The document discusses air pollution and an aqua silencer device that aims to reduce emissions and noise from engines. It describes how the aqua silencer works by bubbling exhaust gases through water in a container, which lowers the temperature of gases and renders nitrogen oxides non-toxic. Sound produced under water is less audible than in air. The aqua silencer is fitted to engine exhaust pipes and breaks exhaust gases into smaller bubbles to pass through activated charcoal and be released through the container, reducing noise and pollution levels compared to conventional silencers.
This document provides an overview of exhaust silencers and their purpose. It discusses factors that influence silencer selection such as acoustical performance to meet noise reduction requirements, aerodynamic performance regarding pressure drop, mechanical performance regarding durability of materials, and structural performance regarding geometry and weight restrictions. It also briefly describes different types of silencers and their operating principles to reduce noise through expansion, reflection, absorption, and resonance effects within chambers and baffles.
This document provides an overview of a project to reduce toxic content in diesel exhaust before it is emitted. It includes a table of contents listing 9 chapters and figures. The synopsis explains that the system aims to reduce toxic gases in diesel exhaust from power packs used in hazardous environments like refineries. Chapter 1 introduces the topic of reducing harmful diesel exhaust while still utilizing diesel. Subsequent chapters will cover the equipment, design, working principle, advantages, applications, materials, and conclusion.
Global warming is increasing on our earth due to major increase in the pollution Air pollution is very serious on our earth So it is required to solve these problems by taking various serious attempts Hence to reduce these pollutants from Exhaust of Engine a new technology is introduced called Aqua silencer Sound produced under water is less hearable than it produced in atmosphere This mainly because of small sprockets in water molecules, which lowers its amplitude thus, lowers the sound level Because of this property water is used in this silencer and hence its name AQUA SILENCER Aqua Silencer is a modified version of a conventional silencer aimed at the reduction of toxic emission Aqua silencer is one of the attempt taken in reduce the air pollution It is fitted to the exhaust pipe of engine or system These Silencers is used to reduce the noise and control the emission of dangerous gases An aqua silencer is an attempt in this direction which is mainly dealing with control of emission and noise The aqua silencer system is design for replace commonly used single unit silencers in engine with its slender structure and less weight Batta Mahesh "Aqua Silencer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18435.pdf
Nowadays Air pollution is a major problem. Diesel engines are playing a vital role in Road and sea transport, Agriculture, mining and many other industries. Considering the available fuel resources and the present technological development, Diesel fuel is evidently indispensable. In general, the consumption of fuel is an index for finding out the economic strength of any country. In spite, we cannot ignore the harmful effects of the large mass of the burnt gases, which erodes the purity of our environment every day. The main pollutants contribute by automobiles are (CO), UBHC, (Nox) and Lead etc., Other sources such as electric power generating stations, industrial and domestic fuel consumption, refuse burning , industrial processing. So it is imperative that serious attempts should be made to conserve earth’s environment from degradation. An aqua silencer is an attempt in this direction, it is mainly dealing with control of emission and noise. An aqua silence is fitted to the exhaust pipe of engine.
The aqua silencer system is design for replace commonly used single unit silencers in engine with it’s slender structure and less weight. It plays an important role in control the noise and emission of gases from engines. Air pollution causes dangerous physical effect on the human body, animal and environment. The main reason to use aqua silencer is because nowadays air pollution is increasing rapidly. This system reduces the dangerous exhaust gases from the auto.
These emissions are controlled by the activated charcoal layer around perforated tube and lime water. The charcoal layer having high capacity to absorb emission gases from engine. This type charcoal layer with lime water reacts chemically with emission gases and change the chemical structure of emission gases. The smoke or emission gases and noise level in aqua silencer is very less than the commonly used silencers.
The document presents an aqua silencer designed to replace commonly used vehicle exhaust silencers. It consists of a perforated tube surrounded by an activated charcoal layer and metallic mesh, housed inside an outer shell. Exhaust gases enter through the inlet and pass through the perforated tube, which converts high mass bubbles to low mass bubbles. The gases then pass through the charcoal layer for purification before exiting into a lime water solution. The aqua silencer significantly reduces harmful exhaust emissions and noise compared to conventional silencers through this multi-stage filtration and absorption process. It provides pollution control benefits while maintaining similar fuel efficiency to standard silencers.
The document describes an aqua silencer designed to reduce noise and toxic emissions from diesel engine exhaust. It incorporates lime water, activated charcoal, and water to purify exhaust gases through chemical reactions and absorption before being released. The aqua silencer consists of a perforated tube surrounded by an activated charcoal layer and immersed in water inside an outer shell. Exhaust first passes through the lime water, then the charcoal layer, which purifies it before the muffled exhaust exits into the water, reducing noise emission. Test results showed the aqua silencer significantly reduced harmful smoke and noise levels compared to a conventional silencer.
The document describes an Aqua silencer, which is fitted to engine exhaust pipes to control emissions and noise. It works by bubbling the exhaust gases through a scrubber tank containing water and an alkaline solution. This reduces the temperature, sound levels, and toxic content of the gases before they are emitted. While more effective at emission reduction than conventional silencers, it also has some disadvantages like increased weight, maintenance needs, and cost. Overall, the Aqua silencer provides a smokeless and pollution-free alternative to traditional silencers.
This document provides an overview of exhaust silencers and their purpose. It discusses factors that influence silencer selection such as acoustical performance to meet noise reduction requirements, aerodynamic performance regarding pressure drop, mechanical performance regarding durability of materials, and structural performance regarding geometry and weight restrictions. It also briefly describes different types of silencers and their operating principles to reduce noise through expansion, reflection, absorption, and resonance effects within chambers and baffles.
This document provides an overview of a project to reduce toxic content in diesel exhaust before it is emitted. It includes a table of contents listing 9 chapters and figures. The synopsis explains that the system aims to reduce toxic gases in diesel exhaust from power packs used in hazardous environments like refineries. Chapter 1 introduces the topic of reducing harmful diesel exhaust while still utilizing diesel. Subsequent chapters will cover the equipment, design, working principle, advantages, applications, materials, and conclusion.
