GC-MS Analysis and Evaluation of In-vitro Antioxidant Potential and Total Phe...Innspub Net
Wild hops (Flemingia strobilifera Linn.) is a shrub belonging to Fabaceae family. The leaves of F. strobilifera are commonly used by the Subanen, the indigenous group in Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines to treat inflammation. In this study, the hydromethanolic (80%) and aqueous leaf extracts of F. strobilifera were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and total phenolics content. The active semi-volatile components of 80% methanol leaf extract were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). DPPH radical scavenging activity was used to determine the potential of this plant as anti-oxidant. Total phenolics content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and calculated as gallic acid equivalence. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of eight compounds. Both the 80% methanol and aqueous extracts of F. strobilifera showed significant scavenging activity with low IC50 values of 0.299 mg/mL and <0.25 mg/mL, respectively. There was positive correlation between the scavenging activity percentage and the total phenolics content only in the aqueous extract of F. strobilifera while 80% methanol extract showed negative correlation between inhibition percentage and total phenolics content which can be attributed to the solvent used and method used in quantification of phenolics. Nevertheless, the results suggest that these leaf extracts are potent source of antioxidant compounds and may serve as natural anti-inflammatory agents.
GC-MS Analysis and Evaluation of In-vitro Antioxidant Potential and Total Phe...Innspub Net
Wild hops (Flemingia strobilifera Linn.) is a shrub belonging to Fabaceae family. The leaves of F. strobilifera are commonly used by the Subanen, the indigenous group in Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines to treat inflammation. In this study, the hydromethanolic (80%) and aqueous leaf extracts of F. strobilifera were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and total phenolics content. The active semi-volatile components of 80% methanol leaf extract were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). DPPH radical scavenging activity was used to determine the potential of this plant as anti-oxidant. Total phenolics content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and calculated as gallic acid equivalence. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of eight compounds. Both the 80% methanol and aqueous extracts of F. strobilifera showed significant scavenging activity with low IC50 values of 0.299 mg/mL and <0.25 mg/mL, respectively. There was positive correlation between the scavenging activity percentage and the total phenolics content only in the aqueous extract of F. strobilifera while 80% methanol extract showed negative correlation between inhibition percentage and total phenolics content which can be attributed to the solvent used and method used in quantification of phenolics. Nevertheless, the results suggest that these leaf extracts are potent source of antioxidant compounds and may serve as natural anti-inflammatory agents.
Speciation And Physicochemical Studies of Some Biospecific CompoundsIOSR Journals
Abstract: A green, safer , efficient , eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of novel compounds which reveal biological and spermicidal activity. The nature of the pharmacophore decides the physiological reactivity of the compound.
Ntioxidant study of usnic acid and its derivative usnic acid diacetateeSAT Journals
Abstract
Currently interest towards the study of antioxidant efficiency of the lichen metabolites was given prior attention in the field of research. As the free radical accumulation in human cells causes several chronic diseases which can be eliminated with the help of antioxidants. In our present study we have isolated the lichen secondary metabolite Usnic acid from Usnea luridorufa and also prepared the acetyl derivative of Usnic acid. The in vitro antioxidant activity of Usnic acid and Usnic acid diacetate under DPPH free radical scavenging, FRAP, Superoxide dismutase activity, Metal chelating activity, Phosphomolybdenum activity, Hydroxyl scavenging activity, Lipid peroxidation inhibiting activity were studied. The antioxidant potential of the Usnic acid and its derivative Usnic acid diacetate were compared. The IC50 value are also determined. Both the test compounds possesses significant antioxidant activity under the studies.
Keywords: Antioxidant efficiency, Usnic acid, diacetate, Tannic acid.
