Report in child and adolescent development
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The document discusses different approaches to defining and understanding intelligence. It summarizes four main approaches: the psychometric approach, which involves measuring intelligence through tests; factor analysis and the concept of general intelligence ("g factor"); the cognitive approach, which focuses on the mental processes involved in intelligent behavior; and the implicit theory approach, which views intelligence as practical problem-solving abilities used in everyday life. It also discusses universal, group-specific, and individual factors that can affect intellectual development.
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- Stability vs change, whether early experiences determine development or allow change
- The theories of Skinner, Erickson, and lifespan development are reviewed
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Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who studied childhood development and learning. He observed that children's cognitive development occurs in four distinct stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Each stage is characterized by developing skills and ways of thinking. Piaget's theory emphasizes how children actively construct their own knowledge through hands-on learning and interacting with the environment. His work has provided insights into how children learn best at different ages.
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1) Nature versus nurture, referring to the influence of biological inheritance versus environmental experiences and learning. This issue is controversial from a religious perspective.
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3) Stability versus change, concerning whether personality traits remain stable from infancy or are modified through life experiences and interactions with others over time.
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- Bruner believed learning is an active process where learners construct new ideas based on past knowledge.
- He identified three stages of representation: enactive, iconic, and symbolic.
- Bruner's spiral curriculum involves revisiting topics at increasing levels of complexity tailored to students' development.
- Discovery learning and scaffolding instruction are important principles in Bruner's view of how students learn best.
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The document discusses socio-emotional development from infancy through early childhood. It describes the key milestones in socio-emotional development that most children reach between birth and 4 years old, including developing the ability to recognize and express basic emotions, engage in social interactions, gain self-awareness and self-regulation skills, and explore pretend play and independent activities. The caregiver's role in properly responding to an infant's needs and cues is also emphasized as important for healthy socio-emotional growth.
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Jean Piaget developed a theory of cognitive development in children based on his observations of his own children. He proposed that children progress through four stages of cognitive development as a result of biological maturation and interactions with the environment. At the core of Piaget's theory are the concepts of schemas, assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration. Schemas are a child's mental representations or categories of knowledge that help them understand the world. Through assimilation, children incorporate new experiences into existing schemas, while accommodation is the process of changing schemas based on new information. Equilibration refers to the balance children aim to achieve between assimilation and accommodation as their understanding becomes more advanced and progresses to the next stage of development.
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Erikson's psychosocial theory outlines 8 stages of development from infancy to late adulthood. Each stage involves resolving a psychosocial crisis between two opposing tendencies, such as trust vs mistrust in infancy. Successful resolution leads to healthy development and acquiring virtues like hope, will, purpose, and integrity. Unsuccessful resolution can result in maladaptive tendencies like withdrawal, inhibition, or despair. The document provides an overview of each stage's crisis, potential negative outcomes, and ideal virtue achieved with balanced resolution.
Issues on human development
The document discusses several theories of human development:
- Nature vs nurture and whether heredity or environment has a greater influence
- Continuity vs discontinuity, whether development occurs through gradual or distinct changes
- Stability vs change, whether early experiences determine development or allow change
- The theories of Skinner, Erickson, and lifespan development are reviewed
The key point is that all the theories interact in complex ways to influence a person's development, rather than any single factor alone determining development. Nature and nurture, as well as the other dichotomies, work together in producing traits rather than contributing independently.
toaz.info-child-and-adolescent-learners-and-learning-principles-pr_475565671a...
This document provides an overview of human development principles and theories. It discusses major human development perspectives and principles, including the traditional and life-span approaches. It outlines development from prenatal stages through the lifespan, including infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. It also covers influential developmental theories like Freud's psychosexual stages and Erikson's psychosocial stages. Key issues in human development like nature vs nurture, the impact of early experiences, and continuity vs discontinuity are examined. The document provides a comprehensive review of understanding child and adolescent development.
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During late childhood and early adolescence, children spend less time at home and more time outside with peers. They develop a sense of self-competence and industry as they acquire new skills. It is important for children to be provided varied opportunities to develop perseverance through successes and failures with sincere feedback. As children progress through this stage, they can describe themselves using internal traits and engage in more social comparisons, while also improving perspective-taking abilities such as understanding intentions and importance of social behaviors. Building friendships becomes important for emotional development and security. Family support is crucial to help children view failures as temporary rather than personal flaws.
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It talks about how Infants psychological processes involved in thinking and knowing develop into young children.
