The document provides instruction on English grammar tenses and structures, including the present simple, present continuous, be to + infinitive, reported speech, past tense, past continuous, passive voice, and putting sentences into the passive voice. Examples are given for each grammar point to illustrate usage.

1. Cholo agricultura north-east EANOR
English ll
Ing. Oscar Garcia
report # 5 different types of
Carranza Cordon Neysi
5th. Agrónomo Expert “A”
Zacapa, March 6 th of two thousand and fifteen

2. • PRESENT SIMPLE

3. • . We use the PRESENT SIMPLE to talk about TIMETABLES, such as school
schedules, TV programmes, train timetables...So, in this activity you have to use
the PRESENT SIMPLE with future meaning:
•
• a) What time (the train to Oxford/leave)?
• b) The film at quarter to nine. (start)
• c) We art at 11:00
• d) When (the documentary/finish)?
• e) The documentary at half past nine.
• f) What time (we/have/the geography test)?

4. • 2. We use the PRESENT CONTINUOUS to talk about FUTURE ARRANGEMENTS.
In this activity, you have to use the PRESENT CONTINUOUS to talk about the future
(use short forms for the verbs):
•
• a) What (do) tomorrow afternoon? I (visit) my aunt.
• b) We (not/go) to the shopping centre on Saturday, we (play) tennis instead.
• c) Where (Jane/go) on Saturday evening? She (not/go) anywhere. She (study) for an
exam.
• d) What (do) this afternoon? They (take) their driving test.
• e) How (travel) to England next week? He (travel) by plane, of course!
• f) What (cook) for our birthday tomorrow? She (cook) a delicious chocolate and cream
cake.
•

5. • be to + infinitive
• You're quite right, Young. This is a future form. When we say that things are to happen,
we are talking about official arrangements and formal instructions that are imposed on
us by other people. This structure is quite common in news reports and official notices
of various kinds:
• Laboratory equipment is not to be left unattended in the science labs.
• This medicine is to be taken three times daily after meals.
• All visitors entering the hospital are to wear masks as protection against infection.
• Manchester City are to return to their famous sky-blue shirts next season after
agreeing a sponsorship deal with Reebok.

6. be to + infinitive in if clauses
This structure is also very common in if-clauses when we are
discussing pre-conditions:
If we are to survive global warming, large-scale
deforestation must be avoided.
If he is to get into the first team, he must improve his diet
and spend more time training.
If they are to get there by nightfall, they must press on. They
can't afford to hang on here, waiting for the others to arrive.

7. • Defining an Infinitive Verb
• Basically, an infinitive verb is a verb with the word “to” in front of it.
• to be
• to have
• to hold
• to sleep
• to dream
• When you use an infinitive verb, the “to” is a part of the verb. It is not acting as a preposition in this case. And the verb is always just the
verb. It’s not conjugated in anyway – no -ed, no -ing, no -s on the end. Sometimes you’ll see sentences like this:
• She went from kissing him to slapping him in no time.
• You see “to slapping,” and it’s easy to think that’s an infinitive verb, but it isn’t. It’s a preposition (to) and a gerund (slapping). You can tell it’s
not an infinitive because of the -ing on the end of the verb. Infinitives never have an -ing ending.

8. • Using an Infinitive Verb
• There are several possible ways to use infinitive verbs. You can use them:
• as the subject of a sentence – To err is human; to forgive, divine.
• like an adjective or adverb phrase that expresses purpose or intent – My
instructions are to press this button every hour.
• following a direct object – He told me to give this to you.
• following certain other verbs:

9. • Present perfect simple +just for since
• 1 I / meet just / your sister
• 2 You / see / ever / a hurricane?
• 3 It / stop / just / raining
• 4 We / not live / for/ in London / three years

10. • l pretérito perfecto o "present perfect" se usa:
• 1 Para acciones o estados pasados que han acabado recientemente o que perduran en la actualidad.
• El 'present perfect' pone el énfasis en el resultado.
• The goalkeeper has broken his right hand.
• El portero se ha roto la mano derecha (y aún tiene tiene repercusión en el presente)
• She has opened the door.
• Ella ha abierto la puerta (está abierta todavía).

11. • 2 Se suele usar el present perfect cuando nos referimos a acciones pasadas en las que
no se indica el tiempo.
• I have cleaned the house.
• He limpiado la casa ( no especifico cuándo).
• Si se especificara el tiempo habría que usar el pasado simple.
• I cleaned the house yesterday.
• Limpié la casa ayer (indico el tiempo).

12. REPORTED SPEECH

13. • If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s exact words (direct
speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct
speech into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to
transform a statement, question or request.
Statements
When transforming statements, check whether you have to change:
pronouns
present tense verbs (3rd person singular)
place and time expressions
tenses (backshift)
Type Example
direct speech “I speak English.”
reported speech
(no backshift) He says that he speaks English.
reported speech
(backshift) He said that he spoke English.