Pharmacokinetic Properties of Biomass-extracted Substances Isolated by Green ...Michal Jablonsky
According to the literature, approximately 41 nutraceutical compounds have been isolated from different types of biomass using green solvents. It is important to collect information on the pharmacokinetic properties of the nutraceutical substances from biomass isolated according to the published papers. The pharmacokinetic properties of the bioactive substances extracted by green solvents, such as the molecular weight, logP, AlogP, H-bond acceptor, H-bond donor, total polar surface area, atom molar refractivity, number of rotatable bonds, number of atoms, rotatable bond count, number of rigid bonds, number of atom rings, and number of H-bonds, were calculated with a drug-likeness tool. In practical terms, the original and most well-known Lipinski's Rule of Five (Ro5) was applied to 28 substances, namely 3-hydroxytyrosol; apigenin; artemisinin; bergapten; bilobalide; biochanin A; caffeic Acid; caffeoylmalic acid; catechins; cinnamic acid; curcumin; daidzei; daidzin; epicatechin; gallic acid; genistein; ginkgolide A; ginkgolide B; levofloxacin; luteolin; naringenin; p-coumaric acid; protocatechuic acid; psoralen; quercetin; trans-ferulic acid; tyrosol, and vanillin.
Synthesis, Characterization, Spectral (FT-IR, 1H, 13C NMR, Mass and UV) and B...Dr. Pradeep mitharwal
Bio-potent ligands, 2-hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide hydrazinecarbothioamide(HPHTSCZH2) and 2-hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide hydrazine carbodithioic benzyl ester (HPHCBESH2) have been synthesized by the condensation of 2-hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide with hydrazinecarbothioamide and hydrazine carbodithioic benzyl ester, respectively and reacted with hydrated lanthanide chlorides. The coordination moieties of the ligands have been confirmed by various spectral studies. - See more at: http://www.sciencedomain.org/abstract.php?iid=271&id=16&aid=2488#sthash.6v3aFQIi.dpuf
Dispensing processes and the tools used have a profound influence on estimates of compound activity. Researchers have shown that leachates from plastic labware can profoundly affect biological assays. Data derived using disposable tip-based serial dilution and dispensing have shown a reduction in inhibition compared to acoustic dispensing with some compounds appearing hundreds of times more active with the acoustic process. Furthermore, there was no correlation of compound activity between the two processes. Studies of high-throughput screening (HTS) present confounding results that may influence scientific judgment and promote faulty decisions. Some researchers showed that differences in biological activity could vary by three or more orders of magnitude. What we address is how these errors may affect computational models and data manifested in external databases. We show that dispensing processes impact computational and statistical results.
Structural Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Cocculus hirsutus L...BRNSS Publication Hub
Many number of the plant species including Cocculus hirsutus L. is being used as the sources of herbal
medicine. Present work was mainly focused with the identification of the therapeutic properties of
C. hirsutus L. leaf extracts. The leaf extracts of methanol, aqueous, chloroform, and benzene showed
solvent dependent qualitative and quantitative phytochemical presence as well as antimicrobial activity.
Whereas the leaf extracts of methanol and chloroform showed significantly high antimicrobial activity
than water and benzene extracts. Further methanol leaf extract of C. hirsutus performed to liquid
chromato y-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) for identification of active antimicrobial compound structure.
LC-MS studies give 26 structural compounds. Docking (annotating) studies revealed that among 26
compounds the Compound-5 (Hexadecanoic acid - (1R, 2R, 3S, 4R, 6S)-4, 6-diamino-2, 3-dihydroxy
cyclohexyl 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside) showed highest docking fitness score with
the bacterial membrane protein sortase-A. Our data suggest that methanol extract of C. hirsutus leaf
possess medicinally significant antimicrobial compounds and thus justify the use of this leaf as folklore
medicine for preventing human microbial related diseases.
