The study examined blood cholinesterase activity levels in 102 farmers in Mae Taeng District, Thailand during winter and hot seasons. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity levels were measured as indicators of exposure to organophosphate and carbamate pesticides. The results showed significantly lower AChE and BChE activity levels in male farmers between seasons, and lower BChE levels in females between seasons. Overall activity levels were lower than other studies, suggesting chronic effects from pesticide exposure. Regular monitoring of blood cholinesterase levels was recommended to assess pesticide exposure in farmers.
Role of serum trace elements magnesium, copper and zinc, level in Libyan pati...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
ABSTRACT- Background: Tuberculosis is one of the commonest chronic infectious diseases; highly endemic in India kills five lakh patients every year. Oxidative Stress plays important role in inflammatory and degenerative diseases including pulmonary tuberculosis. There is hardly any one study available in literature correlating oxidative stress, lipid profile values and antioxidant status together with the pulmonary tuberculosis; so we decided to conduct this study.
Methods: Study group included newly diagnosed 50 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis and control group included 50, age and sex matched healthy volunteers and employees. All the cases were subjected to complete physical and systemic examinations, routine investigations including Sputum for AFB by Ziehl-Neelsen staining, AFB culture and Chest X-ray and special tests like Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Adenosine deaminase (ADA) and findings recorded and statistically analysed.
Results: In the study group with 33 males and 17 females, we were found Serum MDA mean ± SD 2.91±0.99; Serum ADA 38.15±13.47, while the mean levels of pleural fluid MDA and ADA in tubercular patients were found to be 1.65+0.53 nmoles/ml and 56.88+22.1 U/L respectively. While in controls with 61 males and 39 females, these values were 1.72±0.45 nmoles/ml (MDA), 20.15± 6.70 U/L (ADA) respectively.
Conclusion: Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Adenosine deaminase (ADA) were found statistically significantly higher in study group when compared with control, (p <0.001). Antioxidant plays important role for prevention of pulmonary Tuberculosis.
Key-words- Tuberculosis, Malondialdehyde, Adenosine deaminase, Lipid peroxidation, Oxidative stress
QSAR Modeling of Bisbenzofuran Compounds using 2D-Descriptors as Antimalarial...ijtsrd
In the present study we have performed Quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) analysis for 43bisbenzofuran derivatives to estimate the antimalarial activity using some 2D descriptors. Several significant QSAR models has been calculated for predicting the antimalarial activity (“logIC50) of these molecules by using the multiple linear regression (MLR) technique. Among the obtained QSAR models, a four parametric model was most significant having R2=0.9502. An external set was used for confirming the predictive power of the models. High correlation between experimental and predicted antimalarial activity values, was obtained in the validation approach that displayed the good modality of the derived QSAR models. Tripti Kaushal | Anita K | Bashirulla Shaik | Vijay K. Agrawal"QSAR Modeling of Bisbenzofuran Compounds using 2D-Descriptors as Antimalarial Agents" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd9497.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/9497/qsar-modeling-of-bisbenzofuran-compounds-using-2d-descriptors-as-antimalarial-agents/tripti-kaushal
Formic acid poisoning is widely used in the rubber industry in the state of Kerala. It has become a mode of suicide because of its easy availability. Our objective is to report immediate manifestations and management principles in the treatment of formic acid poisoning. Three cases are reported which presented to our Emergency Department. Out of the three patients, only one survived. Metabolic acidosis was the most common acid base abnormality observed in all the three cases. Formic acid poisoning carries a high risk of mortality and morbidity. Early correction of electrolyte imbalances holds the key to survival and preventing early complications such as cardiac arrest. Restriction should be put on the sale and the public should be made aware of its toxic manifestations and complications.
Role of serum trace elements magnesium, copper and zinc, level in Libyan pati...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
ABSTRACT- Background: Tuberculosis is one of the commonest chronic infectious diseases; highly endemic in India kills five lakh patients every year. Oxidative Stress plays important role in inflammatory and degenerative diseases including pulmonary tuberculosis. There is hardly any one study available in literature correlating oxidative stress, lipid profile values and antioxidant status together with the pulmonary tuberculosis; so we decided to conduct this study.
Methods: Study group included newly diagnosed 50 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis and control group included 50, age and sex matched healthy volunteers and employees. All the cases were subjected to complete physical and systemic examinations, routine investigations including Sputum for AFB by Ziehl-Neelsen staining, AFB culture and Chest X-ray and special tests like Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Adenosine deaminase (ADA) and findings recorded and statistically analysed.
Results: In the study group with 33 males and 17 females, we were found Serum MDA mean ± SD 2.91±0.99; Serum ADA 38.15±13.47, while the mean levels of pleural fluid MDA and ADA in tubercular patients were found to be 1.65+0.53 nmoles/ml and 56.88+22.1 U/L respectively. While in controls with 61 males and 39 females, these values were 1.72±0.45 nmoles/ml (MDA), 20.15± 6.70 U/L (ADA) respectively.
Conclusion: Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Adenosine deaminase (ADA) were found statistically significantly higher in study group when compared with control, (p <0.001). Antioxidant plays important role for prevention of pulmonary Tuberculosis.
