The document discusses inspection and testing procedures for sanitary pipe work. It describes conducting air tests and smoke tests to locate leaks by pressurizing pipes and checking for pressure drops or observing smoke escaping. Water tests are also described where pipes are filled with water and checked for leakage rates over 30 minutes. Various methods of plugging or stopping pipes for testing are shown along with diagrams of equipment used. Inspection and testing procedures are provided for different pipework systems to check for soundness and performance according to statutory requirements.

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CONTENT
No. Title Page
1. Appreciation 3
2. Introduction 4
3. Definition terms 5
4. 1. Explain why inspection and testing the soundness and
performance of sanitary pipe work under ground.
6
5. 2. State the statutory and recommended soundness and
performance requirements for sanitary pipe work, including
connected sanitary appliances.
7 - 8
6. 3. Describe the air test n use of smoke to locate leaks in the pipe
work in sanitary pipe work systems. 9 – 13
7. 4. Describe the hydraulic test for appliances and sanitary pipe
work. 14 – 16
8. 5. Describe methods of simulating peak flow and pipe work. 17
9. 6. State inspection and testing procedures for various systems of
sanitary pipe work. 18 - 24
10. Conclusion 25
11. Reference 26

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CONTENT OF FIGURE
No. Title Page
1. Figure 1.0 Air Test 7
2. Figure 2.0 Shows the method of carrying out an air test. 10
3. Figure 2.1 Shows the method of carrying out a smoke test. 11
4. Figure 2.2 Show the smoke machine during a test. 11
5. Figure 2.3 The drain is plugged or stopped by either an expanding
drain plug 12
6. Figure 2.4 Show the drain an inflatable bag 12
7. Figure 2. 5 Shows the method the carry out the water test using a
rubber tube connected to a testing vessel. 15
8. Figure 4.0 Shows a method of testing the water using a rubber tube
connected to the former test. 19
9. Figure 4.1 Shows a method of testing the wind. 20
10. Figure 4.2 Smoke tests on the drain 21
11. Figure 4.3 Smoke machine used during the test 22
12. Figure 4.4 Rubber drainage retaining expand 22
13. Figure 4.5 Retaining the drainage bag expands 23
14. Figure 4.6 Tests to determine the straightness and obstruction 24

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APPRECIATION
Assalamualaikum…
Praise is presented only for ALLAH Almighty Disposer of all things. Peace and
blessings be upon beloved Prophet Muhammad leaflets bearing the revelation to
illuminate be universe, the companions, his family, all the scholars and lovers of Islam
throughout the world.
Thank to God that, we can complete the assignment on the sanitary pipe work to
be handed over to Mr. Huzaime b. Abdul Hadi very well. By making this assignment we
can add my knowledge about of the sanitary pipe work. With this we can add my
knowledge and understanding about it.
Our assignment was explain a bit about the soundness and performance testing
of sanitary pipe work above ground.
Finally, we thank the lecturers who taught me, Mr. Huzaime b. Abdul Hadi has
been providing guidance and information on how to produce this work. Thank also to
friends who also give lessons and share ideas and information.

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INTRODUCTION
PRINCIPLES OF DRAINAGE BELOW GROUND
An effective drainage system is required to drain the dirty material from a surface
water drainage building.If not strong and leak, the water that comes out of it may affect
the health of this public.Condition will cause erosion of land under the building site
resulting in a building that settles.
Drainage must meet the requirements of economic technical.Factor often
influence the flow system and the planning of a public sewer system building.If found in
the vicinity of, a more economical way to handle waste is by passing the materials into
the sewer route public.If public sewer line is within 30m of a construction site, local
authorities may determine that the building drainage system must be connected to
public sewer.
Sanitary pipe work is a system of pipes installed to permit the transfer of waste
water and sewage from building to foul drain. Also it provides a means of ventilation for
the drain so that there can be no build up unpleasant odors or methane gas within the
system which might accidentally permeate into the building. For efficient working of
disposal installation pipe work system, a number of design criteria should be fulfilled.
In the following section we will look at some of the terms related to sanitary pipe
work.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Soil Waste
- This is discharged from water closets, urinals, slop sinks, and similar appliances.
Soil Pipe
- This pipe conveys the discharge of water closets or fixtures with similar function,
with or without the discharges from other fixtures.

