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1. INTELLIGENCE

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Intelligence:
Intelligence came from Latin word intelligere "to understand”.
“Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of the
individual to think rationally, to act purposefully and to deal
effectively with the environment” (Wechsler-1994)

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Definitions:
• It is an innate mental ability which grows and is influenced by
the environment.
• It shows the capacity to adapt to new or changed situations
quickly and correctly.
• It is the ability to carry on higher mental processes such as
reasoning, criticism, rational and judgment.
• It shows the capacity to observe the relationship and absurdities.
• It implies the capacity to learn and solve difficult tasks and
problems.

4. Types of intelligence:
1. Concrete intelligence- This type of intelligence is applicable for using
machines, tools and instruments.
Ex. Mechanics, engineers are concrete intelligent.
2. Social intelligence- It is the ability to understand social situations and act
wisely in human relationship. Socially intelligent people know the art of
winning friends and influence them.
Ex. Leaders, ministers, salesmen, and diplomats are socially intelligent.
3. Abstract and general intelligence- It is the ability to respond to words, numbers
and letters etc. This type of intelligence is required from study of books literature.
Ex. Teachers, lawyers, doctors and philosophers.

5. Intelligence
quotient (IQ)
• The abbreviation "IQ" was coined by the
psychologist William Stern.
• The idea of intelligence quotient was
utilized first in 1916 by Binet and Simon
test.
• Binet and Simon used mental age to
distinguish “bright” from “dull” children.
• IQ is the ratio between the metal age and
chronological age.
IQ = MA/CA x 100
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6. Classification of
individual
according to IQ
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Genius 140 above
Very superior 130-140
Superior 120-130
Above average 110-120
Average 90-110
Dull average 80-90
Borderline 70-80
Mild mental retardation 50-70
Moderate mental retardation 35-50
Severe mental retardation 20-35
Profound mental retardation 0-20

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Theories of Intelligence
1. Factor theories of intelligence
– Two factor theory or G-factor theory
– Group factor or multifactor theory
– Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
2. Process oriented theories of intelligence
- Piaget’s theory of Cognitive development
-Sternberg’s Triarchic theory of Intelligence
3. Multiple Intelligences Theory
-Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence theory

8. Factor
Theories
of Intelligence
These theories focus on
the structure of
intelligence and how it can be
broken down into factors
through factor analysis.
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1. Two factor or G-factor theory
• Two factor theory was developed by Charles Spearman
(father of factor analysis) in 1927.
• Intellectual abilities were comprised of two factors: one
general ability or common ability known as ‘G’ factor and the
other a group of specific abilities known as ‘S’ factor.
• ‘G’ factor is universal inborn ability. Greater ‘G’ in an
individual leads to greater success in life.
• ‘‘S’ factor is acquired from the environment. It varies from
activity to activity in the same individual.

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• These specific abilities may be represented as :
S1, S2, S3 etc.
According to this theory:
An individual’s total intelligence (A) is the sum of the general
factor (G) and all his specific abilities (S). This can be expressed
as:
A = G+S1+S2+S3 +…….

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G factor vs. S factor
G factor S factor
It is Universal inborn ability Learned and acquired from
environment.
It is General mental ability These are specific abilities.
It is constant in one individual. It varies from activity to activity in
same individual.
G factor differs from individual to
individual.
Individuals differs in the amount of S
ability
Used in every activity of life.

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2. Group factor or Multifactor theory
• This theory was advocated by LL Thurstone in 1938.
• This theory rejected the concept of general intelligence.
• This theory considers intelligence a combination of numerous
separate factors.
• Instead of viewing intelligence as a single , general ability ,
Thurstone's theory focused on seven primary mental abilities.
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13. Thurstone 7 factors
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The Verbal Factor (V)
—Found in tests
involving Verbal
Comprehension.
The Spatial Factor (S)
—ability to imagine an
object in space.
The Number Factor
(N)—Ability to do
Numerical Calculations
rapidly and accurately.
Memory Factor (M)
—Involving ability to
memorize quickly.

14. Thurstone 7 factors
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The Reasoning
Factor (R)—Found
in tasks that require
a subject to discover
a rule or principle
involved in a series
or groups of letters.
The Perceptual
Factor (P)-
ability to
perceive objects
accurately.
The Problem
solving Factor
(PS)- ability to
solve problems
independently.

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3. Cattell’s Fluid and Crystallized
Intelligence
• Raymond Cattell said intelligence has two major forms:
– Fluid intelligence (Gf): ability to solve new problems,
use logic in unfamiliar situations (declines with age).
– Crystallized intelligence (Gc): accumulated
knowledge, vocabulary, and experience (increases with
age).
Example: Solving a new puzzle = fluid; knowing the capital
of France = crystallized.

16. Process
Oriented
Theories
These focus on how
intelligence develops
or operates (the
processes behind it).
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1. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development:
• According to Jean Piaget, intelligence is an adaptive process.
• Piaget viewed intellectual development as an evolution of
cognitive processes such as understanding the laws of nature ,
the principles of grammar & mathematical rules.
• He focused on schemas, assimilation and accommodation.

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2. Sternberg’s Triacharic theory
1. Componential- Analytical thinking “book smart”
2. Experiential thinking- Creative thinking and characterizes the person who
can separate elements of experience and combine them insightfully.
3. Contextual- “Street smart” one who know how to play the game and can
successfully manipulate the environment.

19. Multiple
Intelligence
Theory
These theories emphasize different types of
intelligences beyond what IQ tests measure.
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20. Multiple intelligence Theory
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According to Howard Gardner there are eight types of
intelligence.
The theory of multiple intelligences differentiates
human intelligence into specific 'modalities', rather than
seeing intelligence as dominated by a single general ability.
Howard Gardner proposed this model in his 1983 book Frames of
Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences.

21. Gardner’s Multiple
Intelligences:
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1. Visual / Spatial
2. Verbal / Linguistic
3. Logical / Mathematical
4. Bodily / Kinesthetic
5. Musical / Rhythmic
6. Interpersonal
7. Intrapersonal
8. Natural
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