Global warming is increasing on our earth due to major increase in the pollution Air pollution is very serious on our earth So it is required to solve these problems by taking various serious attempts Hence to reduce these pollutants from Exhaust of Engine a new technology is introduced called Aqua silencer Sound produced under water is less hearable than it produced in atmosphere This mainly because of small sprockets in water molecules, which lowers its amplitude thus, lowers the sound level Because of this property water is used in this silencer and hence its name AQUA SILENCER Aqua Silencer is a modified version of a conventional silencer aimed at the reduction of toxic emission Aqua silencer is one of the attempt taken in reduce the air pollution It is fitted to the exhaust pipe of engine or system These Silencers is used to reduce the noise and control the emission of dangerous gases An aqua silencer is an attempt in this direction which is mainly dealing with control of emission and noise The aqua silencer system is design for replace commonly used single unit silencers in engine with its slender structure and less weight Batta Mahesh "Aqua Silencer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18435.pdf
Nowadays Air pollution is a major problem. Diesel engines are playing a vital role in Road and sea transport, Agriculture, mining and many other industries. Considering the available fuel resources and the present technological development, Diesel fuel is evidently indispensable. In general, the consumption of fuel is an index for finding out the economic strength of any country. In spite, we cannot ignore the harmful effects of the large mass of the burnt gases, which erodes the purity of our environment every day. The main pollutants contribute by automobiles are (CO), UBHC, (Nox) and Lead etc., Other sources such as electric power generating stations, industrial and domestic fuel consumption, refuse burning , industrial processing. So it is imperative that serious attempts should be made to conserve earth’s environment from degradation. An aqua silencer is an attempt in this direction, it is mainly dealing with control of emission and noise. An aqua silence is fitted to the exhaust pipe of engine.
The aqua silencer system is design for replace commonly used single unit silencers in engine with it’s slender structure and less weight. It plays an important role in control the noise and emission of gases from engines. Air pollution causes dangerous physical effect on the human body, animal and environment. The main reason to use aqua silencer is because nowadays air pollution is increasing rapidly. This system reduces the dangerous exhaust gases from the auto.
These emissions are controlled by the activated charcoal layer around perforated tube and lime water. The charcoal layer having high capacity to absorb emission gases from engine. This type charcoal layer with lime water reacts chemically with emission gases and change the chemical structure of emission gases. The smoke or emission gases and noise level in aqua silencer is very less than the commonly used silencers.
The document presents an aqua silencer designed to replace commonly used vehicle exhaust silencers. It consists of a perforated tube surrounded by an activated charcoal layer and metallic mesh, housed inside an outer shell. Exhaust gases enter through the inlet and pass through the perforated tube, which converts high mass bubbles to low mass bubbles. The gases then pass through the charcoal layer for purification before exiting into a lime water solution. The aqua silencer significantly reduces harmful exhaust emissions and noise compared to conventional silencers through this multi-stage filtration and absorption process. It provides pollution control benefits while maintaining similar fuel efficiency to standard silencers.
The document describes an aqua silencer designed to reduce noise and toxic emissions from diesel engine exhaust. It incorporates lime water, activated charcoal, and water to purify exhaust gases through chemical reactions and absorption before being released. The aqua silencer consists of a perforated tube surrounded by an activated charcoal layer and immersed in water inside an outer shell. Exhaust first passes through the lime water, then the charcoal layer, which purifies it before the muffled exhaust exits into the water, reducing noise emission. Test results showed the aqua silencer significantly reduced harmful smoke and noise levels compared to a conventional silencer.
The document describes an Aqua silencer, which is fitted to engine exhaust pipes to control emissions and noise. It works by bubbling the exhaust gases through a scrubber tank containing water and an alkaline solution. This reduces the temperature, sound levels, and toxic content of the gases before they are emitted. While more effective at emission reduction than conventional silencers, it also has some disadvantages like increased weight, maintenance needs, and cost. Overall, the Aqua silencer provides a smokeless and pollution-free alternative to traditional silencers.
This document describes an Aqua Silencer device that is fitted to vehicle exhaust pipes to reduce noise and air pollution. It consists of a perforated tube inside a water container, surrounded by activated charcoal. Exhaust gases enter the tube and are broken into smaller bubbles before passing through the charcoal. Pollutants like CO, NOx, and SO2 can be dissolved in the water or absorbed by the charcoal. The treated exhaust gases then exit through an opening while treated water is drained periodically. The Aqua Silencer provides pollution control through bubbling the exhaust in water and using charcoal absorption, helping reduce harmful emissions in a cheap and effective way.
Developments of Emission and Noise Control Device( Aqua Silencer)Editor IJMTER
Diesel power inevitably finds a very important role in the development of the plant’s
economy and technical growth. In spite of their high thermal efficiency, one cannot ignore the fact
about the effect of their exhaust, in the atmosphere. It is a well-known fact that the toxic gases
emitted in diesel engines are less than the engines. Due to the high cost of petrol; diesel engines are
more in use. Anticipating the use of diesel engines, even more in the near future; this system
developed can be used to control the toxic gases, coming out of the diesel engines.These toxic gases
are harmful not only to the atmosphere, but also to the human & animal race. The objective of this
project is to design & fabricate a simple system, where the toxin levels are controlled through
chemical reaction to the more agreeable level. This system acts itself as a silencer; there is no need to
separate the silencer. The whole assembly is fitted in the exhaust pipe; it does not give rise to any
complications in assembling it. This system is very cost effective and more economical.
Basically, an aqua silencer consists of a perforated tube that is installed at the end of the exhaust pipe.
An aqua silencer is an attempt in this direction, it is mainly dealing with the control of emission and noise.
So it is imperative that serious attempts should be made to conserve the earth’s environment from degradation.
This document describes the construction and working of an aqua silencer device. An aqua silencer consists of a perforated tube installed at the end of an exhaust pipe to break up exhaust gases into smaller bubbles. The tube is surrounded by activated charcoal and placed in a water container. Exhaust gases pass through the charcoal, which absorbs pollutants, before bubbles are released into the water. Some gases dissolve in the water while others escape, reducing noise and pollution. The document also discusses the effects of dissolved gases on water quality and methods to control water pollution, including lime treatment and absorption processes using activated carbon.
This document describes the design and testing of an aqua silencer. An aqua silencer is an exhaust silencer that uses activated charcoal and lime water to reduce emissions and noise from automobile exhaust. It works by splitting exhaust gases into small bubbles using a perforated tube, then passing the gases through an activated charcoal layer to filter pollutants before dissolving them into the surrounding lime water. Testing on a single cylinder engine showed the aqua silencer reduced carbon monoxide by 85%, hydrocarbons by 67%, and carbon dioxide by 75% compared to a conventional silencer, while also lowering noise levels. The aqua silencer provides effective emission control through the combined effects of activated charcoal filtration and lime water absorption
The document discusses an aqua silencer, which is a device that fits on an engine's exhaust pipe to reduce emissions and noise. It consists of a perforated tube inside a water container, with activated charcoal and wire mesh surrounding the tube. Exhaust gases pass through the tube and bubbles form, which then pass through the charcoal and dissolve in the water, converting pollutants into heavy salts. The aqua silencer lowers both noise and air pollution in a cheap and effective manner.