Key-words- Tuberculosis, Malondialdehyde, Adenosine deaminase, Lipid peroxidation, Oxidative stress
QSAR Modeling of Bisbenzofuran Compounds using 2D-Descriptors as Antimalarial...ijtsrd
In the present study we have performed Quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) analysis for 43bisbenzofuran derivatives to estimate the antimalarial activity using some 2D descriptors. Several significant QSAR models has been calculated for predicting the antimalarial activity (“logIC50) of these molecules by using the multiple linear regression (MLR) technique. Among the obtained QSAR models, a four parametric model was most significant having R2=0.9502. An external set was used for confirming the predictive power of the models. High correlation between experimental and predicted antimalarial activity values, was obtained in the validation approach that displayed the good modality of the derived QSAR models. Tripti Kaushal | Anita K | Bashirulla Shaik | Vijay K. Agrawal"QSAR Modeling of Bisbenzofuran Compounds using 2D-Descriptors as Antimalarial Agents" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd9497.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/9497/qsar-modeling-of-bisbenzofuran-compounds-using-2d-descriptors-as-antimalarial-agents/tripti-kaushal
Formic acid poisoning is widely used in the rubber industry in the state of Kerala. It has become a mode of suicide because of its easy availability. Our objective is to report immediate manifestations and management principles in the treatment of formic acid poisoning. Three cases are reported which presented to our Emergency Department. Out of the three patients, only one survived. Metabolic acidosis was the most common acid base abnormality observed in all the three cases. Formic acid poisoning carries a high risk of mortality and morbidity. Early correction of electrolyte imbalances holds the key to survival and preventing early complications such as cardiac arrest. Restriction should be put on the sale and the public should be made aware of its toxic manifestations and complications.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Stress Induced Serum Protein Changes in Ps...Premier Publishers
Psoriasis is a non-infectious, chronic inflammatory disease of the skin. This study aimed to explore the oxidative stress and stress induced protein changes in psoriasis and to analyse the possible interrelationship between these factors among psoriasis patients. This was a hospital-based case control study which included 50 cases of psoriasis and 50 healthy controls. Serum malondialdehyde was measured by thiobarbituric acid reactivity assay method. Protein carbonyl (PC) was measured by Levine’s method. Protein bound sialic acid (PBSA) was measured using modified Aminoff’s method using a spectrophotometer. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 16.0. Our results showed significant elevation in the oxidant status (MDA, PC and PBSA) among the psoriasis cases compared to the controls. Multiple linear regression analysis showed a linear relationship between MDA, PBSA and duration of psoriasis. Our study provides evidence to increased ROS production, indicated by increased lipid peroxidation in serum and stress induced protein changes in psoriasis. The findings of our study also suggest that as the duration of psoriasis increases the level of oxidative stress also increases which is indicated by the increase in MDA and PBSA levels.
Combining Metabolite-Based Pharmacophores with Bayesian Machine Learning Mode...Sean Ekins
Slides from SERMACS 2015 meeting in Memphis 2015 describing a collaborative project with SRI International and Rutgers. The work was published in PLOS ONE http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0141076
Sulfentrazone and Flumetsulam herbicides caused DNA damage and Instability in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Boral 500® (sulfentrazone as active ingredient) and Scorpion® (flumetsulam as active ingredient) are herbicides widely used in Brazil´s soybean crops. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency classificated them as non-carcinogenic and no mutagenic, but literature shows that often this classification is misguided. Allium cepa assay was chosen to evaluate these herbicides, once it analyzes the frequency of micronuclei (MN), chromosomal aberrations (CA) and the mitotic index (MI). Four concentrations of each herbicide (50, 75, 100 and 125 %) were tested in triplicate using distilled water (negative control) and methyl methanesulfonate (positive control) as controls. Three experimental repetitions were realized. Boral 500® showed a higher MI in all concentrations, and higher CA and MN in the 75%, 100% and 125% concentration, with no recovery. Scorpion® showed a higher MI, CA and MN in 100% and 125% concentration, with recovery only for MI and CA. Both herbicides showed mutagenic damage and increased proliferative capacity in Allium cepa. So on, these herbicides should be revaluated as mutagenicity and carcinogenicity for responsible agencies.
Raised Lipid Profile In Rheumatoid Arthritis- A Risk For CVDiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
Oxadiazole and its tested derivatives with diverse pharmacological activities come under an important class of compounds in new drug development. The novel oxadiazole derivatives synthesized and investigated for their chemical and biological behavior has showed more importance in the recent era. In the previous studies, it was found that synthetic modification of oxadiazole ring has higher efficacy with improved potency and lesser toxicity. The present review provides an overview on the work done so far on oxadiazole and its biological activities (2008-2018).
Introduction
Sida acuta is shrub indigenous to pantropical areas, widely distributed in regions and found in pastures, waste lands,
cultivated lands, roadsides, lawns and planted forests. Sida acuta is ethanomedically used as treatment of diuretic,
asthma, fever, headache, cough, cold, ulcer, anthelmintic, snake bite, urinary disease, female disorders, sedative,
eczema, kidney stone, elephantiasis, testicular swelling, poultice for dandruff, rheumatic affections, facial paralysis,
pulmonary tuberculosis and gonorrheae.
Methods
Preparation of hydroalcoholic extract of Sida acuta and Hydro-alcoholic extract of Sida acuta was evaluated for its
antidiabetic studies by alpha amylase method.
Results
The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Hydro-alcoholic extract of Sida acuta against alpha amylase inhibitory effect
was found to be 17.10µg/ml in comparison with acarbose 9.27µg/ml. Hydro-alcoholic extract of Sida acuta showed
significant alpha amylase inhibitory effect when compared with acarbose. Hence preparation may be formulated with
hydro-alcohol and aqueous extract.
Conclusion
The present research draws the conclusion that Sida acuta plant showed mild antidiabetic effect, which may be due to
the phytoconstituents.
