different types of solar cooker,parabolic solar cooker largest solar steam cooking plant in INDIA at SHIRDI ,parabolic solar cooker stirling engine,steam cooking by parabolic reflectors at MOUNT ABU RAJISTHAN ,INDIA
different types of solar cooker,parabolic solar cooker largest solar steam cooking plant in INDIA at SHIRDI ,parabolic solar cooker stirling engine,steam cooking by parabolic reflectors at MOUNT ABU RAJISTHAN ,INDIA
An Overview of Photovoltaic Systems or PV Systems. This PPT outlines what a solar systems is and what it is consisted of. From solar panels to charge controller to deep cycle batteries to the inverter.
Solar collector : A device designed to absorb incident solar radiation and to transfer the energy to a fluid passing in contact with it, usually liquid or air.
Flat – Plate Collector : A typical flat-plate collector is an insulated metal box with a glass or plastic cover (called the glazing) and a dark-colored absorber plate. These collectors heat liquid or air at temperatures less than 180°F.
Photovoltaic Power Conversion systems
Solar constant:
Pyranometer:
Solar Photovoltaic(SPV) systems
Construction of Solar Cell
I-V curve and PV curve of solar cell
Efficiency of Solar Panel
Effect of Dust On Performance Of Solar PV Panel
Effect of temperature on solar power panel efficiency
Solar Photovoltaic(SPV) systems
Solar energy, radiation from the Sun capable of producing heat, causing chemical reactions, or generating electricity. The total amount of solar energy incident on Earth is vastly in excess of the world’s current and anticipated energy requirements. If suitably harnessed, this highly diffused source has the potential to satisfy all future energy needs. In the 21st century solar energy is expected to become increasingly attractive as a renewable energy source because of its inexhaustible supply and its nonpolluting character, in stark contrast to the finite fossil fuels coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
solar energy
solar energy
Reflection and absorption of solar energy. Although some incoming sunlight is reflected by Earth's atmosphere and surface, most is absorbed by the surface, which is warmed.
The Sun is an extremely powerful energy source, and sunlight is by far the largest source of energy received by Earth, but its intensity at Earth’s surface is actually quite low. This is essentially because of the enormous radial spreading of radiation from the distant Sun. A relatively minor additional loss is due to Earth’s atmosphere and clouds, which absorb or scatter as much as 54 percent of the incoming sunlight. The sunlight that reaches the ground consists of nearly 50 percent visible light, 45 percent infrared radiation, and smaller amounts of ultraviolet and other forms of electromagnetic radiation.
solar energy potential
solar energy potential
Earth's photovoltaic power potential.
The potential for solar energy is enormous, since about 200,000 times the world’s total daily electric-generating capacity is received by Earth every day in the form of solar energy. Unfortunately, though solar energy itself is free, the high cost of its collection, conversion, and storage still limits its exploitation in many places. Solar radiation can be converted either into thermal energy (heat) or into electrical energy, though the former is easier to accomplish.
Thermal energy
The transition to renewable energy explained by Phil the Fixer
The transition to renewable energy explained by Phil the Fixer
Learn more about climate change and the transition to renewable energy in this interview with Phil the Fixer.
See all videos for this article
Among the most common devices used to capture solar energy and convert it to thermal energy are flat-plate collectors, which are used for solar heating applications. Because the intensity of solar radiation at Earth’s surface is so low, these collectors must be large in area. Even in sunny parts of the world’s temperate regions, for instance, a collector must have a surface area of about 40 square metres (430 square feet) to gather enough energy to serve the energy needs of one person.
Nicolaus Copernicus. Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) Polish astronomer. In 1543 he published, forward proof of a Heliocentric (sun centered) universe. Coloured stipple engraving published London 1802. De revolutionibus orbium coelestium li
An Overview of Photovoltaic Systems or PV Systems. This PPT outlines what a solar systems is and what it is consisted of. From solar panels to charge controller to deep cycle batteries to the inverter.
Solar collector : A device designed to absorb incident solar radiation and to transfer the energy to a fluid passing in contact with it, usually liquid or air.