Hazard assessment for a pharmaceutical mixture detected in the upper Tennesse...GJESM Publication
Widespread use of pharmaceuticals has resulted in mixture concentrations ranging from mg/L in
effluent to μg/L concentrations in surface water. In a 2008 study, 13 pharmaceuticals, ranging in amounts from 0.0028
to 0.1757 μg/l, were identified in the Tennessee River, USA and its tributaries. In order to address the need for risk
assessment of environmentally relevant pharmaceutical mixtures, Daphnia magna 21-d life cycle tests were performed on a mixture of 11 of the 13 pharmaceuticals as well as on the individual components of the mixture. Mixture exposures were based on the same initial ratios of individual compounds, up to 1000x the initial mixture concentrations. The endpoints of mortality, time to first brood, size, and fecundity were assessed. The LOEC of the 11- pharmaceutical mixture was determined to be 100x greater than the measured mixture concentration detected in the Tennessee River, with the NOEC being 75x that of the measured mixture. Single concentrations of pharmaceuticals within the mixture up to the 100x LOEC were not statistically different from control for any of the assessed endpoints. Thus, no single pharmaceutical was deemed predominately responsible for the mixture toxicity at the concentrations tested. While mixtures of pharmaceuticals are common in many systems, based on the findings of the present study, they may not pose a significant acute or chronic hazard to aquatic invertebrates at current concentrations.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.7
ABSTRACT- Most of the Euphorbian plants secrete fluid which contain a proteolytic enzyme for defensive role against
insects, pests and hence eco physiological inheritance to sustain vegetation eventually in adverse environmental
conditions. Evaluation has been carried out on twenty five Euphorbian garden plants for their proteolytic activities using
casein as a substrate. Out of these, Euphorbia nerifolia, Euphorbia milli, Euphorbia tirucalli, Euphorbia lactea,
Synadenium granti, Jatropha curcas, Euphorbia nivulia, Euphorbia antiquoram, Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Euphorbia
viguieri, E. heterophylla and E. leucocephala are the good enzyme source. Moderate activity found in Jatropha
integerrima, Jatropha multifida, Jatropha podagrica, Euphorbia pulcherrima, and Dalechampia scandens. While
different tissues of Acalypha hispida, Acalypha wilkesiana, Breynia nivosa, Cicca acida, Codiaeum variegatum, Drypetes
roxburghii are devoid of proteolytic activity. This paper describes in detail about name of plants, habitat and presence of
proteolytic enzyme in them. Results show that the out of twenty five plants 50% plant tissue synthesize protease in
appreciable amount, while 10% are not able to produce it. However 40% plants demonstrate only detectable amount of
protease. A comparative account of proteolytic activity reveals some promising plants good source of enzyme. Some
plants produce combination of cysteine and serine proteases. A single plant i.e. Euphorbia nerifolia latex contains
cysteine, serine, metallo-protease and aspartic proteases. In turn, these proteases may be used in various industrial uses in
general and cheese production Key-words- Garden Euphorb iiann a p plaarnttisc,u Clayr.s t e ine and serine protease, E. leucocephala, Euphorbia viguieri
Speciation And Physicochemical Studies of Some Biospecific CompoundsIOSR Journals
Abstract: A green, safer , efficient , eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of novel compounds which reveal biological and spermicidal activity. The nature of the pharmacophore decides the physiological reactivity of the compound.
Ntioxidant study of usnic acid and its derivative usnic acid diacetateeSAT Journals
Abstract
Currently interest towards the study of antioxidant efficiency of the lichen metabolites was given prior attention in the field of research. As the free radical accumulation in human cells causes several chronic diseases which can be eliminated with the help of antioxidants. In our present study we have isolated the lichen secondary metabolite Usnic acid from Usnea luridorufa and also prepared the acetyl derivative of Usnic acid. The in vitro antioxidant activity of Usnic acid and Usnic acid diacetate under DPPH free radical scavenging, FRAP, Superoxide dismutase activity, Metal chelating activity, Phosphomolybdenum activity, Hydroxyl scavenging activity, Lipid peroxidation inhibiting activity were studied. The antioxidant potential of the Usnic acid and its derivative Usnic acid diacetate were compared. The IC50 value are also determined. Both the test compounds possesses significant antioxidant activity under the studies.
Keywords: Antioxidant efficiency, Usnic acid, diacetate, Tannic acid.