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1. Explain why inspection and testing the soundness and
performance of sanitary pipe work under ground.
After the drain has been laid and before backfilling,or placing concrete,or
granular material round the pipes,it should be tested by either water or air,If any leak
occurs,the defective pipe or joint should be rectified and the drain again tested.
Wherever possible,testing should be carried out between the manholes and short
branch drains tested along with the main drainage system.Long branch drains and
monholes should be separately. The test before backfilling should be carried out as
soon as is practicable and the pipe should be strutted,to prevent any movement of the
drain during the test. A temporary bend and stand pipe should be fitted at the head of
the drain and a stopper fitted at the lower end. Alternatively,the test may be applied by
means of a rubber tube connected to a vessel and the drain stopper.

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2. State the statutory and recommended soundness and performance
requirements for sanitary pipe work, including connected sanitary
appliances.
Soundness Testing of Discharge System
Plug all open ends with Drain Plugs
Fill all traps with water
Attach water gauge manometer and pump up to 38mm
Figure 1.0 Air Test
Leave to stand for 3 minute
No drop is permitted
If there is a drop - check all joints with Leak Detection Spray
The Water Test is carried out on sanitary appliances is up to flood level of lowest
appliance

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Performance Testing of Discharge System
Check that trap seals are retained after use
Test for self siphonage or induced siphonage
Fill all appliances to level of overflow and then remove plugs
Test depth of trap seal with dipstick (painted matt black)
Trap seal remaining MUST be at least 25mm
Effective Trap Seal Depth - from the soffit to the invert of the trap outlet
Testing for Tap Siphonage
Self Siphonage - discharge pipe is too small
Induced Siphonage - suck water out of the second trap
Momentum - trap seal as water is carried away by water flowing at high speed

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3. Describe the air test n use of smoke to locate leaks in the pipe
work in sanitary pipe work systems.
AIR TEST
The length of drain to be tested should be plugged and air pumped into the pipe
until a pressure of slightly more than 100 mm water gauge is obtained. Where gullies
and / or ground - floor appliances are connected the test pressure should be slightly
more than 50 mm water gauge. A change in air temperature will affect the test pressure
and therefore 5 minutes should be allowed for pressure stabilization. The air pressure
should be adjusted to 100 mm water gauge as necessary. Without further pumping, the
head of water during a period of 5 minutes should not fall more than 25 mm and 12 mm
for a 100 mm and 50 mm water gauge test pressures respectively.
Figure 2.0 shows the method of carrying out an air test. The test is carried out by
fixing a stopper, sealed with a cap, at one end of the drain and pumping in air at the
other end until the U gauge shows the required head of water.

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FIGURE 2.0 Shows the method of carrying out an air test.
SMOKE TEST
The use of smoke cartridges for this test is not to be recommended, due to the
possibility of the build up of high pressure inside the drain. The test by use of a smoke
machine is usually applied to existing drains with the purpose of locating a leak. In order
to ensure that the drain is filled with smoke, a rubber tube should be passed through the
water seal of gully traps, so that air contained inside the drain may escape. Figure2.1
shows the method of carrying out a smoke test. The test is carried out by placing a
stopper, sealed with a cap, at one end of the drain and pumping in smoke at the other.

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FIGURE 2.1 Shows the method of carrying out a smoke test.
The dome rises with the action of the bellows and if the drain is sound is
maintained in this elevated position. Figure 2.2 show the smoke machine during a test.
FIGURE 2.2 Show the smoke machine during a test.