Flat – Plate Collector : A typical flat-plate collector is an insulated metal box with a glass or plastic cover (called the glazing) and a dark-colored absorber plate. These collectors heat liquid or air at temperatures less than 180°F.
Photovoltaic Power Conversion systems
Solar constant:
Pyranometer:
Solar Photovoltaic(SPV) systems
Construction of Solar Cell
I-V curve and PV curve of solar cell
Efficiency of Solar Panel
Effect of Dust On Performance Of Solar PV Panel
Effect of temperature on solar power panel efficiency
Solar Photovoltaic(SPV) systems
Solar energy, radiation from the Sun capable of producing heat, causing chemical reactions, or generating electricity. The total amount of solar energy incident on Earth is vastly in excess of the world’s current and anticipated energy requirements. If suitably harnessed, this highly diffused source has the potential to satisfy all future energy needs. In the 21st century solar energy is expected to become increasingly attractive as a renewable energy source because of its inexhaustible supply and its nonpolluting character, in stark contrast to the finite fossil fuels coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
solar energy
solar energy
Reflection and absorption of solar energy. Although some incoming sunlight is reflected by Earth's atmosphere and surface, most is absorbed by the surface, which is warmed.
The Sun is an extremely powerful energy source, and sunlight is by far the largest source of energy received by Earth, but its intensity at Earth’s surface is actually quite low. This is essentially because of the enormous radial spreading of radiation from the distant Sun. A relatively minor additional loss is due to Earth’s atmosphere and clouds, which absorb or scatter as much as 54 percent of the incoming sunlight. The sunlight that reaches the ground consists of nearly 50 percent visible light, 45 percent infrared radiation, and smaller amounts of ultraviolet and other forms of electromagnetic radiation.
solar energy potential
solar energy potential
Earth's photovoltaic power potential.
The potential for solar energy is enormous, since about 200,000 times the world’s total daily electric-generating capacity is received by Earth every day in the form of solar energy. Unfortunately, though solar energy itself is free, the high cost of its collection, conversion, and storage still limits its exploitation in many places. Solar radiation can be converted either into thermal energy (heat) or into electrical energy, though the former is easier to accomplish.
Thermal energy
The transition to renewable energy explained by Phil the Fixer
The transition to renewable energy explained by Phil the Fixer
Learn more about climate change and the transition to renewable energy in this interview with Phil the Fixer.
See all videos for this article
Among the most common devices used to capture solar energy and convert it to thermal energy are flat-plate collectors, which are used for solar heating applications. Because the intensity of solar radiation at Earth’s surface is so low, these collectors must be large in area. Even in sunny parts of the world’s temperate regions, for instance, a collector must have a surface area of about 40 square metres (430 square feet) to gather enough energy to serve the energy needs of one person.
Nicolaus Copernicus. Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) Polish astronomer. In 1543 he published, forward proof of a Heliocentric (sun centered) universe. Coloured stipple engraving published London 1802. De revolutionibus orbium coelestium li
In presentation photovoltaic effect, solar cell material, types of solar cell, working principle, solar pv module, PV systems, Sizing of solar PV system etc are included.
Latest ppt on renewable energy sources power generation in world and india has been included ind the presentation. This might be helpful for those keen to know renewable power comparison in world and india
1.List Testing methods of Circuit Breaker, Explain type test and routine test & maintenance.
2.List & Explain Testing methods of CT’s & PT’s and Maintenance of Relays
3.Explain Substation Earthing (Solid, Resistance and Reactance Earthing), - Neutral Earthing-Importance and types -Explain Principle and applications Peterson coil.
Week- 08 - Feeder protection and Bus–Bar Protection.PremanandDesai
Feeder Protection:
1a. Explain abnormalities and list
different types of Faults.
1b. Time Graded Over Current
Protection on transmission line. 2a. Construction and working of
Differential Pilot – Wire Protection.
2b. Discuss Basic principle of Distance
Protection.Bus–Bar Protection:
3a. Explain Abnormalities & List
different types of Faults.
3b. Construction and working of
Differential Protection of Bus -Bars.