Pharmacokinetic Properties of Biomass-extracted Substances Isolated by Green ...Michal Jablonsky
According to the literature, approximately 41 nutraceutical compounds have been isolated from different types of biomass using green solvents. It is important to collect information on the pharmacokinetic properties of the nutraceutical substances from biomass isolated according to the published papers. The pharmacokinetic properties of the bioactive substances extracted by green solvents, such as the molecular weight, logP, AlogP, H-bond acceptor, H-bond donor, total polar surface area, atom molar refractivity, number of rotatable bonds, number of atoms, rotatable bond count, number of rigid bonds, number of atom rings, and number of H-bonds, were calculated with a drug-likeness tool. In practical terms, the original and most well-known Lipinski's Rule of Five (Ro5) was applied to 28 substances, namely 3-hydroxytyrosol; apigenin; artemisinin; bergapten; bilobalide; biochanin A; caffeic Acid; caffeoylmalic acid; catechins; cinnamic acid; curcumin; daidzei; daidzin; epicatechin; gallic acid; genistein; ginkgolide A; ginkgolide B; levofloxacin; luteolin; naringenin; p-coumaric acid; protocatechuic acid; psoralen; quercetin; trans-ferulic acid; tyrosol, and vanillin.
Synthesis, Characterization, Spectral (FT-IR, 1H, 13C NMR, Mass and UV) and B...Dr. Pradeep mitharwal
Bio-potent ligands, 2-hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide hydrazinecarbothioamide(HPHTSCZH2) and 2-hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide hydrazine carbodithioic benzyl ester (HPHCBESH2) have been synthesized by the condensation of 2-hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide with hydrazinecarbothioamide and hydrazine carbodithioic benzyl ester, respectively and reacted with hydrated lanthanide chlorides. The coordination moieties of the ligands have been confirmed by various spectral studies. - See more at: http://www.sciencedomain.org/abstract.php?iid=271&id=16&aid=2488#sthash.6v3aFQIi.dpuf
Dispensing processes and the tools used have a profound influence on estimates of compound activity. Researchers have shown that leachates from plastic labware can profoundly affect biological assays. Data derived using disposable tip-based serial dilution and dispensing have shown a reduction in inhibition compared to acoustic dispensing with some compounds appearing hundreds of times more active with the acoustic process. Furthermore, there was no correlation of compound activity between the two processes. Studies of high-throughput screening (HTS) present confounding results that may influence scientific judgment and promote faulty decisions. Some researchers showed that differences in biological activity could vary by three or more orders of magnitude. What we address is how these errors may affect computational models and data manifested in external databases. We show that dispensing processes impact computational and statistical results.
Structural Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Cocculus hirsutus L...BRNSS Publication Hub
Many number of the plant species including Cocculus hirsutus L. is being used as the sources of herbal
medicine. Present work was mainly focused with the identification of the therapeutic properties of
C. hirsutus L. leaf extracts. The leaf extracts of methanol, aqueous, chloroform, and benzene showed
solvent dependent qualitative and quantitative phytochemical presence as well as antimicrobial activity.
Whereas the leaf extracts of methanol and chloroform showed significantly high antimicrobial activity
than water and benzene extracts. Further methanol leaf extract of C. hirsutus performed to liquid
chromato y-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) for identification of active antimicrobial compound structure.
LC-MS studies give 26 structural compounds. Docking (annotating) studies revealed that among 26
compounds the Compound-5 (Hexadecanoic acid - (1R, 2R, 3S, 4R, 6S)-4, 6-diamino-2, 3-dihydroxy
cyclohexyl 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside) showed highest docking fitness score with
the bacterial membrane protein sortase-A. Our data suggest that methanol extract of C. hirsutus leaf
possess medicinally significant antimicrobial compounds and thus justify the use of this leaf as folklore
medicine for preventing human microbial related diseases.