This document describes the design and analysis of an aqua silencer. An aqua silencer uses water to reduce noise from engine exhaust. It works by passing exhaust through a perforated tube coated in activated charcoal and submerged in water. The charcoal absorbs pollutants from the exhaust while water's properties lower sound amplitude, reducing noise levels. Experimental testing showed the aqua silencer reduced carbon monoxide by 78%, hydrocarbons by 54%, and noise by 12 dB compared to a conventional silencer. The aqua silencer provides effective noise reduction and pollution control with a simple, low-cost design.
1. An aqua silencer is a device that is fitted to vehicle exhaust pipes to reduce noise and air pollution. It consists of a perforated tube installed at the end of the exhaust pipe surrounded by activated charcoal and placed in a water container.
2. Exhaust gases enter the aqua silencer and pass through the perforated tube, which breaks the gases into smaller bubbles. The gases then pass through an activated charcoal layer, which further purifies the gases by absorption before the gases dissolve in the water.
3. The aqua silencer reduces noise and pollution by converting exhaust gases into dissolved salts in the water through absorption and chemical reactions with the activated charcoal and lime in the water.
IRJET - A Review Paper on Aqua SilencerIRJET Journal
The document discusses the aqua silencer, which is used to reduce noise and control emissions from automobile exhaust. It works by passing exhaust through a perforated tube coated in activated carbon and immersed in water. This helps filter pollutants and reduces noise levels compared to traditional silencers. The aqua silencer construction includes a perforated tube, outer shell, non-return valve, charcoal layer, and connecting pipes. It is effective at reducing emissions like carbon monoxide and has advantages like low cost and easy installation compared to catalytic converters. However, it requires more space and regular lime water refilling compared to conventional silencers.
The document discusses various technologies for reducing emissions from ship engines, including those that reduce NOx and SOx emissions. It discusses methods such as humid air injection, exhaust gas recirculation, water injection, and selective catalytic reduction to reduce NOx. It discusses using low-sulfur fuels and exhaust gas scrubbers to reduce SOx. It also discusses liquefied natural gas carriers and technologies for reliquefying boil-off gas, including multi-stage compression and closed-loop nitrogen cycles to efficiently re-liquefy gas.
Pumping stations are necessary to lift wastewater in certain situations, such as when sewage needs to be pumped over ridges or into treatment plants at higher elevations. A pumping station contains elements like grit channels, screens, a wet well, dry well housing pumps, and rising mains to transport sewage to higher gravity sewers. Proper design considers flow rates, sediment removal, pump access and reliability, and connections to discharge sewage safely.
This document discusses methods of excreta disposal, including both unsewered and sewered areas. For unsewered areas, it describes service type latrines that use human collection of waste and non-service sanitary latrines like borehole, dug well, and water-seal latrines. It also discusses temporary latrine options. For sewered areas, it outlines the water carriage system of household fittings, house drains, sewers, and appurtenances to transport waste to treatment. Primary and secondary sewage treatment methods are summarized.
Plumbing services in high rise building and group housingRohit Bhatt
As well as the comforts and luxuries of modern living Plumbing systems protect the community from disease.
Invisible organisms that swim around in a watery environment was beyond imagination until a few centuries ago, it was only in the late 19th century that scientists discovered and isolated specific microbes of particular a disease, cholera, has proven one of history’s most virulent killers.
Mankind began to understand that the evil spirits causing its woes were microscopic creatures that could be defeated by plumbers and sanitary engineers. With well designed plumbing and draining systems.
As we go about our everyday lives it is comforting to know that people’s lives are protected by having Correctly Installed and maintained Plumbing Gasfitting and Draining Systems.
The arrangemnet provided in a house or building, for collecting and conveying waste
water through drain pipes, by gravity, to join either a public sewer or a domestic
septic tank, is termed as house drainage or building drainage.
Pipex FASTBUILD™ Packaged Pumping Stations can be supplied complete with Pipex FASTBUILD™ Valve Chambers and Pipex CHEMSAFE™ Pipe Systems heavy gauge HDPE rising mains. Alternatively the chambers can be supplied standalone for connection to any concrete, plastic, clay, FRP, cast iron or metallic drainage pipe system as required.
The document discusses inspection and testing procedures for sanitary pipe work. It describes conducting air tests and smoke tests to locate leaks by pressurizing pipes and checking for pressure drops or observing smoke escaping. Water tests are also described where pipes are filled with water and checked for leakage rates over 30 minutes. Various methods of plugging or stopping pipes for testing are shown along with diagrams of equipment used. Inspection and testing procedures are provided for different pipework systems to check for soundness and performance according to statutory requirements.
Get details of companies offering supreme quality of Reverse Osmosis Plant at market leading prices. The plant is capable of handling all types of contaminants.
The document discusses sewage pumping stations. Sewage pumping stations are needed when sewage must be raised to flow by gravity, such as when basements are too low to discharge into main sewers or sewage must be conveyed over ridges. Problems with sewage pumping include fouling, solids causing clogs, corrosion from waste, health risks from pathogens, and flow variations. Pumping stations have dry wells to house pumps and wet wells for incoming sewage. Design considerations include retention time, water levels, screens, standby pumps, space for future pumps, and formulas for head loss and pump power.
Experimental Study on Heat Recovery from Continuous Blow down Water And Reduc...IJERA Editor
Waste heat is heat which is generated in a different process i.e by combustion of fuel, by chemical rection. The
important of heat is its value not quality. The planning of how to recover this waste heat depends in part on the
temperature of waste heat gases. The energy lost in waste heat can not be fully recovered but maximum quantity
of heat can be recovered and loss is minimized. Generally higher the temperature, higher the quality and then
more cost effective is the heat recovery.
Lots of heat is lost by blow down so it is necessary to recover this heat by addition of heat exchanger in
between this process. So this waste heat could be utilized to heat boiler water before going to de-aerator. By
applying this process we can easily reduce loss of heat and heat required to heat boiler water is reduced. Also
this blow down water we can utilized as feed water so consumption of feed water is also reduced. But this blow
water we cant utilized as boiler water because we rejected due to high TDS. If we utilized then TDS level in
boiler is increased. So it is beneficiary to use this at the starting of demineralization.
This document discusses chemical injection in offshore production systems. It explains that chemicals are used to address various threats to production like emulsions, foaming, blockages, and corrosion. For subsea and topside processing, chemicals like demulsifiers, anti-foams, corrosion inhibitors, asphaltene/wax inhibitors, scale inhibitors, and methanol are injected to prevent issues. For water injection, chemicals like hypochlorite, poly-electrolytes, oxygen scavengers, biocides, and scale inhibitors are used to address biofouling, filtration problems, oxygen, bacteria, and scale formation. The document provides details on the functions of these various chemicals.