Alternator Protection-Types of Protection, Explain Abnormalities and List different types of Fault Construction and working of protection scheme. Differential protection for Alternators Construction and working of Balanced Earth Fault Protection for Alternators.
WEEK- 06/ UNIT – 06 Transformer Protection PremanandDesai
WEEK- 06/ UNIT – 06 Transformer Protection
1a. Explain Abnormalities & List different types of Faults.
1b. Construction and working of Circulating Current Scheme for
Transformers Protection.
Construction and working of Earth Fault or Leakage Protection Systems for Transformer. Construction and working of
Buchholz Relay. 3b. Transformer oil – Electrical
properties, desired properties and applications of Transformer oil , BDVT.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
3. Photovoltaic effect solar cell
• The "photovoltaic effect" is the basic physical process
through which a solar cell converts sunlight into electricity.
• In typical solar cell , a p-n junction is formed between two
types of semiconductor namely P- type and N-Type
semiconductors.
• When Sunlight strikes a photovoltaic cell, the electrons-
Hole pairs are formed. The electric field existing across P-N
junction causes the electron hole pairs to separate.
• As free electrons are generated, they can be collected via
an external circuit and flow from N-type to P-Type material.
thus the current flow takes place.
4. Solar power
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into
electricity, either directly using photovoltaics
(PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar
power (CSP).
Concentrated solar power systems use lenses
or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a
large area of sunlight into a small beam.
Photovoltaics convert light into an electric
current using the photovoltaic effect.
5.
6.
7. Construction of solar cell
The junction diode is made of Si or GaAs. A thin layer of p-type is
grown on the n-type semiconductor. Top of the p-layer is provided with a few
finer electrodes which leaves open space for the light to reach the thin p-
layer and it under lays p-n junction. Bottom of the n-layer is provided with a
current collecting electrode
Solar cell
9. Photovoltaic (PV) array
To generate electrical power more than that of individual solar cell and solar module ,
number of solar modules are combined together to form any array which is called solar
array or photovoltaic array.
The main feature of a solar array is that it is able to meet any electrical power requirement .
Thus a solar array or PV array is an interconnected system of PV modules that function as a
single unit producing electricity in which solar modules are assembled as a discrete
structure with a single common mounting as shown in above figure.
10. Materials used in solar cells
• The materials which are used for this purpose must have band
gap close to 1.5ev. Commonly used materials are-
1. Crystalline silicon (c-Si): These cells are entirely based around
the concept of a p-n junction. Solar cells made of c-Si are made
from wafers between 160 and 240 micrometers thick.
2. Monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si): Solar panels using mono-Si
cells display a distinctive pattern of small white diamonds.
3. Epitaxial silicon : Solar cells made with this technique can have
efficiencies approaching those of wafer-cut cells, but at
appreciably lower cost.
11. 4. Polycrystalline silicon : Polysilicon cells are
the most common type used in photovoltaics
and are less expensive, but also less efficient,
than those made from monocrystalline silicon..
5.Cadmium telluride : Cadmium telluride is the
only thin film material so far to rival crystalline
silicon in cost/watt. However cadmium is highly
toxic and tellurium supplies are limited.
6.Gallium arsenide thin film : The semiconductor
material Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is also used for
single-crystalline thin film solar cells.
12. Applications of Solar cells / solar power plant:
1. In space programs for electric power
generation.
2. For navigational signals.
3. Highway emergency systems.
4. Rail road crossing signals.
5. Water pumping for irrigation purposes.
6. Street lighting.
7. Weather monitoring system
13. Classification of solar photovoltaic (PV)systems
1. Stand-alone solar PV system.
2. Grid interactive (connected) solar PV system.
3. Hybrid system.
15. • In the block diagram , it consists of PV array, charge
regulator, battery, inverter, D.C and A.C Load centers.
• The PV array converts solar energy into electrical energy.
The DC output of PV array is connected to the battery
through charge controller unit.
• The charge controller consists of blocking diode, when
there is no sun shine it prevents battery to discharge
through PV array.
16. • The battery gets charged using DC out put of the PV
array during day light hours.
