Solar refrigeration uses solar energy to power refrigeration systems for food and medicine preservation and comfort cooling. There are three main types of solar refrigeration: photovoltaic operated vapor compression, solar mechanical vapor compression using a Rankine cycle, and absorption refrigeration. Absorption refrigeration replaces the compressor with a thermal compression system using ammonia as the working fluid and a generator powered by solar collectors to desorb the ammonia, providing refrigeration without large mechanical energy inputs. While solar refrigeration has benefits of being environmentally friendly and not relying on power grids, its high initial costs and low coefficient of performance currently limit widespread adoption.
Solar collector : A device designed to absorb incident solar radiation and to transfer the energy to a fluid passing in contact with it, usually liquid or air.
Flat – Plate Collector : A typical flat-plate collector is an insulated metal box with a glass or plastic cover (called the glazing) and a dark-colored absorber plate. These collectors heat liquid or air at temperatures less than 180°F.
Process of converting solar thermal energy (heat) into conditioned air.
Eco-friendly as well as Energy-efficient.
Can be operated with green resources of heat as backup resources when solar radiation is unavailable
Solar thermal power generation systems use mirrors to collect sunlight and produce steam by solar heat to drive turbines for generating power. This system generates power by rotating turbines like thermal and nuclear power plants, and therefore, is suitable for large-scale power generation.
solar water heating system - types and mechanismlee shin
solar is one of the trending technology getting into use which reduces the utility bills and bring more beneficial factor through its eco friendly method
Introduction to solar thermal system
Working of solar thermal system
Solar collector
Type of solar collector
Solar water heater
Solar heating and cooling
Solar refrigeration and air conditioning
Advantage and Disadvantages
Solar collector : A device designed to absorb incident solar radiation and to transfer the energy to a fluid passing in contact with it, usually liquid or air.
Flat – Plate Collector : A typical flat-plate collector is an insulated metal box with a glass or plastic cover (called the glazing) and a dark-colored absorber plate. These collectors heat liquid or air at temperatures less than 180°F.
Process of converting solar thermal energy (heat) into conditioned air.
Eco-friendly as well as Energy-efficient.
Can be operated with green resources of heat as backup resources when solar radiation is unavailable
Solar thermal power generation systems use mirrors to collect sunlight and produce steam by solar heat to drive turbines for generating power. This system generates power by rotating turbines like thermal and nuclear power plants, and therefore, is suitable for large-scale power generation.
solar water heating system - types and mechanismlee shin
solar is one of the trending technology getting into use which reduces the utility bills and bring more beneficial factor through its eco friendly method
Introduction to solar thermal system
Working of solar thermal system
Solar collector
Type of solar collector
Solar water heater
Solar heating and cooling
Solar refrigeration and air conditioning
Advantage and Disadvantages
ENERGY AUDIT presentationin power system .pptxReshevSharma
An energy audit is a systematic process of evaluating and analyzing energy usage in a building, facility, or industrial process to identify opportunities for energy efficiency improvements, cost savings, and environmental sustainability. The goal of an energy audit is to assess energy consumption patterns, identify areas of inefficiency or waste, and recommend measures to optimize energy usage and reduce overall energy consumption.
Here's an overview of the typical steps involved in conducting an energy audit:
1. **Pre-Audit Planning:**
Define the scope and objectives of the energy audit, including the areas or systems to be evaluated, the level of detail required, and the desired outcomes. Identify key stakeholders, establish audit goals, and gather relevant documentation, such as utility bills, building plans, and equipment specifications.
2. **Data Collection and Analysis:**
Collect comprehensive data on energy consumption, including utility bills, meter readings, and operational data
Heat Pump, their types, Classification of airconditioning system, ventilation: its purpose and types, Tunnel and Mine ventilation, All air, All water and Air-water airconditioning system
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. What is Refrigeration?
Refrigeration is a process in which work is done to move heat from one
location to another.
Where it is uses:
To provide refrigeration for food and medicine preservation.
To provide comfort cooling.
Solar Refrigeration:
Refrigerator which runs on electricity provided by Solar Energy is
known as solar refrigeration.
Solar-powered refrigerators may be most commonly used in the future
generation.
Developing the world to help mitigate poverty and climate change.
3. Types of Refrigeration:
Refrigeration systems is broadly classified into two
types:
• Vapour Compression Refrigeration (VCR)
(uses mechanical energy).
• Vapour Absorption Refrigeration (VAR)
(uses thermal energy).