New Derivatives of (E)-3-(5-((substitutedphenylamino)methyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: The objective of the paper was to evaluate the antifungal and antibacterial potential of new derivatives of ((E)-3-(5-((substitutedphenylamino)methyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-styryl quinazolin-4(3H)-one. Materials and Methods: Various syntheses of (E)-3-(5-(substitutedaminomethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-styrylquinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives have been synthesized by reacting 2-substituted benzoxazin-4-one with (E)-2-(4-Substituedstyryl)-4H-benzo[d] [1,3]oxazin-4-one. All synthesized compounds have been characterized by the infrared, 1HNMR, and mass spectral analysis. Proposed compounds have been evaluated for antifungal and antibacterial activity. The antimicrobial activity of synthesized compounds (QNM-1 to QNM-15) has been carried through the serial dilution method. For bacterial screening, bacterial species were taken includes Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-96), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC-441), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC-424), and Escherichia coli (MTCC-40). Norfloxacin (1-Ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4,dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinoline carboxylic acid) was used as the standard drug for antibacterial study. For antifungal screening, the following fungal species were used includes Aspergillus niger (MTCC-281), Candida albicans (MTCC-227), and Fusarium oxysporum (MTCC-284). Clotrimazole was selected as a standard drug for antifungal study. Results and Discussion: QNM-1, QNM-2, QNM-3, QNM-5, QNM-7, QNM-9, QNM-12, QNM-14, and QNM-15 were the most active compounds [Table 1] in the synthesized series which were active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms by the antibacterial screening. In the case of antibacterial activity, the presence of electronegative group (Cl, Br, F, and NO2) at both R may enhance the activity when they are p-substituted, but the compounds QNM-6 (R1=-C6H5Br (o); Ar=-C6H5), QNM-10 (R1 = -C6H5F (o); Ar= -C6H5F), QNM-11 (R1 =-C6H5NO2 (p); Ar=-C6H5F), and QNM-4 (R1 =-C6H5F (m); Ar=-C6H5) with given substitution may result in diminishing the activity. In case of antifungal activity, compounds QNM-1, QNM-5, QNM-7, QNM-9, QNM-11, QNM-12, QNM-14, and QNM-15 were the most active compounds in the synthesized series which were active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. In that series, compounds QNM-14, QNM-11, QNM-5, and QNM-7 have shown the highest activity. Compounds QNM-3, QNM-6, QNM-10, and QNM-13 have the least active. This result has also concluded that o-substituted compounds, i.e., -C6H5Cl(o), -C6H5Cl (m), -C6H5Br(o), -C6H5F (o), -C6H5F (p) at R1 position my resulted in diminishing or lower the activity.
The evaluation of the effect of Sida acuta leaf extract on the microanatomy a...IOSR Journals
This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Sida acuta on the micro-anatomy of the liver and some biochemical parameters in adult Wistar rats. Thirty rats weighing between 140-180g were assigned to three groups (A, B and C) with ten animals each. Group A served as the control while groups B and C served as the experimental groups and received 100mg/kgbw and 200mg/kgbw of the extract respectively for fourteen days. All the animals were sacrificed after fourteen days. Blood was collected by cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis of serum liver enzymes s The liver was removed, preserved and processed for paraffin sections and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The animals in the control group showed normal histological and biochemical parameters. Conversely, animals that received 100mg/kgbw of the extract showed slight difference in their hepatic cyto-architecture while animals that were administered with 200mg/kgbw of the extract revealed distorted morphological feature showing shrunken sinusoid and dilation of the central vein suggesting that the extract has adverse effect on the morphology of the liver. Results of the serum liver enzymes of animals treated with 100mg/kgbw and 200mg/kg revealed significantly decreased values of AST, ALP and ALT (P <0.05) relative to the control. From the result of this experiment, it is concluded that administration of ethanolic extract of Sida acuta leaves may be toxic to Wistar rats at the doses administered.
Providing actionable healthcare analytics at scale: A perspective from stroke...Nuffield Trust
Benjamin Bray, Research Director and the Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme, presents at the Monitoring quality of care conference about stroke care analytics.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Stress Induced Serum Protein Changes in Ps...Premier Publishers
Psoriasis is a non-infectious, chronic inflammatory disease of the skin. This study aimed to explore the oxidative stress and stress induced protein changes in psoriasis and to analyse the possible interrelationship between these factors among psoriasis patients. This was a hospital-based case control study which included 50 cases of psoriasis and 50 healthy controls. Serum malondialdehyde was measured by thiobarbituric acid reactivity assay method. Protein carbonyl (PC) was measured by Levine’s method. Protein bound sialic acid (PBSA) was measured using modified Aminoff’s method using a spectrophotometer. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 16.0. Our results showed significant elevation in the oxidant status (MDA, PC and PBSA) among the psoriasis cases compared to the controls. Multiple linear regression analysis showed a linear relationship between MDA, PBSA and duration of psoriasis. Our study provides evidence to increased ROS production, indicated by increased lipid peroxidation in serum and stress induced protein changes in psoriasis. The findings of our study also suggest that as the duration of psoriasis increases the level of oxidative stress also increases which is indicated by the increase in MDA and PBSA levels.