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The document outlines 14 principles of learner-centered psychological principles (LCP) developed by the American Psychological Association. The principles are divided into cognitive/metacognitive factors, motivational/affective factors, developmental/social factors, and individual difference factors. They state that learning is most effective when the learner is actively involved, goals are set, knowledge is constructed by linking new information to prior knowledge, strategic thinking is used, thinking is influenced by environment, motivation and emotions affect learning, development and individual differences are accounted for.
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Human development occurs throughout the lifespan, from conception through old age. It includes physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional changes. Development follows general principles - it is relatively orderly, varies between individuals, and takes place gradually through the interaction of biological, cognitive, and social processes. Approaches to development include the traditional view that most occurs by adulthood and the lifespan view that development continues throughout life in a multi-dimensional, plastic, and contextual manner focused on growth, maintenance, and regulation. Principles of child development state that all domains are interrelated, development proceeds at varying rates and is shaped by both nature and nurture through sensitive periods.
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Human development is a lifelong process that begins at conception and continues throughout the lifespan. It involves growth, maintenance, and loss across biological, cognitive, and socioemotional domains. There are orderly patterns to development from top to bottom and proximal to distal, but rates and outcomes vary between individuals based on hereditary and environmental factors. The life-span perspective views development as ongoing throughout adulthood rather than stopping after adolescence. Key principles of the life-span perspective are that development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, multidisciplinary, contextual, and plastic.
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You can email me martzmonette@yahoo.com for inquiry. You can send me a request stating your purpose for the need to have a copy of this presentation. Thank you very much!
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The psychodynamic approach was promoted by Sigmund Freud, who believed that many of our impulses are driven by sex. Freud, who was medically trained in neurology, developed a theory of personality that made the assumption that human motivation was propelled by conflicts between instinctual, mostly unconscious, psychological forces. He called these intrapsychic elements the id, ego and superego.
This psychodynamic theory caught on like wild fire and due to its explanatory power for human behavior, became very popular over the following century. Freud's therapeutic method, called psychoanalysis, was developed to identify the underlying conflicts between intrapsychic structures and resolve them by bringing them to consciousness. Insight therapy was one term used to describe Freud's treatment approach. Freud also contributed the first developmental theory of human personality. It suggests that human development progresses through psychosexual stages. Each stage is characterized by specific behavioral and psychodynamic developments and challenges.
Although Freud thought of himself as a scientist, and he was indeed very thorough in recording his methods and outcomes, he did not practice scientific methods. Psychoanalytic theory was developed through case study analysis, a qualitative, not scientific, method.
There are a lot of jokes about Freud and his now mostly outdated theories. But have you ever thought that something about who you are today comes from your experiences as a child? Say, you blame your smoking habit on an oral fixation that stems from being weaned from breastfeeding too early as a baby. Well, that also comes from Freud's theories, and it was an idea that revolutionized how we see ourselves.
Psychologists in this school of thought believe that unconscious drives and experiences from early childhood are at the root of your behaviors and that conflict arises when societal restrictions are placed on these urges.
Other psychodynamic theories arose, like those of Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, Margaret Mahler, and famous developmentalists like Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson, but all made the same basic assumption: There is a dynamic mind, conscious and unconscious, that influences the behavior of humans. Elements of the unconscious psyche interact to produce motives for behavior and thought processes.
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· Stages of Psychosexual development – Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
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1
Psychology’s Roots, Big Ideas, and Critical Thinking Tools
Revised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Chapter Overview
Psychology’s roots
Four big ideas in psychology
Why do psychology?
How do psychologists ask and answer questions?
Psychology’s research ethics
Use psychology to become a stronger person—and a better student
Psychology’s Roots
Psychological science’s birth and development
Contemporary psychology
The Scientific Attitude
Modern science is possible due to three basic attitudes:
Curiosity
Skepticism
Humility
Myers/DeWall, Psychology in Everyday Life, 4e, © 2017 Worth Publishers
The Scientific Attitude: Curiosity
Research commences with the passion to explore and understand the world without misleading or being misled.
Questions to consider:
Does the idea work?
When put to the test, can the idea’s predictions be confirmed?
The Scientific Attitude: Skepticism
Skeptical testing can reveal which claim best matches the facts.
Sifting reality from fantasy requires a healthy skepticism.
Attitude that is not cynical, but not gullible either
Questions to consider:
What does one mean?
How does one know?
The Scientific Attitude: Humility
Researchers can make mistakes and must be willing to be surprised and follow new ideas.
One’s opinions do not matter.
Truths revealed in response to one’s questioning matter.