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Types of Stoppers
The drain is plugged or stopped by either an expanding drain plug (Shown in
Figure 2.3) or by an inflatable bag ( Shown in Figure. 2.4 )
FIGURE 2.3 The drain is plugged or stopped by either an expanding drain plug
FIGURE 2.4 Show the drain an inflatable bag

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Test for Straightness and Obstruction
This can be carried out by placing an electric torch at one end of the drain and
looking through a mirror at the other end of the drain. Any fault in alignment or
obstruction will be seen through the mirror.
Testing Manholes
A bag stopper should be fitted in the outlet of manhole and bag stoppers or
expanding plugs fitted at all other connections. The manhole should be filled with clean
water and allowed to stand for 8 hours for a absorption, topping up the water level as
necessary. The criterion for acceptance should be , that no appreciable flow of water
should pass through the manhole during a further 30 minutes.

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4. Describe the hydraulic test for appliances and sanitary pipe work.
Building Regulation and Code of Practice Tests.
The Building Regulations 1992 ang the Code of Practice B.S 8301, Building
Drainage 1985 give the following procedures for carrying out test on gravity drains and
private sewers up to 300 mm in diameter.
WATER TEST
1. The drain should be filled with water to give a test pressure equal to 1.5 m head
of water above the soffit of the drain at the high end but not more than 4 m head
of water above the soffit for the drain at the low end. Steeply graded drains
should be tested in stages so that the head of water at the lower end does not
exceed 4 m. This is to prevent damage to the drain and if may be necessary to
test a drain in several sections.
2. The pipeline should be allowed to stand for 2 hours for absorption and topped up
with water as necessary. After 2 hours the loss of water from the pipeline should
be measured by noting the quantity of water needed to maintain the test head for
30 minutes. The rate of water loss should not exceed 1 litre/hour per metre
diameter, per metre run of pipe. For various pipe diameters the rate of loss per
metre run during the 30 minute period is 0.05 litre for 100 mm pipe; 0.8 litre for
150 mm pipe; 0.12 litre for 225 mm pipe and 0.15 litre for 300 mm pipe. Figure
3.0 shows the method the carry out the water test using a rubber tube connected
to a testing vessel.

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Figure 3.0 Shows the method the carry out the water test using a rubber tube
connected to a testing vessel.
Alternatively, the test may be carry out by means of a temporary bend and stand-
pipe connected to the head of the drain. The fall of water in the vessel or stand-pipe
may be due to one or more of the following causes:
a) Absorption by Pipe or Joints
The initial absorption may be of the order of 5 per cent of the total weight of the
pipeline.
b) Trapped Air
This usually occurs at the joints and the amount will vary with the type of joint,
diameter of pipes and joints and the gradient. Eventually the air is absorbed by the
water, but this can take some time.

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c) Sweating of Pipe and Joints
Occasionally pipes and joints under water pressure may sweat slightly, but this
should not be considered a cause for rejection of the pipeline.
d) Leakage from Defective Pipes or Joints
The defective pipe or joint should be taken out and replaced and the pipeline re-
tested.
e) Leakage from Stoppers
These should be tightened, but if the leakage continues a new plug should be
inserted. Sometimes a leakage can occur on the threaded portion of the plug. All
equipment used for testing should be thoroughly checked before being used and the
rubber surfaces of plugs should be free from grit.
FINAL WATER TEST
There is a risk that the drain of private sewer can be damage during backfilling or
surrounding the pipeline with concrete. The final test therefore should be carried out
after the backfilling or concreting has been completed.

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5. Describe methods of simulating peak flow and pipe work.
Flow in the pipe nowadays is very important as a medium to move a fluid from
one destination to another. Generally it used at indushial plant, to supply a water at
homea nde tc. Visualizationa nd Simulationo f Fluid Flows in a Piping Systemi s an
application system developed to solve and also overcome problems in fluid motion
field. The problem that existedi s the diffrculties to determinea n appearanceo f fluid
motion. Analytical and mathematical approach alone does not solve the problems
thosee xist. Therefore,t he new approachess ucha s visualizationa nd simulationa s a
support for the solution has helped to solve the problem. This study only focus on
laminar flow and specific on liquid which are water and used only single straighten
piping system made of from PI/C.