Combining Metabolite-Based Pharmacophores with Bayesian Machine Learning Mode...Sean Ekins
Slides from SERMACS 2015 meeting in Memphis 2015 describing a collaborative project with SRI International and Rutgers. The work was published in PLOS ONE http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0141076
Sulfentrazone and Flumetsulam herbicides caused DNA damage and Instability in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Boral 500® (sulfentrazone as active ingredient) and Scorpion® (flumetsulam as active ingredient) are herbicides widely used in Brazil´s soybean crops. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency classificated them as non-carcinogenic and no mutagenic, but literature shows that often this classification is misguided. Allium cepa assay was chosen to evaluate these herbicides, once it analyzes the frequency of micronuclei (MN), chromosomal aberrations (CA) and the mitotic index (MI). Four concentrations of each herbicide (50, 75, 100 and 125 %) were tested in triplicate using distilled water (negative control) and methyl methanesulfonate (positive control) as controls. Three experimental repetitions were realized. Boral 500® showed a higher MI in all concentrations, and higher CA and MN in the 75%, 100% and 125% concentration, with no recovery. Scorpion® showed a higher MI, CA and MN in 100% and 125% concentration, with recovery only for MI and CA. Both herbicides showed mutagenic damage and increased proliferative capacity in Allium cepa. So on, these herbicides should be revaluated as mutagenicity and carcinogenicity for responsible agencies.
Raised Lipid Profile In Rheumatoid Arthritis- A Risk For CVDiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
Oxadiazole and its tested derivatives with diverse pharmacological activities come under an important class of compounds in new drug development. The novel oxadiazole derivatives synthesized and investigated for their chemical and biological behavior has showed more importance in the recent era. In the previous studies, it was found that synthetic modification of oxadiazole ring has higher efficacy with improved potency and lesser toxicity. The present review provides an overview on the work done so far on oxadiazole and its biological activities (2008-2018).
Introduction
Sida acuta is shrub indigenous to pantropical areas, widely distributed in regions and found in pastures, waste lands,
cultivated lands, roadsides, lawns and planted forests. Sida acuta is ethanomedically used as treatment of diuretic,
asthma, fever, headache, cough, cold, ulcer, anthelmintic, snake bite, urinary disease, female disorders, sedative,
eczema, kidney stone, elephantiasis, testicular swelling, poultice for dandruff, rheumatic affections, facial paralysis,
pulmonary tuberculosis and gonorrheae.
Methods
Preparation of hydroalcoholic extract of Sida acuta and Hydro-alcoholic extract of Sida acuta was evaluated for its
antidiabetic studies by alpha amylase method.
Results
The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Hydro-alcoholic extract of Sida acuta against alpha amylase inhibitory effect
was found to be 17.10µg/ml in comparison with acarbose 9.27µg/ml. Hydro-alcoholic extract of Sida acuta showed
significant alpha amylase inhibitory effect when compared with acarbose. Hence preparation may be formulated with
hydro-alcohol and aqueous extract.
Conclusion
The present research draws the conclusion that Sida acuta plant showed mild antidiabetic effect, which may be due to
the phytoconstituents.
New Derivatives of (E)-3-(5-((substitutedphenylamino)methyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: The objective of the paper was to evaluate the antifungal and antibacterial potential of new derivatives of ((E)-3-(5-((substitutedphenylamino)methyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-styryl quinazolin-4(3H)-one. Materials and Methods: Various syntheses of (E)-3-(5-(substitutedaminomethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-styrylquinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives have been synthesized by reacting 2-substituted benzoxazin-4-one with (E)-2-(4-Substituedstyryl)-4H-benzo[d] [1,3]oxazin-4-one. All synthesized compounds have been characterized by the infrared, 1HNMR, and mass spectral analysis. Proposed compounds have been evaluated for antifungal and antibacterial activity. The antimicrobial activity of synthesized compounds (QNM-1 to QNM-15) has been carried through the serial dilution method. For bacterial screening, bacterial species were taken includes Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-96), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC-441), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC-424), and Escherichia coli (MTCC-40). Norfloxacin (1-Ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4,dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinoline carboxylic acid) was used as the standard drug for antibacterial study. For antifungal screening, the following fungal species were used includes Aspergillus niger (MTCC-281), Candida albicans (MTCC-227), and Fusarium oxysporum (MTCC-284). Clotrimazole was selected as a standard drug for antifungal study. Results and Discussion: QNM-1, QNM-2, QNM-3, QNM-5, QNM-7, QNM-9, QNM-12, QNM-14, and QNM-15 were the most active compounds [Table 1] in the synthesized series which were active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms by the antibacterial screening. In the case of antibacterial activity, the presence of electronegative group (Cl, Br, F, and NO2) at both R may enhance the activity when they are p-substituted, but the compounds QNM-6 (R1=-C6H5Br (o); Ar=-C6H5), QNM-10 (R1 = -C6H5F (o); Ar= -C6H5F), QNM-11 (R1 =-C6H5NO2 (p); Ar=-C6H5F), and QNM-4 (R1 =-C6H5F (m); Ar=-C6H5) with given substitution may result in diminishing the activity. In case of antifungal activity, compounds QNM-1, QNM-5, QNM-7, QNM-9, QNM-11, QNM-12, QNM-14, and QNM-15 were the most active compounds in the synthesized series which were active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. In that series, compounds QNM-14, QNM-11, QNM-5, and QNM-7 have shown the highest activity. Compounds QNM-3, QNM-6, QNM-10, and QNM-13 have the least active. This result has also concluded that o-substituted compounds, i.e., -C6H5Cl(o), -C6H5Cl (m), -C6H5Br(o), -C6H5F (o), -C6H5F (p) at R1 position my resulted in diminishing or lower the activity.