• The battery output can be connected either to DC load
centers or AC load centers. When battery is connected
to AC load centers,
• The battery output is connected to an inverter. The
inverter converts DC into AC and then supplies power
to the AC load.
19. • Grid-connected or utility-interactive PV systems are designed to operate in
parallel with interconnected with the electric utility grid.
• The primary component in grid-connected PV systems is the inverter, or
power conditioning unit (PCU).
• The PCU converts the DC power produced by the PV array into AC power
consistent with the voltage and power quality requirements of the utility
grid, and automatically stops supplying power to the grid when the utility
grid is not energized.
20. • A bi-directional interface is made between the PV
system AC output circuits and the electric utility
network, typically at an on-site distribution panel
or service entrance.
• This allows the AC power produced by the PV
system to either supply on-site electrical loads, or
to back feed the grid when the PV system output
is greater than the on-site load demand.
• At night and during other periods when the
electrical loads are greater than the PV system
output, the balance of power required by the
loads is received from the electric utility.
21. Advantages of PV systems
1. PV panels provide clean – green energy.
2. Solar energy is energy supplied by nature – it is
thus free and abundant.
3. Solar energy can be made available almost
anywhere there is sunlight
4. photoelectric phenomenon, produce electricity
in a direct electricity generation way
5. Operating and maintenance costs for PV panels
are considered to be low.
22. 6. PV panels have no mechanically moving parts.
7. Absence of moving parts.
8. Long life and highly reliable.
9. It Can be installed at load centers & saves cost
of transmission and distribution lines.
10. It can be easily started as no starting time is
required
23. Disadvantages of PV systems
1. solar energy has intermittency issues; not shining
at night but also during daytime there may be
cloudy or rainy weather.
2. Solar energy panels require additional
equipment (inverters) to DC to AC in order to be
used on the power network.
3. High capital investment.
24. 4. Solar panels efficiency levels are relatively low
(between 14%-25%) compared to other
renewable sources of energy.
5.Manufactures of solar array is labor intensive.
25. Environmental Impacts Of Solar PV System.
• Hazardous Materials
The PV cell manufacturing process includes a number of
hazardous materials, most of which are used to clean and purify
the semiconductor surface. These chemicals, similar to those used
in the general semiconductor industry, include hydrochloric acid,
sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrogen fluoride, trichloroethane, and
acetone. The amount and type of chemicals used depends on the
type of cell, the amount of cleaning that is needed, and the size of
silicon wafer.
26. • Life-Cycle Global Warming Emissions
While there are no global warming emissions associated with
generating electricity from solar energy, there are emissions
associated with other stages of the solar life-cycle, including
manufacturing, materials transportation, installation,
maintenance, and decommissioning and dismantlement. Most
estimates of life-cycle emissions for photovoltaic systems are
between 0.07 and 0.18 pounds of carbon dioxide equivalent
per kilowatt-hour.
27. • Ecological impacts: In the point of generating
electricity at a utility-scale, solar energy
facilities necessitate large area for collection of
energy. due to this, the facilities may interfere
with existing land uses and can impact the use
of areas such as wilderness or recreational
management areas. As energy system may land
through materials exploration, extraction,
manufacturing and disposal, energy footprints
can become incrementally high.
28. • Impacts to soil, water and air resources :
The construction of solar facilities on vast area
of land imposes clearing and grading , resulting in
soil compaction, alteration of drainage channels
and increased erosion.
29. MODEL QUESTIONS BANK
• Cognitive Level: UNDERSTAND
1. Explain Photovoltaic effect and solar power.
2. Explain the Construction of solar cell and solar photovoltaic module with
block diagram.
3. Explain Construction of photovoltaic panel.
4. state the Classification of solar photovoltaic systems.
5. List the Advantages and dis-advantages of PV systems.
• Cognitive Level: APPLICATION
1. Explain Construction of PV array.
2. Explain the Materials used for solar cells.
3. Explanation of stand-alone with block diagram
4. Explanation of grid interactive solar PV system with block diagram.
5. Explain the environmental effects of solar PV system.
30. Course outcome : 03
Explain Solar PV system, types, environmental impacts,
and solar cells. Know advantages and disadvantages.