This document describes a system for controlling toxic gases emitted from diesel engines. The system works by passing the engine's exhaust through a scrubber that uses an alkaline solution to absorb obnoxious combustion products. It expands the exhaust to reduce temperature and increase contact time with the scrubbing solution. This simple, cost-effective system can safely reduce toxic emissions from diesel engines used in various industrial applications.
IRJET- Modification and Performance Analysis of Aqua SilencerIRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on modifying an aqua silencer to improve its performance in reducing emissions and noise from diesel engines. An aqua silencer works by passing exhaust gases through a perforated tube submerged in water, which breaks the gases into smaller bubbles and allows chemicals in the water to react with and absorb pollutants. The researchers modified the design of the aqua silencer and replaced the lime water with charcoal water. Testing showed the modified aqua silencer significantly reduced levels of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, and noise compared to a conventional silencer, with minimal impact on fuel efficiency. The aqua silencer is presented as a low-cost way to help control vehicle emissions and
This document describes an Aqua Silencer device that is fitted to vehicle exhaust pipes to reduce noise and air pollution. It consists of a perforated tube inside a water container, surrounded by activated charcoal. Exhaust gases enter the tube and are broken into smaller bubbles before passing through the charcoal. Pollutants like CO, NOx, and SO2 can be dissolved in the water or absorbed by the charcoal. The treated exhaust gases then exit through an opening while treated water is drained periodically. The Aqua Silencer provides pollution control through bubbling the exhaust in water and using charcoal absorption, helping reduce harmful emissions in a cheap and effective way.
Developments of Emission and Noise Control Device( Aqua Silencer)Editor IJMTER
Diesel power inevitably finds a very important role in the development of the plant’s
economy and technical growth. In spite of their high thermal efficiency, one cannot ignore the fact
about the effect of their exhaust, in the atmosphere. It is a well-known fact that the toxic gases
emitted in diesel engines are less than the engines. Due to the high cost of petrol; diesel engines are
more in use. Anticipating the use of diesel engines, even more in the near future; this system
developed can be used to control the toxic gases, coming out of the diesel engines.These toxic gases
are harmful not only to the atmosphere, but also to the human & animal race. The objective of this
project is to design & fabricate a simple system, where the toxin levels are controlled through
chemical reaction to the more agreeable level. This system acts itself as a silencer; there is no need to
separate the silencer. The whole assembly is fitted in the exhaust pipe; it does not give rise to any
complications in assembling it. This system is very cost effective and more economical.
Basically, an aqua silencer consists of a perforated tube that is installed at the end of the exhaust pipe.
An aqua silencer is an attempt in this direction, it is mainly dealing with the control of emission and noise.
So it is imperative that serious attempts should be made to conserve the earth’s environment from degradation.
This document describes the construction and working of an aqua silencer device. An aqua silencer consists of a perforated tube installed at the end of an exhaust pipe to break up exhaust gases into smaller bubbles. The tube is surrounded by activated charcoal and placed in a water container. Exhaust gases pass through the charcoal, which absorbs pollutants, before bubbles are released into the water. Some gases dissolve in the water while others escape, reducing noise and pollution. The document also discusses the effects of dissolved gases on water quality and methods to control water pollution, including lime treatment and absorption processes using activated carbon.
This document describes the design and testing of an aqua silencer. An aqua silencer is an exhaust silencer that uses activated charcoal and lime water to reduce emissions and noise from automobile exhaust. It works by splitting exhaust gases into small bubbles using a perforated tube, then passing the gases through an activated charcoal layer to filter pollutants before dissolving them into the surrounding lime water. Testing on a single cylinder engine showed the aqua silencer reduced carbon monoxide by 85%, hydrocarbons by 67%, and carbon dioxide by 75% compared to a conventional silencer, while also lowering noise levels. The aqua silencer provides effective emission control through the combined effects of activated charcoal filtration and lime water absorption
The document discusses an aqua silencer, which is a device that fits on an engine's exhaust pipe to reduce emissions and noise. It consists of a perforated tube inside a water container, with activated charcoal and wire mesh surrounding the tube. Exhaust gases pass through the tube and bubbles form, which then pass through the charcoal and dissolve in the water, converting pollutants into heavy salts. The aqua silencer lowers both noise and air pollution in a cheap and effective manner.
This document describes the design and analysis of an aqua silencer. An aqua silencer uses water to reduce noise from engine exhaust. It works by passing exhaust through a perforated tube coated in activated charcoal and submerged in water. The charcoal absorbs pollutants from the exhaust while water's properties lower sound amplitude, reducing noise levels. Experimental testing showed the aqua silencer reduced carbon monoxide by 78%, hydrocarbons by 54%, and noise by 12 dB compared to a conventional silencer. The aqua silencer provides effective noise reduction and pollution control with a simple, low-cost design.
1. An aqua silencer is a device that is fitted to vehicle exhaust pipes to reduce noise and air pollution. It consists of a perforated tube installed at the end of the exhaust pipe surrounded by activated charcoal and placed in a water container.
2. Exhaust gases enter the aqua silencer and pass through the perforated tube, which breaks the gases into smaller bubbles. The gases then pass through an activated charcoal layer, which further purifies the gases by absorption before the gases dissolve in the water.
3. The aqua silencer reduces noise and pollution by converting exhaust gases into dissolved salts in the water through absorption and chemical reactions with the activated charcoal and lime in the water.
IRJET - A Review Paper on Aqua SilencerIRJET Journal
The document discusses the aqua silencer, which is used to reduce noise and control emissions from automobile exhaust. It works by passing exhaust through a perforated tube coated in activated carbon and immersed in water. This helps filter pollutants and reduces noise levels compared to traditional silencers. The aqua silencer construction includes a perforated tube, outer shell, non-return valve, charcoal layer, and connecting pipes. It is effective at reducing emissions like carbon monoxide and has advantages like low cost and easy installation compared to catalytic converters. However, it requires more space and regular lime water refilling compared to conventional silencers.
The document discusses various technologies for reducing emissions from ship engines, including those that reduce NOx and SOx emissions. It discusses methods such as humid air injection, exhaust gas recirculation, water injection, and selective catalytic reduction to reduce NOx. It discusses using low-sulfur fuels and exhaust gas scrubbers to reduce SOx. It also discusses liquefied natural gas carriers and technologies for reliquefying boil-off gas, including multi-stage compression and closed-loop nitrogen cycles to efficiently re-liquefy gas.
Pumping stations are necessary to lift wastewater in certain situations, such as when sewage needs to be pumped over ridges or into treatment plants at higher elevations. A pumping station contains elements like grit channels, screens, a wet well, dry well housing pumps, and rising mains to transport sewage to higher gravity sewers. Proper design considers flow rates, sediment removal, pump access and reliability, and connections to discharge sewage safely.