The evaluation of the effect of Sida acuta leaf extract on the microanatomy a...IOSR Journals
This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Sida acuta on the micro-anatomy of the liver and some biochemical parameters in adult Wistar rats. Thirty rats weighing between 140-180g were assigned to three groups (A, B and C) with ten animals each. Group A served as the control while groups B and C served as the experimental groups and received 100mg/kgbw and 200mg/kgbw of the extract respectively for fourteen days. All the animals were sacrificed after fourteen days. Blood was collected by cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis of serum liver enzymes s The liver was removed, preserved and processed for paraffin sections and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The animals in the control group showed normal histological and biochemical parameters. Conversely, animals that received 100mg/kgbw of the extract showed slight difference in their hepatic cyto-architecture while animals that were administered with 200mg/kgbw of the extract revealed distorted morphological feature showing shrunken sinusoid and dilation of the central vein suggesting that the extract has adverse effect on the morphology of the liver. Results of the serum liver enzymes of animals treated with 100mg/kgbw and 200mg/kg revealed significantly decreased values of AST, ALP and ALT (P <0.05) relative to the control. From the result of this experiment, it is concluded that administration of ethanolic extract of Sida acuta leaves may be toxic to Wistar rats at the doses administered.
Providing actionable healthcare analytics at scale: A perspective from stroke...Nuffield Trust
Benjamin Bray, Research Director and the Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme, presents at the Monitoring quality of care conference about stroke care analytics.
SDGs, Taita Taveta Perspective by Roberto MwashashuRoberto Mwashashu
A presentation on the Perspective of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) implementation in the County Government of Taita Taveta. This was presented at Taita Taveta Wildlife Sanctuary.
Enjoy your reading and share comments. Especially if you think there is need to mainstream County and National plans to the Sustainable Development Goals, Agenda 2063, Vision 2030 and other essential plans.
Lisa Annaly, Head of Provider Analytics at the Care Quality Commission, discusses lessons learned from the CQC as they have worked to monitor care quality over time.
Herbalance - Здоровый гормональный фон в любом возрастеgoldenmouse
Здоровье, красота, молодость - все это результат здорового гормонального фона. HerBalance - натуральная добавка от компании NHT Global - простой путь иметь Ваш идеальный гормональный фон в любом возрасте!
Material para repaso del tema respectivo para los y las estudiantes de 9º año del profesor Gustavo Bolaños Ramírez, del Liceo de Atenas, Alajuela, Costa Rica.
Effect of mow procedure on physiological and biochemical properties of blood ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
Investigation Of hs-CRP Of Non Diabetic, Non Smoking And Non Alcoholic In Mal...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Cycloartanes from Tabernaemontana coronaria (Jacq) Willd flowers with their c...Akhil Gupta
The n-hexane fraction of Tabernamontana coronaria (Jacq) Willd flowers afforded two cycloartane type triterpenes, cycloart-25-en-3β, 24 diol and cycloart-23-en-3β, 22α, 25triol for the first time from this plant, in addition to lupeol acetate, α-amyrin, cycloeucalenol, stigmasterol.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.13
ABSTRACT- The present investigation was carried out to the effect of Fenvalerate on haematological parameters in
freshwater fish Channa marulius using standard methods. Fish was exposed to (1/4th LC50) sub lethal concentration of
Fenvalerate (0.086ppm) for 96h.The blood sample were obtained from both, control and experimental fish and assayed
haematological parameters (Total Erythrocytes count, TEC; Total Leucocytes count, TLC; Haemoglobin, Hb; Packed cell
volume, PCV; Mean corpuscular volume, MCV; Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin
Concentration; MCHC). The result revealed that TEC, Hb percentage, PCV and MCHC counts were significantly
decreased, whereas TLC, MCV and MCH increased slightly in experimental fish. The study has thus indicated marked
changes in blood of Channa marulius after exposure to Fenvalerate.
Key-words- Fenvalerate, Hematology, Channa marulius, Haemoglobin, Sub lethal
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Report: Chiang Mai Farmers and Pesticides
1. 1 23
Environmental Science and Pollution
Research
ISSN 0944-1344
Environ Sci Pollut Res
DOI 10.1007/s11356-015-4916-6
Blood cholinesterase activity levels of
farmers in winter and hot season of Mae
Taeng District, Chiang Mai Province,
Thailand
Surat Hongsibsong, Tanyaporn Kerdnoi,
Watcharapon Polyiem, Niphan Srinual,
Vanvimol Patarasiriwong & Tippawan
Prapamontol
2. 1 23
Your article is protected by copyright and
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accompanied by the following text: "The final
publication is available at link.springer.com”.
3. ADVANCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY OF POLLUTANTS
Blood cholinesterase activity levels of farmers in winter and hot
season of Mae Taeng District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand
