The document discusses the ethical implications and practices surrounding the use of animals in research, emphasizing the need for humane treatment and consideration of animal welfare. It outlines the 'Five Freedoms' that should be ensured in animal management, as well as the 'Three Rs' principle aimed at reducing the impact of research on animals through replacement, reduction, and refinement. The document also addresses various viewpoints on animal experimentation, highlighting both its necessity for human benefit and the moral concerns associated with causing animal suffering.

1. By
Prof. Dr. Rabie Hassan Fayed
Animal Behaviour & Management
Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Cairo University
General Secretary of Egyptian Federation for Animal Welfare (EFAW)
rhfayed@cu.edu.eg

2. Animals are used in research or
experimentation in place of human subjects
for various reasons..
Animals are used most often in the following
cases:
• Disease Treatment
• Prevention
• Treatment of Injuries
• Basic Medical Testing
• Medical Diagnosis

3. Vaccinations
Anesthesia
Antibiotics
Numerous medical
treatments for various
diseases

5.  Today there exists a wide spectrum of
views on this subject, ranging from
those concerned with animal 'rights' to
those who view animals only as a
resource to be exploited.
 All of these viewpoints have
contributed to the development of
ethical principles of animal use.

6.  is a term used to describe human-animal
relationships and how animals ought to be
managed and treated.
 The subject matter includes
 animal rights,
 animal welfare,
 animal law,
 animal cognition,
 wildlife conservation,
 the moral status of nonhuman animals,
 And the history of animal use

7. Right and Ethics Animal Suffering

8.  The five freedoms were originally
developed from a UK
Government report on livestock
husbandry in 1965 (Prof.Roger
Brambell) then by Farm Animal
Welfare Council (FAWC) In July
1979

9.  Freedom from hunger or thirst by ready access
to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health
and vigour .
 Freedom from discomfort by providing an
appropriate environment including shelter and
a comfortable resting area .
 Freedom from pain, injury or disease by
prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment.

10.  Freedom to express (most) normal
behaviour by providing sufficient space,
proper facilities and company of the
animal's own kind.
 Freedom from fear and distress by ensuring
conditions and treatment which avoid
mental suffering.

12.  Animal experiments are widely used to
develop new medicines and to test the
safety of other products.
 Many of these experiments cause pain to
the animals reduce their quality of life in
other ways.
 If it is morally wrong to cause animals to
suffer from experimenting on them.

13. 85 % of the animals used in research
are rodents - rats and mice that have
been bred for laboratory use
Most laboratory tests on animals are
simple single type tests - change in
diet, drawing a simple blood sample,
administering a drug
Animals are given anesthetics if a
procedure is going to be invasive in
any way

14.  Dogs, cats and non-human primates
account for only 3 out of 1000
subjects in experimentation
 Humans are still the largest group that
is used for research and
experimentation and beats out all
other lab animals when it comes to
testing.

15.  In favour of animal experiment
 Experimenting on animals is acceptable if
(and only if):
suffering is minimized in all
experiments
human benefits are gained which
could not be obtained by using
other methods

16. Experimenting on animals is always
unacceptable because:
it causes suffering to animals.
the benefits to human beings are not
proven.
any benefits to human beings that
animal testing does provide could be
produced in other ways.

18. The three Rs are encouraged to
follow in order to reduce the
impact of research on animals
The three Rs are:
 Replacement.
 Reduction,
 Refinement,

19.  means replacing 'higher' animals with 'lower'
animals. Microorganisms, plants, eggs, reptiles,
amphibians, and invertebrates may be used in
some studies to replace warm-blooded animals.
 Alternately, live animals may be replaced with
non-animal models, such as
◦ dummies for an introduction to dissection for
teaching the structure of the animal or the human
body,
◦ mechanical or computer models, audiovisual aids,
or in vitro modeling.

20.  Replacing experiments on animals
with alternative techniques such as:
Experimenting on cell cultures
instead of whole animals
Using computer models
Studying human volunteers
Using epidemiological studies

21.  An alternative method should not require any
animal-derived biological material. Examples
of such methods or approaches include
 The use of predictions based on the physical and
chemical properties of molecules.
 Mathematical and computer studies of biological
processes (Simulation and Virtual Reality).
 Analysis of epidemiological data.
 research involving human participants .
 or research on isolated human cells and tissues in
culture .