This document discusses methods of excreta disposal, including both unsewered and sewered areas. For unsewered areas, it describes service type latrines that use human collection of waste and non-service sanitary latrines like borehole, dug well, and water-seal latrines. It also discusses temporary latrine options. For sewered areas, it outlines the water carriage system of household fittings, house drains, sewers, and appurtenances to transport waste to treatment. Primary and secondary sewage treatment methods are summarized.
Plumbing services in high rise building and group housingRohit Bhatt
As well as the comforts and luxuries of modern living Plumbing systems protect the community from disease.
Invisible organisms that swim around in a watery environment was beyond imagination until a few centuries ago, it was only in the late 19th century that scientists discovered and isolated specific microbes of particular a disease, cholera, has proven one of history’s most virulent killers.
Mankind began to understand that the evil spirits causing its woes were microscopic creatures that could be defeated by plumbers and sanitary engineers. With well designed plumbing and draining systems.
As we go about our everyday lives it is comforting to know that people’s lives are protected by having Correctly Installed and maintained Plumbing Gasfitting and Draining Systems.
The arrangemnet provided in a house or building, for collecting and conveying waste
water through drain pipes, by gravity, to join either a public sewer or a domestic
septic tank, is termed as house drainage or building drainage.
Pipex FASTBUILD™ Packaged Pumping Stations can be supplied complete with Pipex FASTBUILD™ Valve Chambers and Pipex CHEMSAFE™ Pipe Systems heavy gauge HDPE rising mains. Alternatively the chambers can be supplied standalone for connection to any concrete, plastic, clay, FRP, cast iron or metallic drainage pipe system as required.
The document discusses inspection and testing procedures for sanitary pipe work. It describes conducting air tests and smoke tests to locate leaks by pressurizing pipes and checking for pressure drops or observing smoke escaping. Water tests are also described where pipes are filled with water and checked for leakage rates over 30 minutes. Various methods of plugging or stopping pipes for testing are shown along with diagrams of equipment used. Inspection and testing procedures are provided for different pipework systems to check for soundness and performance according to statutory requirements.
Get details of companies offering supreme quality of Reverse Osmosis Plant at market leading prices. The plant is capable of handling all types of contaminants.
The document discusses sewage pumping stations. Sewage pumping stations are needed when sewage must be raised to flow by gravity, such as when basements are too low to discharge into main sewers or sewage must be conveyed over ridges. Problems with sewage pumping include fouling, solids causing clogs, corrosion from waste, health risks from pathogens, and flow variations. Pumping stations have dry wells to house pumps and wet wells for incoming sewage. Design considerations include retention time, water levels, screens, standby pumps, space for future pumps, and formulas for head loss and pump power.
Experimental Study on Heat Recovery from Continuous Blow down Water And Reduc...IJERA Editor
Waste heat is heat which is generated in a different process i.e by combustion of fuel, by chemical rection. The
important of heat is its value not quality. The planning of how to recover this waste heat depends in part on the
temperature of waste heat gases. The energy lost in waste heat can not be fully recovered but maximum quantity
of heat can be recovered and loss is minimized. Generally higher the temperature, higher the quality and then
more cost effective is the heat recovery.
Lots of heat is lost by blow down so it is necessary to recover this heat by addition of heat exchanger in
between this process. So this waste heat could be utilized to heat boiler water before going to de-aerator. By
applying this process we can easily reduce loss of heat and heat required to heat boiler water is reduced. Also
this blow down water we can utilized as feed water so consumption of feed water is also reduced. But this blow
water we cant utilized as boiler water because we rejected due to high TDS. If we utilized then TDS level in
boiler is increased. So it is beneficiary to use this at the starting of demineralization.
This document discusses chemical injection in offshore production systems. It explains that chemicals are used to address various threats to production like emulsions, foaming, blockages, and corrosion. For subsea and topside processing, chemicals like demulsifiers, anti-foams, corrosion inhibitors, asphaltene/wax inhibitors, scale inhibitors, and methanol are injected to prevent issues. For water injection, chemicals like hypochlorite, poly-electrolytes, oxygen scavengers, biocides, and scale inhibitors are used to address biofouling, filtration problems, oxygen, bacteria, and scale formation. The document provides details on the functions of these various chemicals.
This document describes a system for controlling toxic gases emitted from diesel engines. The system works by passing the engine's exhaust through a scrubber that uses an alkaline solution to absorb obnoxious combustion products. It expands the exhaust to reduce temperature and increase contact time with the scrubbing solution. This simple, cost-effective system can safely reduce toxic emissions from diesel engines used in various industrial applications.
IRJET- Modification and Performance Analysis of Aqua SilencerIRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on modifying an aqua silencer to improve its performance in reducing emissions and noise from diesel engines. An aqua silencer works by passing exhaust gases through a perforated tube submerged in water, which breaks the gases into smaller bubbles and allows chemicals in the water to react with and absorb pollutants. The researchers modified the design of the aqua silencer and replaced the lime water with charcoal water. Testing showed the modified aqua silencer significantly reduced levels of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, and noise compared to a conventional silencer, with minimal impact on fuel efficiency. The aqua silencer is presented as a low-cost way to help control vehicle emissions and
Ejectors perform a central role in Flare Gas Recovery Systems [subsequently denoted by FGRS] by compressing the low pressure gas mixtures to working pressures. Ejectors utilize the available high pressure gas as energy source to bring about this compression.
1) The document describes an exhaust emission controller system that uses activated charcoal, a perforated tube, and an outer shell to reduce emissions and noise from vehicle exhaust.
2) The emission controller connects to the exhaust pipe. Activated charcoal filters harmful gases while the perforated tube converts high mass bubbles to low mass bubbles.
3) Testing showed the emission controller reduced pollution and noise compared to a normal silencer. It works by dissolving exhaust gases in lime water, where chemical reactions occur to reduce emissions.
This document summarizes a new well unloading solution being developed for coal seam gas wells in Fairview, Australia. The solution involves a mobile skid-mounted separator and unloading tank that can be moved between wells. It aims to reduce well pressure to atmospheric conditions to increase gas velocity and unload water from wells in a low-cost, environmentally friendly way without the need for excavation or lining. The design details and status of the project are provided, noting the concept and process designs are complete and delivery is expected by the end of 2012.
The document discusses fuel injection and spray formation in diesel engines. It examines the effects of injection pressure on engine performance and emissions. The results of an experiment showed that brake thermal efficiency peaked at an injection pressure of 200 bars, while brake specific fuel consumption was lowest. CO and smoke emissions decreased with higher injection pressure, while UHC first decreased and then increased as pressure became too high. Optimal injection pressure was found to be 200 bars for a 20% biodiesel blend. Cavitation in the fuel injector nozzle enhances spray atomization and improves combustion. Nozzle geometry and injection conditions can affect cavitation.