Hazard assessment for a pharmaceutical mixture detected in the upper Tennesse...GJESM Publication
Widespread use of pharmaceuticals has resulted in mixture concentrations ranging from mg/L in
effluent to μg/L concentrations in surface water. In a 2008 study, 13 pharmaceuticals, ranging in amounts from 0.0028
to 0.1757 μg/l, were identified in the Tennessee River, USA and its tributaries. In order to address the need for risk
assessment of environmentally relevant pharmaceutical mixtures, Daphnia magna 21-d life cycle tests were performed on a mixture of 11 of the 13 pharmaceuticals as well as on the individual components of the mixture. Mixture exposures were based on the same initial ratios of individual compounds, up to 1000x the initial mixture concentrations. The endpoints of mortality, time to first brood, size, and fecundity were assessed. The LOEC of the 11- pharmaceutical mixture was determined to be 100x greater than the measured mixture concentration detected in the Tennessee River, with the NOEC being 75x that of the measured mixture. Single concentrations of pharmaceuticals within the mixture up to the 100x LOEC were not statistically different from control for any of the assessed endpoints. Thus, no single pharmaceutical was deemed predominately responsible for the mixture toxicity at the concentrations tested. While mixtures of pharmaceuticals are common in many systems, based on the findings of the present study, they may not pose a significant acute or chronic hazard to aquatic invertebrates at current concentrations.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.7
ABSTRACT- Most of the Euphorbian plants secrete fluid which contain a proteolytic enzyme for defensive role against
insects, pests and hence eco physiological inheritance to sustain vegetation eventually in adverse environmental
conditions. Evaluation has been carried out on twenty five Euphorbian garden plants for their proteolytic activities using
casein as a substrate. Out of these, Euphorbia nerifolia, Euphorbia milli, Euphorbia tirucalli, Euphorbia lactea,
Synadenium granti, Jatropha curcas, Euphorbia nivulia, Euphorbia antiquoram, Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Euphorbia
viguieri, E. heterophylla and E. leucocephala are the good enzyme source. Moderate activity found in Jatropha
integerrima, Jatropha multifida, Jatropha podagrica, Euphorbia pulcherrima, and Dalechampia scandens. While
different tissues of Acalypha hispida, Acalypha wilkesiana, Breynia nivosa, Cicca acida, Codiaeum variegatum, Drypetes
roxburghii are devoid of proteolytic activity. This paper describes in detail about name of plants, habitat and presence of
proteolytic enzyme in them. Results show that the out of twenty five plants 50% plant tissue synthesize protease in
appreciable amount, while 10% are not able to produce it. However 40% plants demonstrate only detectable amount of
protease. A comparative account of proteolytic activity reveals some promising plants good source of enzyme. Some
plants produce combination of cysteine and serine proteases. A single plant i.e. Euphorbia nerifolia latex contains
cysteine, serine, metallo-protease and aspartic proteases. In turn, these proteases may be used in various industrial uses in
general and cheese production Key-words- Garden Euphorb iiann a p plaarnttisc,u Clayr.s t e ine and serine protease, E. leucocephala, Euphorbia viguieri
Many enzymes exist as inactive forms known as zymogens or Proenzymes • proenzymes are synthesized as inactive precursors that are subsequently activated by cleavage of one or a few specific peptide bonds. • a energy source (ATP) is not needed for cleavage. contrast with reversible regulation by phosphorylation, even proteins located outside cells can be activated by this means. • Proteolytic activation, in contrast with allosteric control and reversible covalent modification, occurs just once in the life of an enzyme molecule i.e. the process is irreversible.
Just providing the information on Impurities in drug substances & Drug products to share my view and the collected information from the web for knowledge purpose.
In vitro antidiabetic activity like
Inhibition of Polysaccharide-Degrading Enzymes
Assay for α-Amylase
Assay for α-Glucosidase
Everted Sac Technique for Assaying α-Glucosidase
Assays forGLUT2TransportActivity
Perfusion of Jejunal Loops
Transport Activity of Brush Border Membrane Vesicles
Apical Expression of GLUT2
Evaluation of Glucose Absorption InVivo
Evaluation methods for drug excipients and container interactionSagar Savale
Excipients are one of the three components that in combination produce the medicine that the patient will take.
In therapeutic terms, the API is of primary importance because without it there is no treatment and no product.