22.  However, many methods considered as
Replacements also use some biological
material obtained from living or humanely
killed animals as research on cells and tissues
derived from living or humanely killed
animals for culture in vitro and animal-
derived growth supplements such as serum
derived from fetal or newborn calves. These
methods can be called incomplete
replacement

23. • Utilizing pre-existing knowledge
for teaching.
• Applying known principles to new
systems to look for similarities.
• Using less expensive animals or
models to screen large numbers of
agents for toxicity or mutagenicity.

24.  chiefly stem from the fact that any
models are dependent on pre-existing
information.
 In a system as complex as a live
organism, all of the variables in
physiology and pathology are not known.
 Thus, any research on new biological
processes must utilize a living organism
at some point.

25.  means minimizing the number of
animals needed to perform an
experiment or teach a concept. By
examining these parameters, the
IACUC can determine if thoughtful
experimental design was
employed to minimize overall
animal use.

26. Reducing the number of animals used in
experiments by:
• Improving experimental techniques
• Improving techniques of data
analysis
• Sharing information with other
researchers

27.  Consulting with a statistician to use
only the numbers of animals required
to achieve significance.
 Minimizing variables such as disease,
stress, diet, genetics, etc., that may
affect experimental results.

28. • Performing appropriate literature
searches and consulting with
colleagues to ensure that
experiments are not duplicated.
• Using the appropriate species of
animal so that useful data is
collected.
• Replacement whenever possible.

29.  means refining experimental protocols to
minimize pain or distress Using a Protocol
Form. Examples of refinement include:
 Identifying pain and distress and making
plans for preventing or relieving it.
Receiving adequate training prior to
performing a procedure.
Using proper handling techniques for
animals.

30.  Refining the experiment or the
way the animals are cared for so
as to reduce their suffering by:
Using less invasive techniques
Better medical care
Better living conditions

31. Repeated use of, large volumes of, or
intradermal injections of Freunds complete
adjuvant.
Intra-peritoneal implantation of ascites-
producing hybridomas for monoclonal
antibody production.
Prolonged (greater than 1 hour) physical
restraint.

32.  Malignant neoplasms.
 Prolonged food or water restriction.
 Distal tail biopsy in animals over 3
weeks of age (tail snipping).
 Electrical shock or other adverse
stimuli that are not immediately
escapable.
 Paralysis or immobility in a conscious
animal.

33.  Inflammatory disease.
 Organ failure resulting in clinical
signs.
 Non-healing skin lesions.
 Whole body irradiation at high
doses.
 Withdrawal of more than 10% of
an animal's blood volume.

34.  Studies that require the animal to
reach a moribund state or die
spontaneously as the endpoint of
the study. The earliest endpoint
possible should be used to
prevent pain or distress.

35. Ensuring that drug doses are
correct and that the drugs used are
not expired.
Ensuring that procedures to be
performed on the animal are
reasonable for that species.
Using appropriate anesthetics and
analgesics for potentially painful
procedures.

36.  Performing surgeries and procedures
aseptically to prevent infection.
 Performing only a single major
survival surgery on any one animal,
whenever possible.
 Performing appropriate post-surgical
care, including thermoregulation and
fluid balance.

37. The majority of animals are killed at the end of
the experiment, either because their tissues
are required as part of the experiment, or
because the scientific objectives have been
achieved and the animal can no longer be
used. If the experiment leads to an
increasing amount of suffering during its
course then it is best for the animals to be
killed as early as possible. This approach is
described as operating ‘humane endpoints’

38. Setting the earliest possible
endpoint for the experiment. That
is, if the necessary information can
be gathered before the animal
experiences any ill effects from the
experiment, this should be defined
as the endpoint and the animal
subsequently euthanized.

39.  If measuring toxicity of a compound or
survival following implantation of a
neoplasm, a pilot study may determine that
once certain clinical signs are seen, or a
tumor achieves a certain size, the time
course until debilitation or death are
predictable. Subsequent experiments may
then utilize the earlier endpoint of tumor
size or clinical signs of toxicity, rather than
death as the endpoint.

40.  If it is known that particular clinical
signs such as decreased body
temperature lead to a specific
outcome such as death, then animals
can be killed as soon as these signs
appear. Other markers that can be
used to define humane endpoints
include flank twitching and chemical
and haematological changes in the
blood

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