This document contains summaries and explanations of various English grammar topics in Spanish, including the present perfect tense with "there is/there are", future tense of "have to", introduction to the passive voice, present simple passive, past perfect tense with time expressions, quantifiers, "might" vs "must", past simple of "can", reported speech, and uses of "can", "mustn't", and "have to". Examples are provided to illustrate each grammar concept. Bibliography sources for further information on the topics are listed at the end.

1. Northeast school of
Agriculture “EANOR”
• PRACTICE ENGLISH 6
TEACHER OSCAR GARCIA
• GROUP PRACTICE #3
• NAME: Rivera Girón, Rony Ferlandy

2. Present Perfect: “there is/ there are”
• Has the meaning of "having". Is formed with "there" followed by
the present of the verb "to be" in the singular or plural, as
appropriate.
• 'There is' is used with singular count nouns and uncountable nouns.
'There are' used with count nouns in plural.
There is a book. Hay un libro.
There are some books. Hay unos libros.
Afirmativo
Singular forma larga There is a shop Hay una tienda
Plural forma larga There are some shops Hay algunas tiendas
Singular forma corta There's a shop Hay una tienda

3. Future tense of “have to”
• The future perfect tense is used to describe an action that will
have been completed at some point in the future. It is often used
with a time expression which identifies that point in the future.
• Example: “By the time you arrive, we will have finished the meal
and the speeches”.
Future Tenses Example
simple future tense I will go
future progressive tense I will be going
future perfect tense I will have gone
future perfect progressive I will have been going

4. Introduction to the passive voice
• Although the passive voice is less common than the active voice,
there are several good reasons to sometimes use the passive. On
this page we look at how to construct the passive voice and when
and why to use it. (For a basic explanation of the difference
between active and passive, please see voice.)
• active The Allies firebombed Dresden.
• passive long Dresden was firebombed by the Allies.
short Dresden was firebombed.

5. Present simple passive
• Something is done by someone regularly / everyday / as
expected...
• Examples:
The flowers are watered by the gardener every evening.
Nothing is drunk by Helen in parties.
Who are umbrellas sold by?
The walls aren't painted by my mother.

6. Past perfect tense + yet / already
• Time Expressions in the Past Perfect Simple
• The time expressions already, for, since, and yet may be used in
the past perfect simple, as they are in the present perfect simple.
Remember the following rules for using other time expressions:
• Use after, as soon as, the moment that, until before using the past
perfect simple.
Ex: After she had moved out, I found her notes./ I didn’t say
anything until she had finished talking.
• Use before, when, by the time before the past simple:
Ex. Before I knew it, she had run out the door. / By the time he
phoned her, she had found someone new.

7. Quantifiers
• The quantifiers indicate a name. They are responses to the
question "How many?". Like the articles, quantifiers define a name
and are always located in front of the name. Some can be used
only with countable nouns, others only with countless names and
others with both.
• Use: It expresses the idea of wealth. It is used mainly in negative
and interrogative with plural count noun phrases. You can use
"many" in affirmative sentences, although not very common.
Normally, we use other quantifiers like "a lot.“

8. Must / Might
• Might expresses an opinion: an uncertain guess, a speculation,
based on very little information. Might have expresses an opinion
about an earlier (past) situation.
The car driver might have tried to pass between two buses.
-Must expresses an opinion: an inference, a conclusion, based on
known details. Must have expresses an opinion about an earlier
(past) situation.
The car driver must have panicked when he saw the buses moving
in on both sides.

9. Past simple of “can”
• "Can" means "power" in the sense of "having capacity".
• The birds can fly.
Los pájaros pueden volar.
• Can is one of modal verbs with may, must, etc. This means that
usually these verbs need to complete their meaning with another
verb:
• I can speak English.
Yo puedo hablar inglés.

10. Reported speech
• If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use
the speaker’s exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect)
speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct
speech into reported speech. The structure is a little different
depending on whether you want to transform a statement,
question or request.
• When transforming statements, check whether you have to
change:
pronouns
present tense verbs (3rd person singular)
place and time expressions
tenses (backshift)

11. Verbs can, mustn’t, have to
• The use of must, must not (mustn't) and need not (needn't)
• The modals must, must not and need not have the same form
regardless the subject. There is no ending with he/she/it.
• I must play football. = I have to play football.
• I need not play football. = I do not need to play football. = I do not
have to play football.
• I must not play football. = I am not allowed to play football.

12. Bibliography
• http://www.grammarbank.com/simple-present-passive.html
• http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-
rules/verbs/the-past-perfect-simple-tense/
• http://www.curso-ingles.com/gramatica-inglesa/few.php
• http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/modal3b.html
• http://www.inglessencillo.com/can
• http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech
• http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/must.htm