In term of drug manufacturing all three of them are equally important so we cannot neglect anyone of them.
The interactions between excipients and the other two components (the API and the manufacturing process), and/or between two or more excipients, are fundamental to the transformation of an API into a medicinal product.
Wagner College Forum for Undergraduate Research, Vol. 18 No. 1Wagner College
The Fall 2019 issue contains abstracts by Briana Bettencourt, Nicholas Buhta, Alexis Costa, Joseph Fabozzi, Sarah McGee, Kayla Diggs, Elizabeth Patton, Kelsey Savje, Oskar Sundberg and Kaela Teele. It also contains articles by Maria Humphries, Kathleen Leavey, Angela Zagami, Lindy Pokorny and L. Elise Whisler.
Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry ...RaktimavaDasSarkar
Original Artcle by Falak Naz, Muhammad Zahoor, Muhammad Ayaz, Muhammad Ashraf, Asif Nawaz, Amal Alotaibi.
Presentation prepared by Raktimava Das Sarkar
relating to the process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth.
"genetic engineering can alter the nutritional value of food"
1. Photolytic Breakdown of Trace Level Pharmaceuticals in the Environment
S.A. Kindelberger1
, J.M. Conley2
, S.M. Richards2
,S.J. Symes1
University of Tennessee at Chattanooga
Chattanooga, TN 37403
1
Department of Chemistry, 2
Department of Environmental Science
Experimental
Introduction
The fate of both prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceuticals in the
environment are largely unknown. Previous studies have shown that these
compounds may be present in watershed concentrations high enough to
have detrimental biological effects. Current waste water treatment methods
are not designed to break down these small organic molecules. Since up to
90% of these compounds can be excreted unchanged by humans, the
potential exists for a continuing source of environmental replenishment. It
may be that photolytic breakdown is an important mechanism of
degradation in the environmental fate of these compounds. Although
previous studies have investigated breakdown phenomena in single drug
systems, more complex degradation interactions may exist in multi-
component systems that have not been evaluated. This study was
designed to investigate the possibility of photolytic breakdown in a 13 drug
mixture.
Acknowledgements
References
Conclusions
Three parent solutions(10μg/mL) were made by solvating each target
drug(~10mg) in 50% Type I H2O(Millipore)/50% acetonitrile(Fisher
Scientific, Optima grade). Solutions were stirred under dark conditions for
12 hours at 22°C and further diluted with same solvent to experimental
concentrations(100ng/mL). Working solutions were filtered(0.22 microns)
and placed in 125mL clear borosilicate reactor cells(Fisher Scientific) with a
transmission range ~700-280nm. Exposed cells received approximately 8
hours/day of direct and 4 hours/day of indirect unfiltered sunlight in early
spring 2008 (Southern TN at approx.35.07°N, 85.27°W, elev.659ft) with a
mean temperature of 12.8°C (min=-2.8°C,max=24.4°C). Solutions were
sampled at 0, +6, +12, +24, +36, +48, +60, +120 hours and normalized to
refrigerated (3°C) unexposed solutions originating from the same parent
dilution. Chromatographic separation and detection utilized a Waters UPLC
coupled with a Quattro micro triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operated
in ESI+ mode. Data shown (Fig.1) represent the mean of background
corrected triplicate injections of individual reactors at each sampling
interval.
Although 3 drugs show considerable breakdown, most demonstrate
significant persistence after 120 hrs of environmental exposure. Analytes
were classified into 3 categories based on their aquatic persistence. Drugs
showing >90% of original concentrations were determined to be
“persistent”, while those showing 20-90% were classified as “slow
degrading”. Analytes demonstrating less than 20% of initial concentrations
were designated “fast degrading”. The solvent system chosen for this
experiment was chosen, in part, based on solubility issues of less polar
analytes such as atorvastatin and lovastatin. Drugs in aqueous
environmental matrices may exhibit different photolytic responses due
effects not accounted for in this experiment, such as possible photolytic
quenching by dissolved organic matter (DOM). Less polar drugs may
undergo adsorption processes to sediment due to lack of solubility in
aqueous conditions. Future work will include more realistic environmental
conditions and the possible effects they may contribute to the fate of
pharmaceuticals.