14. • Questions
• When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:
• pronouns
• present tense verbs (3rd person singular)
• place and time expressions
• tenses (backshift)
• Also note that you have to:
• transform the question into an indirect question
• use the interrogative or if / whether
• Type Example
• with interrogative direct speech “Why don’t you speak English?”
• reported speech He asked me why I didn’t speak English.
• without interrogative direct speech “Do you speak English?”
• reported speech He asked me whether / if I spoke English.

15. Past tense

16. • The past tense is a grammatical tense whose principal function is to place an
action or situation in past time. In languages which have a past tense, it thus
provides a grammatical means of indicating that the event being referred to took
place in the past. Examples of verbs in the past tense include the English verbs
sang, went and was.
• In some languages, the grammatical expression of past tense is combined with the
expression of other categories such as mood and aspect (see tense–aspect–mood).
Thus a language may have several types of past tense form, their use depending
on what aspectual or other additional information is to be encoded. French, for
example, has a compound past (passé composé) for expressing completed events,
an imperfect for expressing events which were ongoing or repeated in the past, as
well as several other past forms.

17. • 13 down vote favorite
• I just stumbled over the verb "to wake", which according to various sources has two valid
forms for the past tense: "woke" and "waked".
• Some further research stated, that there seem to be two (Old / Middle) English verbs -
one strong, one weak - today's "wake" stems from, hence the two forms for past tense:
• waken, meaning to cease to sleep and
• wakien, meaning to stay awake, keep watch
• Now, as there are two origins, I'm wondering:
• Are there (subtle?) differences in meaning when using "woke" or "waked" today?

18. • past Continuous (Pasado continuo)
• El pasado continuo se utiliza para acciones que ocurrieron en un momento específico en
el pasado. Como el presente continuo, se forma con el verbo "to be" y el gerundio.
• Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)
• Form (Forma)
• Para formar el pasado continuo se utiliza el verbo auxiliar "to be" y el gerundio (infinitivo
+ "-ing") del verbo. El verbo auxiliar "to be" está en el pasado simple, pero ten en cuenta
que "to be" es un verbo irregular.
• Sujeto Auxiliar (to be) Gerundio
• I, He, She, It was talking, eating, learning, doing, going...
• You, We, They were talking, eating, learning, doing, going...

19. •Introduction to the passive
voice

20. • . Active to Passive voicePresent Perfect & Past Perfect tenses Mr Abel Kok
• 2. Active to Passive voice Generally speaking, it is best to use the active voice. Eg.“I
wrote the book”. Instead of “The book was written by me.”However, the passive voice
is necessary for the following reasons: The focus on the object rather than the subject:
Peter was reprimanded by the teacher. The subject (doer) is unknown: Eg. The bicycle
has been stolen. To create suspense or dramatic effect: The cat was eaten by the rat!
(This is typically used in Headlines)
• 3. Synthesis (ACTIVE to PASSIVE Voice) USE OFMarie forgets the book.
‘PARTICIPLE’ is forgotten by Marie.The
book________________________________. +Marie forgot the book. The tense was
forgotten by Marie.The book________________________________. should
notMarie has forgotten the book. be change.The
book________________________________. has been forgotten by Marie.Marie had
forgotten the book. For ‘has’, ‘have’ &The
book________________________________. ‘had’ – USE had been forgotten by
Marie. ‘BEEN’

21. • Forming Simple Past Passive
• Affirmative Form Object + was / were + verb3 (past participle)
• Question FormWas / Were + Object + verb3 (past participle) ?
• Something was done by someone at sometime in the past.
• Active : The teacher corrected the mistakes.
• Passive: The mistakes were corrected by the teacher.
• Active : Did the little boy sell all the candy bars?
• Passive: Were all the candy bars sold by the little boy?

22. • Active : Lauren didn't eat any apples.
• Passive: No apples were eaten by Lauran.
• Active : He didn't give the wallet.
• Passive: The wallet wasn't given by him

23. • Quick Exercise
• Put the following sentences into passive voice. (simple past)
• 1. Who wrote this book?
• ?
• 2. How did they steal her car?
• ?
• 3. The children rang the bell a few minutes ago.
• .
• 4. The kids forgot the whole story in a few days.
• .
• 5. Did the president make his speech last night?

24. • http://www.grammarbank.com/simple-past-passive.html
• www.englishexercises.org/.../viewgame.asp?id=7688
• www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/.../reported-speech
• es.slideshare.net/.../past-tense-to-be-there-was-were
• www.curso-ingles.com › Curso de Inglés Intermedi
• es.slideshare.net/.../active-to-passive-voice-introducti.
• www.grammarbank.com/simple-present-passive.html