Surat Hongsibsong1
& Tanyaporn Kerdnoi1
& Watcharapon Polyiem1
& Niphan Srinual1
&
Vanvimol Patarasiriwong2
& Tippawan Prapamontol1
Received: 3 March 2015 /Accepted: 16 June 2015
# Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015
Abstract Organophosphate and carbamate pesticides
have been widely used by farmers for crop protection
and pest control. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
(AChE) in erythrocyte and butyrylcholinesterase
(BChE) in plasma is the predominant toxic effect of
organophosphate and carbamate pesticides. Mae Taeng
District, Chiang Mai Province, is one of the large areas
of growing vegetables and fruits. Due to their regular
exposure to these pesticides, the farmers are affected by
this toxicity. The objective of the study was to examine
the AChE and the BChE activity levels in the blood of
102 farmers for comparison of exposure in two
cropping seasons, winter and hot. Blood samples were
collected in December 2013 (winter) and April–
June 2014 (hot). A total of 102 farmers joined the
study, represented by 76 males (74.5 %) and 26 females
(25.5 %). The age of most of the farmers was 53.4±
8.7 years. Out of 102, 21 farmers used carbamate pes-
ticides. The results showed that the AChE and the
BChE activity levels of all the farmers were 3.27±
0.84 Unit/mL and 2.15±0.58 Unit/mL, respectively.
The AChE and the BChE activity levels in males were
3.31±0.88 Unit/mL and 1.97±0.60 U/mL, respectively,
during winter and 3.27±0.82 Unit/mL and 2.15±0.58 U/
mL, respectively, during the hot season, and AChE and
the BChE activity levels in females were 3.27±0.82 U/
mL and 2.44±0.56 U/mL, respectively, during the hot
season. The cholinesterase activity levels, both AChE
and BChE, in the male farmers’ blood had significant
difference between the two seasons, while in the case of
the female farmers, there was significant difference in
the BChE activity levels, at p<0.05. The BChE activity
level was found to significantly correlate with self-spray
(p<0.05), which implies that the BChE activity de-
creased when they sprayed by themselves. The cholin-
esterase activity levels of the present study were lower
than those of the other studies, which may be an indi-
cation of some chronic effect of exposure to anticholin-
esterase pesticides. Thus, it is recommended that the use
of pesticides be decreased, together with increase in the
awareness of the impact of pesticides on health; also
recommended is regular monitoring of blood
cholinesterase.
Keywords Cholinesterase . AChE . BChE . Farmers .
Chiang Mai Province . Pesticides
Introduction
Organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates, used in crop protec-
tion, may produce toxicity to humans by inhibiting AChE
activity (Mwila et al. 2013), which would terminate the action
of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) within nerve syn-
apses, thus resulting in the destruction of AChE (Halbrook
et al. 1992).
Blood cholinesterases have been widely used as bio-
markers for the monitoring of exposure to OPs and carbamate
Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues
* Surat Hongsibsong
surat.hongsibsong@cmu.ac.th
1
Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health
Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
2
Department of Environmental Quality Promotion, Ministry of
Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
Environ Sci Pollut Res
DOI 10.1007/s11356-015-4916-6
Author's personal copy
4. pesticides (Hofmann et al. 2010). There are two cholinesterase
enzymes in human body: (1) acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC
3.1.1.7) present in the nerve system, erythrocytes, brain and
several tissues, and (2) butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, EC
3.1.1.8) found in serum or plasma which is synthesized by
the liver.
Previous reports have demonstrated the negative impacts of
OP-modified active sites on human health. The OPs and the
carbamates have high correlations with symptoms and poison-
ing after exposure. The AChE and the BChE activities have
been found to significantly reduce among those humans who
had direct or indirect exposure to OPs and the carbamates
(Chakraborty et al. 2009; Coye et al. 1986; Makrides et al.
2005; Roldan-Tapia et al. 2006). For this reason, the measure-
ments of AChE and BChE activities have been considered
good indicators for assessing the extent of exposure to the
OPs and the carbamates among farmers. Various studies on
the cholinesterase activity among Thai people have been
reported, such as the study conducted by Pongraveevongsa
and Ruangyuttikarn (2000) who reported normal range of
BChE activity in the serum of blood donors at Maharaj-
Nakorn Chiang Mai hospital, Thailand, that is, activity levels
of 4.32–6.52 U/mL and 4.88–7.47 U/mL, respectively, in
males and females.
Mae Taeng District (Fig. 1) which is located in
Chiang Mai Province in the northern part of Thailand
has a population amounting to 53,348 in 11 sub-dis-
tricts. The district has the Ping River, Ngad River, and
Taeng River as the main water resources and fertile soil,
which enable farmers to grow crops year round. There-
fore, Mae Taeng is the important area where high-
quality fruits and vegetables are produced for commer-
cial markets. The main plants of cultivation in the area
include rice, soya bean, soil bean, garlic, tobacco, sug-
arcane, longan, litchi, etc. Not surprisingly, most people
in Mae Taeng are farmers or perform agriculture-related
occupations, and large amounts of OPs and carbamates
are applied in the agricultural areas for the purpose of
pest control. The present study was conducted to com-
pare the exposure to OPs and carbamates in two
Fig. 1 The map of Mae Taeng District, Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand
Environ Sci Pollut Res
Author's personal copy
5. cropping seasons, winter and hot season, of farmers in
Mae Taeng District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, by
using the activities of plasma BChE and erythrocyte
AChE as exposure indexes.
Materials and methods
Chemicals and reagents
Acetylthiocholine iodide (ATCI), s-Butyrylthiocholine iodide
(BTCI), and 5,5′-dithio-bis-2-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB),
products of Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany), were used
in the study.
Subjects
One hundred and two farmers from 11 sub-districts of
Mae Taeng District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand,
were enrolled as volunteers. The subjects were those
who identified themselves with working on crop pro-
duction and had ages in the range of 18–65 years. Five
milliliters of venous blood was collected by using K-
heparin as the anticoagulant and transferred using cool
containers to Toxicology Laboratory, Research Institute
for Health Science, Chiang Mai University. The collec-
tion of samples was conducted twice, that is, in Decem-
ber 2013 of 118 farmers (winter season) and during
April–June 2014 of 102 farmers (hot season) for the
comparison of exposure levels in two cropping seasons,
winter and hot season. Hence, the data are presented as
regards the number of subjects as being the data of 102
farmers.
The blood samples were centrifuged at 800g for
15 min to achieve plasma separation. The plasma sam-
ple was transferred to a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube.