This document summarizes a gasoline vapor recovery system designed to capture gasoline vapors during storage and distribution to prevent their release into the atmosphere. The system uses a positive displacement pump to transfer vapors from a storage tank to an indirect condenser. The condenser contains copper tubes packed with ice to cool and condense the vapors back into liquid gasoline. A simple heater is also included to generate sufficient vapors for demonstration purposes by heating air pumped into the storage tank. The entire system is assembled on a basic frame and uses low-cost materials like PVC pipes and a soldering iron for heating. Measurement devices like a stopwatch and flask are used to test the system performance.
This document summarizes a gasoline vapor recovery system designed to capture gasoline vapors during storage and distribution to prevent their release into the atmosphere. The system uses a positive displacement pump to transfer vapors from a storage tank to an indirect condenser. The condenser contains copper tubes packed with ice to cool and condense the vapors back into liquid gasoline. A simple heater is also included to generate sufficient vapors for demonstration purposes by heating air pumped into the storage tank. The entire system is assembled on a basic frame and uses low-cost materials like PVC pipes and a soldering iron for heating. Measurement devices like a stopwatch and flask are used to test the system performance.
IRJET- Heat Extraction from Chimney and Pollution ControlIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses a system to control toxic gases from diesel engine exhaust and extract heat from the exhaust gases.
2. The system uses a chimney with a water jacket inside, along with perforated plates and activated charcoal, to reduce toxic levels in the exhaust gases. It also uses the heat from the gases to increase the temperature of water.
3. The heated water can then be used for applications like increasing the efficiency of boilers or saving power required to heat water. This extracts useful heat from the exhaust gases while reducing pollution.
This presentation is about pure oxygen systems which are used for water purification and is an advancement over the conventional activated sludge process.
Due to its impact on human health and the nature surrounding us, diesel engine emissions have been significantly reduced over the last two decades. This reduction has been enforced by the legislating organs around the world that gradually have made the manufacturers transform their engines to today’s complex high‐tech products. One of the most challenging area to meet the legislations is the emissions of the diesel engine which are the products of the combustion of diesel fuel. More restrictions have been imposed by the some governments to reduce these emissions to a level such that will not cause any harmful impacts for the environment after releasing them to the atmosphere. This paper examines the effects of combusting a mixture of diesel fuel, water, and surfactant which forms emulsion on the nitrogen oxides, or NOx, carbon monoxide CO, carbon dioxide CO2, sulfur oxides SOx emissions and particulate matter (PM) from a compression ignition diesel engine. Previous research has attributed the observed reduction of these emissions to a suppression of flame temperature due to quenching effects from the water, thereby reducing thermal NOx formation and other pollutants. The focus of this review paper will be on experiments were conducted a using diesel engine with pure diesel fuel and emulsion of water-diesel. Furthermore, results from the testing diesel fuel that mixed with varied ratios of water balanced with a surfactant to stabilize the emulsion will be presented and discussed. Three different samples of water- diesel emulsion were used with 10 % water and 90 % diesel, 20 % water and 80% diesel, and 30 % water and 70 % diesel (by volume) respectively to conduct the experiments in the lab . The purpose was to see the impact of adding the water from 10 % up to 30 % (by volume) to the diesel fuel making the emulsion fuel to explain what will occur to the emissions and the performance of the engine. The data shows significant NOx emission reduction when using the emulsion water diesel fuel of 30 % water (by volume) in diesel. These results are correlated with a thermodynamic first law analysis to estimate the adiabatic flame temperature of the standard fuel and fuel-water emulsion cases. Results indicate that thermal NOx is indeed reduced by quenching and flame temperature suppression confirming reports in the literature. Recommendations are given for further studies, including improving the fuel—water emulsion and considerations for long-term testing.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Aerodynamic Aqua SilencerIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and fabrication of an aerodynamic aqua silencer. It aims to reduce pollution from vehicle emissions by controlling toxic levels through chemical reactions in the silencer. The system uses a perforated tube with varying hole diameters to break gas bubbles into smaller ones. These gases then pass through an activated charcoal layer that absorbs harmful gases before being released into the atmosphere. The objectives are to redesign the aqua silencer to be more suitable for application levels, control emissions through chemical reactions, and reduce emissions by 10-20% compared to existing systems. The modified design aims to address limitations of existing rectangular silencers by making an aerodynamic foil shape and replacing lime water with a new chemical that causes
Aqua Silencer-A possible solution for reducing engine emission and IC EngineIRJET Journal
The document summarizes the use of an Aqua Silencer to reduce engine emissions and pollution. An Aqua Silencer replaces a conventional silencer and consists of a perforated tube installed at the end of the exhaust pipe inside a water container. Exhaust gases pass through the perforated tube which breaks the gases into smaller bubbles, and then through an activated charcoal layer and water. Some gases dissolve in the water, while others pass through and are released. Tests have shown Aqua Silencers can reduce carbon monoxide emissions by 60-70% compared to conventional silencers. They are more effective at reducing noise and controlling air pollution than conventional silencers.
Elimination of carbon particles from exhaust gas sandipparkhe1
This document discusses a project to reduce harmful emissions from diesel engines. The objectives are to control pollution, improve fuel utilization, reduce contamination, and protect human health and the climate. It describes how diesel engines are widely used but emit pollutants that harm the environment. The project aims to reduce the toxicity of diesel exhaust before it is released into the air, which could benefit applications in hazardous areas like refineries.
Vehicular traffic is a major contributor to environmental pollution today. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted from vehicle exhaust are particularly harmful, as they are constituents of smog and contribute to acid rain and respiratory illnesses. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is an effective method to reduce NOx emissions from diesel engines by recirculating exhaust gas into the engine cylinders, lowering peak combustion temperatures and reducing available oxygen. This intermixing of exhaust gas with intake air through an EGR valve and cooler system achieves NOx reductions of 5-30% while improving engine efficiency and life.
Vehicular traffic is a major contributor to environmental pollution today. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted from vehicle exhaust are particularly harmful, as they are constituents of smog and contribute to acid rain and respiratory illnesses. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is an effective method to reduce NOx emissions from diesel engines. EGR works by recirculating exhaust gas back into the engine cylinders, which lowers combustion temperatures and reduces the amount of oxygen available for NOx formation.