4. Vapour Compression Refrigeration:
• Highly compressed fluids tend to get colder when
allowed to expand.
• If pressure high enough,
Compressed air hotter than source of cooling
Expanded gas cooler than desired cold temperature
6. Type of refrigerant:
• Refrigerant determined by the required cooling temperature.
• Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) or freons: R-11, R-12, R-
21, R-22 and R-502.
Two advantages:
• Lot of heat can be removed (lot of thermal energy
to change liquid to vapour)
• Heat transfer rate remains high (temperature of
working fluid much lower than what is being
cooled)
7. Vapour absorption Refrigeration:
• The vapor absorption refrigeration system comprises of all
the processes in the vapor compression refrigeration system like
compression, condensation, expansion and evaporation.
• In the vapor absorption system the refrigerant used is
ammonia, water or lithium bromide.
• The refrigerant gets condensed in the condenser and it gets
evaporated in the evaporator.
• The refrigerant produces cooling effect in the evaporator and
releases the heat to the atmosphere via the condenser.
9. Advantages of vapour absorption cycle:
(i) Moving part is pump
(ii) Reduced vaporization pressure & temperature
(iii) Load variation does not affect performance
(iv) Capacity > 1000 T, 30TR 91% electricity saves.
Disadvantages of vapour absorption cycle:
(a) Efficiency is low
(b) Takes long time to produce cooling effect
(c) Kerosene/oil/gas flame gives bad smell.
10. Solar Refrigeration:
Refrigerator which runs on electricity provided by Solar Energy is
known as solar refrigeration.
Solar-powered refrigerators may be most commonly used in the
future generation.
Need of solar refirgeration:
• Need refrigeration in areas not connected to power grid
• Need to minimize environmental impact and fuel cost
• Evaluate potential of solar energy to meet these needs
• Evaluate efficiencies of three types of solar refrigeration
11. Types of solar refrigeration:
• Photovoltaic Operated Refrigeration Cycle
• Solar Mechanical Refrigeration
• Absorption Refrigeration
Solar cooling can be considered for two related processes:
To provide refrigeration for food and medicine
preservation and
To provide comfort cooling.
12. Photovoltaic Operated Refrigeration Cycle:
Vapor compression cycle with power input from
Photovoltaic cells.
DC electric power output from PV runs the compressor of a
conventional cycle
Considerations:
Must match voltage imposed on PV array to the motor
characteristics and power requirements of the refrigeration cycle
For given operating condition (solar radiation and module
temperature), single voltage provides maximum power output.
Must find compressor motor closely matched to the electric
characteristics of the PV module.
13. Schematic view of a conventional vapor compression cycle driven by solar
photovoltaic:
14. Solar Mechanical Refrigeration
Vapor compression cycle with power input from solar
Rankine cycle.
Considerations:
• Efficiency optimization based on delivery temperature
• Efficiency of Rankinecycle increases with increased heat
exchanger temperature
• Efficiency of solar collector decreases with increase in
temperature.
16. Absorption Refrigeration:
• Condenser, throttle, evaporator function exactly the same way.
• Replaces compressor with “thermal compression system”.
• Ammonia is working fluid
• Minimal mechanical power input (pump instead of
compressor).
• Absorption into water solution allows it to be pumped.
• Desorbed in generator (rectifier required to separate out water).
17. • Heat into generator provided by solar collectors.
• The pressurisation is achieved by dissolving the
refrigerant in the absorbent, in the absorber section.
• Subsequently, the solution is pumped to a high pressure
with an ordinary liquid pump.
• In this way the refrigerant vapour is compressed
without the need of large amounts of mechanical energy
that the vapour-compression air conditioning systems
demand.
• This system greatly increases complexity.
18. Schematic view of a absorption refrigerator driven by heat from solar
radiation:
19. Benefits:
• Environmentally friendly
• Longevity
• Scalable
Application of solar refrigeration:
• Solar energy should be given a chance if we want to
protect the environment.
• We own it to our children, our grandchildren and
the generations to come.
• Refrigerators
• Freezers
• Ice-makers
• Coolers
• Building air-cooling systems
20. Conclusion:
• COP for solar refrigeration systems is low
• Better metrics: size, cost
• Complexity of solar ref. systems requires
more size, bulkiness
• Low operating costs do not outweigh high
initial investment
• Advantage is that they don’t rely on power
grid (PV is most practical for small scale)
21. Thank you for your attention,
any questions please….....