The erythrocyte sample was washed two times using
phosphate buffer saline (PBS), pH 7.4, and then centri-
fuged. The washed erythrocyte sample was transferred
to a new 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube. Both the plasma
and the erythrocyte were stored at −20 °C in a freezer
until the AChE and BChE analysis.
Cholinesterase activities by Ellman’s assay
The AChE and the BChE activities were analyzed in
compliance with the method of Ellman et al. (1961)
and Gonzalez et al. (2012), with some modification.
The cholinesterase activity was measured by using ATCI
Table 1 Demographical data of farmers
Data Results
Number, n (%) 102
Male 76 (74.5 %)
Female 26 (25.5 %)
Mean age (year, mean±SD) 53.4±8.7
Male 52.2±9.3
Female 57.1±5.4
BMI (kg/m2
, mean±SD)
Winter season 24.15±3.8
Male 23.5±3.2
Female 26.0±4.7
Hot season 24.5±3.8
Male 23.9±3.3
Female 26.3±4.8
Years of working in agricultural field, n (%)
1–10 8 (7.8 %)
Male 8 (7.8 %)
Female 0 (0.0 %)
11–20 19 (18.6 %)
Male 13 (12.8 %)
Female 6 (5.9 %)
21–30 33 (32.4 %)
Male 24 (23.5 %)
Female 9 (8.8 %)
>30 42 (41.2 %)
Male 31 (30.4 %)
Female 11 (10.8 %)
Pesticides used by farmers (yes, n (%))
Winter season 74 (72.5 %)
Male 58 (56.9 %)
Female 16 (15.7 %)
Hot season 67 (65.7 %)
Male 51 (50.0 %)
Female 16 (15.7 %)
Table 2 Comparison of mean AChE and BChE activities of farmers in Mae Taeng District, Chiang Mai Province between two crop seasons (winter=
December 2013 and hot season=April–June 2014)
Male (n=76) Female (n=26) Total (n=102)
Winter Hot Winter Hot Winter Hot
AChE activity, U/mL 4.50±0.73a 3.28±0.86a 3.31±0.88 3.27±0.82 3.31±0.88 3.27±0.82
BChE activity, U/mL 1.92±0.56b 2.05±0.55b 2.12±0.68c 2.44±0.56c 1.97±0.60d 2.15±0.58d
Ba,^ Bb,^ Bc,^ and Bd^ denote significant difference, by ANOVA, at p<0.05
Environ Sci Pollut Res
Author's personal copy
6. and BTCI as substrates for the AChE activity in eryth-
rocyte and the BChE activity in plasma, respectively,
and reported as unit per milliliter (U/mL). The results
of the AChE and the BChE activities were divided into
three categories, namely, normal poisoning, mild poison-
ing, and moderate poisoning, and presented as % de-
cline in the AChE and the BChE activities, at <20 %,
20–40 %, and >40 %, respectively (Khan et al. 2010).
Ethical considerations
The present study was approved by the Human Experimenta-
tion Committee, Research Institute for Health Science
(RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand (Pro-
ject No. 9/56). The informed consent was obtained from all
the participating farmers. All the data were kept in a confiden-
tial manner, and the results reported individually to the partic-
ipating farmers; the overall data were reported to the public.
Statistical analysis
SPSS version15 was used for the statistical analysis. The cho-
linesterase, both AChE and BChE, activities were reported in
terms of mean, standard deviation. The mean comparison of
the AChE and the BChE activities between the seasons, pes-
ticide uses, and percentages of depression were analyzed by
ANOVA. The significance level was set at 0.05.
Results
The demographic data of 102 farmer subjects are as shown in
Table 1. The subjects included 76 males (74.5 %) and 26
females (25.5 %). The mean age of the farmers was 53.4 years.
The females had higher BMI than the males in both the sea-
sons. Most of the famers had been working in the agricultural
field for more than 30 years and used pesticides for crop
production.
The AChE and the BChE activities of the farmers are
presented in Table 2. The activities of AChE and BChE
can be used as biomarkers of the OPs and the carba-
mate effect. In the winter season, the means of the
AChE and the BChE activities were 4.50±0.73 U/mL
and 1.97±0.60 U/mL, respectively, while in the hot sea-
son, these were 3.31±0.88 U/mL and 2.15±0.58 U/mL,
respectively. The mean AChE and BChE activities
among the male farmers differed significantly between
the two seasons. The mean BChE activities of the fe-
male farmers showed significant difference between the
two seasons, while in the case of the AChE activities,
there was no significant difference.
Table 3 shows no significant differences in the AChE
and the BChE activities between farmers who used OPs
and carbamates and farmers who did not use OPs and
carbamates, according to the results of comparison
(Table 3). The results show that there was no significant
difference.