Myers/DeWall, Psychology in Everyday Life, 4e, © 2017 Worth Publishers
Psychology’s Earliest Pioneers: Magellans of the Mind
Wilhelm Wundt
Charles Darwin
Ivan Pavlov
Sigmund Freud
Jean Piaget
William James
Mary Whiton Calkins
Margaret Floy Washburn
Early Definitions of PsychologyGroupsDefinitionEarly pioneersScience of mental lifeBehavioristsScientific study of observable behaviorFreudianEmphasis on unconscious thought processes and emotional responses to childhood experiencesHumanistic psychologistsStress on people’s growth potentialCognitive psychologistsScientific exploration of how information is perceived, processed, and rememberedCognitive neuroscientistsInterdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with mental activity
Psychology
Science of behavior and mental processes
Behavior - Any action that can be observed and recorded
Anything a human or nonhuman animal does
Mental processes - Internal states that are inferred from behavior
Include thoughts, beliefs, and feelings
Retrieve and Remember 1
Describe the three parts of the scientific attitude.
What event defined the start of scientific psychology?
How did the cognitive revolution affect the field of psychology?
ANSWER: The scientific attitude combines (1) curiosity about the world around us, (2) skepticism about unproven claims and ideas, and (3) humility about our own understanding. These three traits guide psychologists as they consider ideas and test them with scientific methods. Ideas that do not hold up will then be discarded.
ANSWER: Scientific psychology began in Germany in 1879, when Wilh.
cognitive learning theories in education
Cognitive learning aims at developing greater understanding ability. Learners develop greater understanding through different learning experiences that involve internal and external variables. Cognitive learning theories, such as Piaget's stages of cognitive development and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, describe how thinking abilities develop through concrete experiences and social interactions. Piaget identified four stages of cognitive development from infancy through adulthood, focusing on changes in logical thinking. Vygotsky emphasized the social aspects of cognitive development and learning. Cognitive behavioral theory links thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, and is the basis for cognitive behavioral therapy.
Final Assignment
The document discusses intelligence quotient (IQ) tests and theories of intelligence. It provides information on:
1. Definitions of IQ as a score based on mental and chronological age. Genetics and environment both influence IQ.
2. Neurological factors correlated with intelligence including brain size and activity levels.
3. Motivation being important for intelligence and involving activation, persistence, and intensity towards goals.
4. Theories of intelligence including Spearman's two-factor theory distinguishing general intelligence from specific abilities. Wechsler scales measure intelligence in children and adults.
Introduction to psychology
This document provides an introduction and overview of the field of psychology. It discusses that psychology is the study of behavior and cognitive and physiological processes. It also outlines six main perspectives in psychology: biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, sociocultural, and humanistic. Additionally, it describes various subfields and types of psychologists such as clinical, cognitive, developmental, and experimental psychologists. Finally, it discusses different research methods used in psychology including experiments, surveys, observation, tests, and their importance in studying behavior scientifically.
Intelligence Theories (1).pdf
This document discusses several theories of intelligence, including:
- Spearman's two-factor theory, which posits a general intelligence ("G") factor and specific abilities ("S") factors. Performance depends on both.
- Guilford's structure of intellect model, which identifies 150 intellectual abilities based on 5 operations, 5 contents, and 6 products.
- Thurston's group factor theory, which identified 7-9 primary mental abilities like verbal comprehension, spatial visualization, and inductive reasoning. Each ability has its own "primary factor".
The document provides definitions, characteristics, and educational implications of each theory. It examines how the theories conceptualized and attempted to measure different aspects of human intelligence.
SOCIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR SOCIAL WORK.docx
1) The document discusses key concepts from psychology that are relevant to social work practice, including perception, learning, memory, human development, and society.
2) It defines perception as the recognition and interpretation of sensory information and describes the four stages of the perceptual process.
3) Learning theories discussed include classical and operant conditioning. Memory concepts explained are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
4) Principles of growth and development are outlined, including the influence of heredity and environment. Key sociological concepts defined are society, culture, status, role, and social stratification.
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Chapter 1 What Is Psychologist
Psychology is the science that studies mental processes and behavior. It aims to describe, explain, predict, and potentially manage behavior. Psychologists develop theories and use various methods like experiments, questionnaires, and observation to understand behavior. Some areas of psychology include clinical, cognitive, developmental, and social psychology. Psychologists work in many settings and help people with issues like emotional problems, learning, health, and work.