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6. State inspection and testing procedures for various systems of
sanitary pipe work.
Water Test
1. Drainage should be connected to the water supply to be equal to the test
pressure of 1.5 m column of water above the soffit of the drainage at the highest
end, but not more than 4 m column of water above the soffit of the drainage at
the lowest end.
2. Very steep drainage should be tested in stages so that the water column at the
lowest end will not be covers many 4 m. aims to prevent damage to drainage and
tests should be done for a number of sections.
3. Pipe line must be left for 2 hours to allow the absorption and addition of water.
4. After 2 hours, loss of water from the pipeline must be measured by observing the
volume of water to be added to keep the test columns for 30 minutes.
5. Water loss rate must not exceed 1 liter / hr per meter diameter, per meter length
of pipe.
6. For pipes of variable diameter, the loss per meter length of pipe for 30 minutes is
0.05 liters to 100 mm diameter pipe, 12:08 liters to 150 mm diameter pipe, 12:12
liters to 225 mm diameter pipe and 0.15 liters for 300 diameter pipe mm.
7. Alternatively, the test can be done using a temporary bend and vertical pipe
connected to the column drainage.

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8. In addition, the drainage must be supported to prevent movement of the drain
when it rains. decrease in water level in the container or vertical pipe during the
test due to the diffusion of pipes and connections, leaking pipes or connections
for damage, leakage at the conclusion of the test and the trapped air.
9. Some pipes absorbs more water or air traps more content than the rest of the
jacks. therefore, water should be added to maintain the test head test within 30
minutes.
Figure 4.0 Shows a method of testing the water using a rubber tube connected to the
former test.

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Wind Test
1. Long drainage to be tested must be plugged and air pumped into the pipe until
the pressure is slightly higher than the 100 mm water gauge.
2. When gegeluk and ground equipment is connected, the test pressure must be
slightly higher than the 50 mm water gauge.
3. Changes in air temperature can affect the test pressure. Therefore, the pressure
must be kept stable in the last 5 minutes.
4. Air pressure should be adjusted to 100 mm or 50 mm water gauge, according as
may be required.
5. Without further pumping, the water column within 5 minutes should not be
dropped more than 25 mm for the test pressure of 100 mm and 12 mm water
gauge to test pressure of 50 mm water gauge.
6. Test was done by fitting a retainer, sealed with a lid, at one end of the drain and
the air is pumped in through the other end until the gauge-U indicates the desired
value of the water column.
Figure 4.1 Shows a method of testing the wind.

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Smoke Test
1. Drainage should be plugged and connected to the smoke machine on the bottom
retainer.
2. Test was conducted by pumping smoke into the drain with a smoke machine to
vault up to the required height.
3. During the test was performed, the dome should be at steady state and drainage
to be examined to detect any leakage of smoke.
Figure 4.2 Smoke tests on the drain

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Figure 4.3 Smoke machine used during the test
Figure 4.4 Rubber drainage retaining expand

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Figure 4.5 Retaining the drainage bag expands

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Straightness and resistance test
1. This test is maintained by placing a mirror at one end of the drainage and lighting
and the other end.
2. Light is seen through a mirror can show whether the drainage is straight or pu,
respectively.
Figure 4.6 Tests to determine the straightness and obstruction

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CONCLUSION
Drainage must meet the requirements of economic technical.Factor often
influence the flow system and the planning of a public sewer system building.If found in
the vicinity of, a more economical way to handle waste is by passing the materials into
the sewer route public. Wherever possible,testing should be carried out between the
manholes and short branch drains tested along with the main drainage system.Long
branch drains and monholes should be separately. A temporary bend and stand pipe
should be fitted at the head of the drain and a stopper fitted at the lower end.
The air test use of smoke to located leaks in the pipe work in sanitary pipe work
systems air test The length of drain to be tested should be plugged and air pumped into
the pipe until a pressure of slightly more than 100 mm water gauge is obtained. Test for
Straightness and Obstruction This can be carried out by placing an electric torch at one
end of the drain and looking through a mirror at the other end of the drain.

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REFERENCES
 BUILDING SERVICES AND EQUIPMENT
THIRD EDITION FREDERICK HALL
 F.HALL EDISI KEDUA KERJA PAIP : PEMBEKALAN AIR
SEJUK,SALIRAN DAN PEMBERSIHAN,Penerbit Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia Skudai Johor Darul Takzim 1999