This document summarizes water treatment applications that use Körting ejectors. Ejectors transfer kinetic energy from a high-pressure motive flow to a low-pressure suction flow, mixing the two without moving parts. They are used for waste water aeration, mixing liquids and gases, and conveying liquids. Körting ejectors provide efficient, maintenance-free aeration and mixing for various water treatment processes like activated sludge. They introduce oxygen via compressed air or gaseous oxygen injection using circulation pumps.
Water and Waste Water Treatment - EN - 140716 - webreducedTomas Eriksson
This document discusses water treatment using Körting ejectors. It summarizes that ejectors use the transfer of kinetic energy from a high velocity motive flow to boost the pressure and mix a suction flow. Ejectors have no moving parts and are self-priming. They are used for various water treatment applications including waste water aeration, mixing liquids and gases, and compressing gases. Körting ejectors provide efficient oxygen transfer through fine bubbles and turbulence, require little maintenance, and prevent deposits.
Design and Analysis of the Effect of a Modified Valve with Helical Guideways ...IJERA Editor
The in-cylinder flow of an Internal Combustion Engine(ICE) has drawn much attention of the automotive
researchers and scientists in the present time. A good swirl promotes fast combustion and improves the
efficiency. Based upon this concept, this paper describes the results of a study conducted to investigate the
effects of a “modified valve with helical guide ways” on the performance of combustion. Small internal
combustion engine is designed to be part of a very efficient vehicle to enter a consumption marathon. The
engine should run at low speeds, in order to have low mechanical losses but combustion should be fast, enabling
good combustion efficiency. Therefore, high turbulence is required prior to combustion within the cylinder,
hence the concept of swirl is introduced and its effect on the combustion within the cylinder has been
ascertained in the present work. Assessment of the effect of swirl on combustion performance within the
cylinder requires excessive experimentation by modifying the design of various components of combustion
chamber. Therefore, in the present work using the concept of CFD the simulation of combustion phenomenon
has been carried out and the output parameters in the form of swirl ratio has been assessed. The modelling of
combustion chamber has been carried out using CATIA software and the same is imported to analysis software
ANSYS- CFX module. Here, the performance of the model is assessed by the swirl ratio. The swirl ratio of the
modified valve (Valve with helical guide ways) is obtained as 1.45 which is much higher than a normal valve
with swirl ratio 0.65 as assessed from the present work.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
1. Abstract
Air pollution is most important from the public health of view, because
every individual person breaths approximately 22000 times a day, inhaling
about 15 to 22 kg of air daily. Polluted air causes physical ill effect decides
undesirable aesthetic and physiological effects. Air pollution can be defined as
addition to our atmosphere of any material, which will have a dexterous effect
on life upon our planet. The main pollutants contribute by automobile are
carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), oxides of nitrogen
(NOx) and Lead. Automobiles are not the only sources of air pollution, other
sources such as electric power generating stations, industrial and domestic fuel
consumption, refuse burning, industrial processing etc. also contribute heavily
to contamination of our environment so it is imperative that serious attempts
should be made to conserve of our environment from degradation.
An Aqua Silencer is an attempt, in this direction, it is mainly dealing with
control of emission and noise. An Aqua Silencer is fitted to the exhaust pipe of
engine. Sound produced under water is less hearable than it produced in
atmosphere. This mainly because of small sprockets in water molecules, which
lowers its amplitude thus, lowers the sound level. Because of this property water
is used in this silencer and hence its name AQUA SILENCER. The noise and
smoke level is considerable less than the conventional silencer, it is cheaper, no
need of catalytic converter and easy to install. It is imperative that serious
attempts should be made to conserve earth’s environment from degradation. An
aqua silencer is an attempt in this direction; it is mainly dealing with control of
emission and noise.
2. INTRODUCTION
Diesel engines are playing a vital role in Road and sea transport,
Agriculture, mining and many other industries. Considering the available fuel
resources and the present technological development, Diesel fuel is evidently
indispensable. In general, the consumption of fuel is an index for finding out the
economic strength of any country. Inspire, we cannot ignore the harmful effects
of the large mass of the burnt gases, which erodes the purity of our environment
every day. It is especially so, in most developed countries like USA and
EUROPE. While, constant research is going on to reduce the toxic content of
diesel exhaust, the diesel power packs find the ever increasing applications and
demand. This project is an attempt to reduce the toxic content of diesel exhaust,
before it is emitted to the atmosphere.
This system can be safely used for diesel power packs which could be
used in Inflammable atmospheres, such as refineries, chemical processing
industries, open cast mines and other confined areas, which demands the need
for diesel power packs. For achieving this toxic gases are to be reduced to
acceptable limits before they are emitted out of this atmosphere, which
otherwise will be hazardous and prone to accidents.
The principle involved is by bubbling the exhaust gas through the
scrubber tank containing an alkaline solution, here the temperature of the gases
is reduced, while most of the oxides of nitrogen in the exhaust are rendered non
– toxic. The highly dangerous carbon monoxide is not such a menace in diesel
exhaust, as it does not exceed 0.2 percent by volume, whereas in petrol engines
the CO content may be as high as 10 percent. A lime stone container in the
scrubber tank reduces the considerable percentage of sulphur – di – oxide
presents in the exhaust.
The provision of suitable baffles in the scrubber tank aids the turbulence
so that, thorough scrubbing take place. The bell-mouth solution, while reducing
the back pressure. For measuring the contents of the exhaust gas, provisions are
made to take samples between engine outlet and scrubber inlet and after the
scrubber outlet before the gases are let out to the atmosphere. These sampling
points enable us to measure the exhaust gas content before and after scrubbing.
The difference is evaluated and effective control is initiated.
3. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
The exhaust gas contains carbon – di – oxide, sulphur – di – oxide,
carbon monoxide and other oxides of nitrogen. At full load, the temperature of
the exhaust gas will lay anywhere between 500°c to 700°c. The pressure of the
exhaust gas depends upon so many factors viz. The design of exhaust gas
manifold Magnitude of valve overlaps Engine speed Number of cylinders The
length of the exhaust gas flow path etc. The design of exhaust gas manifold is
very important in case of high speed diesel engines. In order to maintain the
exhaust gas pressure within the required limits, the exhaust gas manifold is
designed so that, the gases, which come out of the cylinder flows very
smoothly, before it is let out into the atmosphere.
This is absolutely essential in order to maintain the back pressure within
safe limits, so that the engine can be kept at the optimum operating level. The
back pressure, if it is allowed to exceed the pre-determined level, the effort on
the part of the piston for scavenge is considerably increased and so power is lost
in performing the above, so, the primary consideration when introducing any
modification in exhaust system does not and shall not increase the back pressure
which drastically affect the performance characteristics of an engine. To be
more precise, the speed of the engine is affected for a given specific fuel
consumption rate and so the combustion characteristics of an engine are all
affected. As a net result of the combustion is not proper and complete which
results in the increased impurities or unburnt gases. This principle against the
purpose of introducing any system whose sole object is reducing the very toxic
property of the exhaust gas.