Discussion
The activities of AChE and BChE can be used as bio-
markers of exposure to OPs and carbamates. Those
farmers who were exposed to OPs and carbamates
showed lower levels of activities of the cholinesterase
enzymes (Areekul et al. 1981). With reference to the
Table 3 Comparison of mean AChE and BChE activities of farmers in Mae Taeng District, Chiang Mai Province, affected by organophosphate and
carbamate insecticide use
Pesticide use AChE activity, U/mL BChE activity, U/mL
Winter season Hot season Winter season Hot season
Farmers who did not use carbamate and OPs (n=68) 3.55±0.83 3.32±0.94 1.91±0.56 2.15±0.56
Farmers who used carbamate (n=21) 3.29±0.45 3.19±0.48 2.07±0.62 2.20±0.51
Farmers who used OPs (n=7) 3.36±0.62 3.04±0.98 2.01±0.75 1.96±0.72
Farmers who used OPs and carbamate (n=6) 2.97±1.01 3.38±0.55 2.23±0.82 2.24±0.89
Table 4 Percent of decline in
AChE and BChE activities
among farmers in hot season
compared to winter season
Percent of decline Number of subjects (%)
Normal poisoning, <20 % Mild poisoning, 20–40 % Moderate poisoning, >40 %
AChE 77 (75.5 %) 14 (13.7 %) 11 (10.8 %)
BChE 98 (96.1 %) 4 (3.9 %) –
Environ Sci Pollut Res
Author's personal copy
7. normal range of cholinesterase, the parameter has not
been set in the case of Thai people; hence, the present
study would have to be compared with previous studies
conducted on the same race. The AChE activity analysis
performed in the present study examined the level of
AChE in the farmers, and it showed that the level was
lower than that reported by Chan et al. (1994) who
carried out a study on blood donors as normal subjects
in Malaysia in which it was found to be in the range of
3.50–13.94 U/mL in males and 6.67–13.16 U/mL in
females, and the BChE activity was found to be in the
range of 1.02–4.95 U/mL for males and 1.18–4.02 U/
mL for females. The present study reported the BChE
activity to be a bit higher than that reported earlier
(Chan et al. 1994). A comparison of the BChE activities
of the present study with those of the study by
Pongraveevongsa and Ruangyuttikarn (2000) found that
the activity was lower, which may be explained by the
difference in the groups of subjects; however, the result
supported this study which reported that farmers had
lower levels of BChE than people who were engaged
in other occupations.
The farmers involved in pesticide application on crops dur-
ing production were identified and categorized as suffering
from normal, mild, and moderate levels of poisoning with %
decline in ChE levels in winter season and hot season
(Table 4). There was 10.8 % of farmers who had more than
40 % decline in the AChE activity (moderate poisoning) and
75.5 % of the farmers had less than 20 % decline (normal).
There were no subjects who had 40 % decline in the BChE
activity, and most of the subjects (96.1 %) had less than 20 %
decline. Most of the farmers had less than 20 % decline in both
the AChE and the BChE levels, which means that the farmers
were exposed to the OPs and the carbamates equally in the
two seasons of studies, except for some farmers who showed
decline in the AChE levels of more than 40 %. Those farmers
who showed more than 40 % decline in the AChE levels may
have behaved differently in that they must have used the OPs
and the carbamates shortly before the collection of the blood
samples, and their levels of AChE must have been acutely
affected after the use of the OPs and the carbamates.
The results from Table 5 present a pattern of cholinesterase
depression during the time of working in the agricultural
fields. The lowest mean level of AChE activity can be seen
as occurring in 10–20 years of winter and 10–20 years of hot
season. Clearly, BChE has the lowest activity in 1–10 years in
both the seasons.
The present study reported a significant decrease in
the activity of BChE of farmers who had used OP or
carbamate insecticide sprays in the previous 6 months in
comparison with farmers who had not used such sprays
(Table 6). The results obtained are similar to the find-
ings of previous publications (Innes et al. 1990; Ames
et al. 1989; Lander and Hinke 1992). Thus, it is evident
that exposure to OP and carbamate insecticides might
have an effect on the accumulation of ACh at the syn-
aptic junctions, or that it might lead to cytotoxicity
(Bardin et al. 1994).
Table 5 Comparison of AChE
and BChE levels and agriculture
occupational periods
Agriculture occupational period AChE (U/mL) BChE (U/mL)
Winter season Hot season Winter season Hot season
Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD
1–10, (n=8) 3.93±0.79a,b 3.35±.44 1.72±0.44 1.89±0.39
10–20, (n=19) 3.00±0.79a 3.18±0.69 2.00±0.58 2.00±0.50
20–30, (n=33) 3.50±0.51 3.20±0.75 2.05±0.58 2.33±0.54
over 30, (n=42) 3.52±0.79b 3.36±1.03 1.94±0.65 2.13±0.64
Ba^ and Bb^ denote significant difference, by ANOVA, at p<0.05
Table 6 AChE and BChE
activities of farmers subjected to
pesticide spraying activity for
previous 6 months
Spray Season Winter Hot
No (n=59) Yes
(n=43)
No
(n=43)
Yes
(n=47)
Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD
Acetylcholinesterase, U/mL 3.40±0.80 3.52±0.80 3.25±0.86 3.30±0.83
Butyrylcholinesterase, U/mL 2.05±0.67 1.86±0.47 2.28±0.62a 2.00±0.50a
Ba^ denotes significant difference, by ANOVA, at p<0.05
Environ Sci Pollut Res
Author's personal copy
8. Conclusions
The farmers of the present study had low levels of AChE
activity in comparison with normal subjects from a previous
study, while the BChE activity levels were higher than those
of the subjects studied previously (Chan et al. 1994). The
BChE activity levels of the farmers were lower than those of
normal blood donor subjects from Chiang Mai, Thailand
(Pongraveevongsa and Ruangyuttikarn 2000), which may be
because farmers have much higher exposure to OPs and car-
bamates than people of most other occupations. Therefore, the
recommendations include decrease in the use of pesticides
together with raising of awareness levels regarding the impact
of pesticide use on health, coupled with monitoring of the
blood cholinesterase levels.
Acknowledgments This study was funded by the Environmental Re-
search and Training Center (ERTC), Department of Environmental Qual-
ity Promotion, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thai-
land. All laboratory facilities were supported by the Research Institute
for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University.
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