History & Approaches
This document provides an overview of the key topics covered in an AP Psychology course, including major theories, approaches, figures, and areas of psychology. It discusses structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, and other major schools of thought. Additionally, it outlines the nature vs nurture debate, levels of analysis, and biological, behavioral, cognitive, and other perspectives. Major areas of psychology like developmental, social, and clinical psychology are also summarized.
Approaches & Methods of Life Span Development
The document discusses various approaches and methods used in life-span development psychology. It describes 7 perspectives: psychodynamic, behavioral, social-cognitive, cognitive, information processing, humanistic, and sociocultural. For each perspective, influential theorists are mentioned like Freud, Erikson, Bandura, Piaget, and Vygotsky. It also outlines common methods used like naturalistic observation, case studies, surveys, and experiments.
Methods of psychology
The document provides an overview of different methods used in psychology to study human behavior and mental processes. It discusses several key approaches:
1) The biological approach focuses on biological structures like the brain, genes, and hormones to understand behavior.
2) Observation is a systematic method of recording events without interference to study behavior in natural and laboratory settings.
3) Psychological research uses scientific methods like observation, surveys, and experiments to develop theories about human behavior that can be tested and applied to solve problems.
Introduction to Psychology
The document provides an introduction to psychology. It defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It discusses the importance of psychology in understanding oneself and others as well as improving relationships and communication. The document outlines several key goals of psychology including describing behavior, explaining it, predicting it, and controlling it. It also discusses some major approaches to understanding behavior and mental processes, such as psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and sociocultural perspectives.
Ch1
This document provides an overview of lifespan development and the major topics studied within this field. It discusses the four main areas of focus: physical, cognitive, personality, and social/emotional development. It also describes some of the major theoretical perspectives in lifespan development like psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic theories. Different research methods used in developmental research are outlined like descriptive, correlational, experimental, longitudinal, and cross-sectional approaches. Ethical considerations for research with human subjects are also briefly discussed.
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A brief guide to psychology fundamentals
Students struggle with applicational perspectives & struggle to deduce complex theories & scenarios. Their troubled psyche then compels them to seek help from psychology dissertation help from professional psychology dissertation help services.
Introduction to psychology
This document provides an overview of psychology as a field of study. It begins by outlining the key concepts and goals of psychology that students will learn. It then describes the history and origins of psychology as a science. The document discusses several historical and modern approaches within psychology, including structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and more. It also outlines various methods used in psychology and how psychology relates to other fields of study. Finally, it describes the biological basis of behavior, focusing on the structure and function of neurons and the nervous system.
goals of psychology definition Quizlet psychology definition Quizlet psycholo...
The goals of psychology include: 1) Describing psychological phenomena accurately through observation and measurement; 2) Explaining phenomena by identifying underlying causes and developing testable theories; 3) Predicting future manifestations to inform decisions; and 4) Controlling or modifying behaviors and conditions through interventions. Psychologists also aim to achieve a deep understanding that can be generalized, apply knowledge to practical problems, use scientific methods, consider individuals holistically or by breaking phenomena into components, maintain high ethical standards, and account for cultural diversity.
Unit 3 intelligence
This document discusses the nature and measurement of intelligence. It defines intelligence as the ability to adjust thinking to new problems and environments. Intelligence consists of specific abilities like adaptability, reasoning, and judgment. Intelligence is determined by both heredity and environment. It is measured using individual verbal tests like the Stanford-Binet test and individual performance tests like the Wechsler scales. Group tests can measure intelligence verbally or through performance. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores classify intelligence levels based on mental age and chronological age.
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https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
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Report in child and adolescent development
- 1. Good Morning…… Nina Joyce C. Macay
- 4. INTELLIGENCE Is the capacity to think and understand. It includes the combination of various separate abilities which is the verbal communication, abstract thinking, logical reasoning and use of common senses.
- 5. Four Different Approaches Psychometric Approach Factor Analysis and General Intelligence Cognitive Approach Implicit Theory Approach
- 8. Factor analysis establishes the relation of different measures of intelligence.
- 11. COMPONENT METACOMPONENT COMPONENTS include all the cognitive processes that afford the person ability to respond to stimuli, store information, perform mental comparisons, arrive at solutions and engage in a system of recall from long term memory METACOMPONENTS are the higher-order processes that we use to analyze a problem and to pick a strategy for solving it.
- 16. Facial Contours
- 17. Other Individual differences Critical Period – is the stage at which an individual is most sensitive to the presence or absence of some particular experience. Sensitive Period – is the stage at which a child may be particularly responsive to specific forms of experience or particularly influenced by their absence.
- 18. Thank You…….