4. So, it is implied that the introduction of any system reduces the toxic
property of the exhaust gas, shall not result in any effects in the opposite
direction. So by introducing any component in the system the flow path length
and the resistance to flow are indirectly increased. So the increase of back
pressure is inevitable unless the increase in magnitude compensated in the
design of the component itself. The exhaust gas has to pass through the water,
which is filled in the scrubber tank. In any case, the outlet from the engine shall
be kept below the water level in the scrubber tank for that the gas will pass
through the water. The gas has no to push the water, in order to bubble through
the water.
The gas has to push the water, in order to bubble through the water in the
scrubber tank. This may create chances to increase the backpressure. The
baffles, which are provided to deflect the exhaust gases, also offer resistance to
the flow and in turn increase the back, pressure. Due to the high temperature,
the exhaust gas is let out from the engine, some of the water particles which
come in contact, readily changes its phase from liquid state to gaseous state i.e.,
Steam which increases the net mass of the exhaust gas flow per unit time. The
resultant may increase the backpressure.
The lime stone container is used to store the limestone and offers a
definite and increased resistance to flow, which again contributes to the increase
of backpressure. The limestones are originally intended to reduce the toxic
ingredients of the exhaust, gas through chemical reaction. It is evidently
affected the flow of resistance and hence the combustion characteristics of the
engine will finally contribute the increased toxic ingredients of the exhaust gas.
Because of the introduction of the scrubber, the net length of the exhaust gas
flow path is also increased which is again against the original intention.
So, all the above factors contribute for the increased backpressure of the
system, the system has to be so designed or constructed to reduce the above
increase of pressure to its original intended value or original designed value of
the engine exhaust system. This could be in principle, accomplished by so many
ways. Basically, the elimination of a separate silencer will have way solve the
problem, because the scrubber tank, it will act as a silencer and hence the
resistance offered by a separate silencer, which is eliminated totally. The
introduction of the bell-mouth assembly facilitates the exhaust gas to expand
many times by volume gradually before it is coming in contact with the water in
the scrubber tank.
5. CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
Basically an aqua silencer consists of a perforated tube which is installed
at the end of the exhaust pipe. The perforated tube may have holes of different
diameters. The very purpose of providing different diameter hole is to break up
gas mass to form smaller gas bubbles the perforated tube of different diameter
.Generally 4 sets of holes are drilled on the perforated tube. The other end of the
perforated tube is closed by plug. Around the circumference of the perforated
tube a layer of activated charcoal is provided and further a metallic mesh covers
it. The whole unit is then placed in a water container. A small opening is
provided at the Top of the container to remove the exhaust gases and a drain
plug is provided at the bottom of the container for periodically cleaning of the
container. Also a filler plug is mounted at the top of the container. At the inlet
of the exhaust pipe a non-return valve is provided which prevents the back flow
of gases and water as well.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
As the exhaust gases enter in to the aqua silencer, the perforated tube
converts high mass bubbles in lo low mass bubbles after that they passes
through charcoal layer which again purify the gases. It is highly porous and
possess extra free valences so it has high absorption capacity. After passing
over the charcoal layer some of the gases may dissolved into the water and
finally the Exhaust gases escape through the opening in to the atmosphere.
Hence aqua silencer reduces noise and pollution. Following chemical reactions
takes place in aqua silencer:
Chemical Reaction 1
The obnoxious product of combustion is NOX – the oxides of Nitrogen.
Water will absorb the oxides of Nitrogen to a larger extent. The following
chemical reaction will enhance the proof, for the above statement.
4NO2 + 2H2O 2 HNO2 + 2HNO3 (Diluted) ………..I
Chemical Reaction 2
If a small amount of limewater is added to scrubber tank, further reaction
takes place as below.
6. Ca (OH) 2 + 2HNO2 Ca (NO2)2 + 2H2O
Ca (OH) 2 + 2HNO3 Ca (NO2)2 + 2H2O ………..II
Chemical Reaction 3
When the carbon-di-oxide present in the exhaust gas comes in contact
with the limewater, calcium carbonate will precipitate. The calcium carbonate
when further exposed to carbon-dioxide, calcium-bi-carbonate will be
precipitated. The following is the chemical reaction,
Ca (OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Ca (HCO3)2 ………..III
Chemical Reaction 4
The sulphur-di-oxide present in the Diesel Exhaust also reacts with the
limewater. But the small trace of sulphur-di-oxide makes it little difficult to
7. measure the magnitude of the chemical reaction, accurately. The following
equation gives the chemical reaction and calcium sulphite will precipitate.
Ca (OH) 2 + SO2 CaSO3 + H2O …………IV
From calcium carbonate, calcium sulphite will precipitate and CO2 will be by-
product. Because of the small percentage and SO2 presence, the liberation of
Carbon dioxide is very less. But the liberated CO2 will again combine with
CaCO3 to form calcium bicarbonate.
Merits
• No vibration when the engine is running.
• Start the engine easy.
• Control emission and noise in greater level.
• Carbon is precipitated.
Demerits
• Lime water filling is required once in a year
• Silencer weight is more comparing to conventional silencer.
• Additional space is required.
CONCLUSION
The aqua silencer is more effective in the reduction of emission gases
from the engine exhaust using perforated tube, lime water and charcoal by using
perforated tube the back pressure will remain constant and the sound level is
reduced. By using perforated tube the fuel consumption remains same as
conventional system by using water as a medium the sound can be lowered and
also by using activated charcoal in water we can control the exhaust emission to
a greater level. The water contamination is found to be negligible in aqua
silencer. It is smokeless and pollution free emission equivalent to the
conventional to the silencer. It can be also used both for two wheelers and four
wheelers and also can be used in industries.
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) “Developments of Emission and Noise Control Device”, International
Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research,Vol.02,Issue 01
2) K. Kannan & M. Udayakumar, (October 2009) “NOx and HC Emission
Control Using Water Emulsified Diesel in Single Cylinder Diesel
Engine”,ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences,Vol.4, No 8
3) Design And Development Of Aqua Silencer For Two Stroke Petrol Engine
”,International Journal of Innovative Research in Science & Technology Vol. 1,
Issue 1, June 2014
4) Guromoorthy S. Hebbar & Anantha Krishna Bhat, (July-Aug. 2012) “Diesel
Emission Control by Hot EGR and Ethanol Fumigation; an Experimental
Investigation”, International Journal of Modern Engineering Research, Vol.2,
Issue.4, pp-1486-1491
5) http://aquapowerltd.com