagues to ensure that
experiments are not duplicated.
• Using the appropriate species of
animal so that useful data is
collected.
• Replacement whenever possible.
29. means refining experimental protocols to
minimize pain or distress Using a Protocol
Form. Examples of refinement include:
Identifying pain and distress and making
plans for preventing or relieving it.
Receiving adequate training prior to
performing a procedure.
Using proper handling techniques for
animals.
30. Refining the experiment or the
way the animals are cared for so
as to reduce their suffering by:
Using less invasive techniques
Better medical care
Better living conditions
31. Repeated use of, large volumes of, or
intradermal injections of Freunds complete
adjuvant.
Intra-peritoneal implantation of ascites-
producing hybridomas for monoclonal
antibody production.
Prolonged (greater than 1 hour) physical
restraint.
32. Malignant neoplasms.
Prolonged food or water restriction.
Distal tail biopsy in animals over 3
weeks of age (tail snipping).
Electrical shock or other adverse
stimuli that are not immediately
escapable.
Paralysis or immobility in a conscious
animal.
33. Inflammatory disease.
Organ failure resulting in clinical
signs.
Non-healing skin lesions.
Whole body irradiation at high
doses.
Withdrawal of more than 10% of
an animal's blood volume.
34. Studies that require the animal to
reach a moribund state or die
spontaneously as the endpoint of
the study. The earliest endpoint
possible should be used to
prevent pain or distress.
35. Ensuring that drug doses are
correct and that the drugs used are
not expired.
Ensuring that procedures to be
performed on the animal are
reasonable for that species.
Using appropriate anesthetics and
analgesics for potentially painful
procedures.
36. Performing surgeries and procedures
aseptically to prevent infection.
Performing only a single major
survival surgery on any one animal,
whenever possible.
Performing appropriate post-surgical
care, including thermoregulation and
fluid balance.
37. The majority of animals are killed at the end of
the experiment, either because their tissues
are required as part of the experiment, or
because the scientific objectives have been
achieved and the animal can no longer be
used. If the experiment leads to an
increasing amount of suffering during its
course then it is best for the animals to be
killed as early as possible. This approach is
described as operating ‘humane endpoints’
38. Setting the earliest possible
endpoint for the experiment. That
is, if the necessary information can
be gathered before the animal
experiences any ill effects from the
experiment, this should be defined
as the endpoint and the animal
subsequently euthanized.
39. If measuring toxicity of a compound or
survival following implantation of a
neoplasm, a pilot study may determine that
once certain clinical signs are seen, or a
tumor achieves a certain size, the time
course until debilitation or death are
predictable. Subsequent experiments may
then utilize the earlier endpoint of tumor
size or clinical signs of toxicity, rather than
death as the endpoint.
40. If it is known that particular clinical
signs such as decreased body
temperature lead to a specific
outcome such as death, then animals
can be killed as soon as these signs
appear. Other markers that can be
used to define humane endpoints
include flank twitching and chemical
and haematological changes in the
blood