Results
•UTC Grote Fund
•Provost Student Research Award
•Dr. Robert Mebane
•National Science Foundation
2005 prescription data and rankings from www.rxlist.com
Halling-Sorensen et al. (1998) CHEMOSPHERE, 36, 357-393
Kolpin et al. (2002) Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 1202-1211
Pomati et al. (2006) Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 2442-2447
HN
O
N OH
OH OH O
F
Atorvastatin
Trade Name: Lipitor
Susceptibility: Fast-Degrading
N
NH2 O
Carbamazepine
Trade Name: Tegretol
Susceptibility: Persistent
N
O
OH
O
N
F
NH
Ciprofloxacin
Trade Name: Cipro
Susceptibility: Fast-Degrading
N
CH3
H
O
FF
F
Fluoxetine
Trade Name: Prozac
Susceptibility: Persistent
OH
NH
O
CH3
Acetaminophen
Trade Name: Tylenol
Susceptibility: Persistent
N
N
H3C
N
N
O
CH3
O
CH3
Caffeine
Trade Name: n/a
Susceptibility: Persistent
O
N
H3C
CH3
S
H
N NH
CH3
N+
O-
O
Ranitidine
Trade Name: Zantac
Susceptibility: Fast-Degrading
N
S
N
CH3
H3C
O
O
CH3
O
OCH3
Diltiazem
Trade Name: Cardizem
Susceptibility: Persistent
N
F
OH
OO
O
CH3
N
N
CH3
Levofloxacin
Trade Name: Levaquin
Susceptibility: Slow-Degrading
Cl
Cl
NH
CH3
Sertraline
Trade Name: Zoloft
Susceptibility: Persistent
Trimethoprim
Trade Name: Triprim
Susceptibility: Persistent
N
N
NH2
H2N
H3CO OCH3
OCH3
Sulfamethoxazole
Trade Name: Gantanol
Susceptibility: Slow Degrading
S
O
O
H
N
N
O
CH3
H2N
Lovastatin
Trade Name: Mevacor
Susceptibility: Persistent
CH3
CH3
O
CH3 O H
O
H
H
CH3
CH3
O
0
6
12
24
36
48
60
120
0
25
50
75
100
Levofloxacin
Ranitidine
Ciprofloxacin
PercentDrugRemaining
Carbamazepine
Time Elapsed
(hours)
Fig.1
Analyte breakdown over a
120 hour period. Data
selected to illustrate 3
categories of persistence.
See Table 2 for complete
results.
Table 1 Drug Category U.S. Number of Prescriptions (2005)
Acetaminophen analgesic Over-the-Counter
Caffeine stimulant Over-the-Counter
Ranitidine H2 histamine blocker Over-the-Counter
Trimethoprim Anti-infective ---
Levofloxacin Anti-infective 14,235,000
Ciprofloxacin Anti-infective 13,280,000
Sulfamethoxazole Anti-infective ---
Diltiazem Calcium channel blocker 2,045,000
Carbamazepine Anti-convulsant 2,284,000
Sertraline SSRI 26,976,000
Fluoxetine SSRI 21,403,000
Lovastatin Anti hyperlipidemic ---
Atorvastatin Anti hyperlipidemic 63,219,000
Photolytic Susceptibility % Analyte remaining at 120hrs
Ranitidine fast-degrading 0.2%
Atorvastatin fast-degrading 9.9%
Ciprofloxacin fast-degrading 3.0%
Levofloxacin slow-degrading 43%
Sulfamethoxazole slow-degrading 56%
Lovastatin slow-degrading 89%
Carbamazepine persistent 97%
Sertraline persistent 100%
Fluoxetine persistent 100%
Acetaminophen persistent 100%
Caffeine persistent 100%
Trimethoprim persistent 100%
Diltiazem persistent 100%
Table 2