This study assessed cardiac biomarkers in 300 adult HIV participants in Nnewi, Nigeria. The participants were grouped as 100 symptomatic HIV subjects on antiretroviral therapy (ART), 100 symptomatic HIV subjects not on ART, and 100 HIV seronegative controls. Blood samples were tested for HIV, CD4+ count, and serum levels of myoglobin, troponin, creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The results showed mean myoglobin and troponin levels were significantly higher in symptomatic HIV subjects not on ART compared to asymptomatic subjects. Mean total CK, CK-MB, LDH, and AST were
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Zidovudine (AZT) is a nucleoside analog, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and a type of antiretroviral drug used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. The administration of zidovudine to the wistar albino rats showed an increase in erythrocyte fragility as can be seen from figure 1. There were significant (p<0.05)>0.05) decrease in serum ALP activity, significant (p<0.05) decrease in Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio and NADH methaemoglobin reductase activity. Findings from this study have revealed that zidovudine is hepatotoxic, increases the concentraton of ferric iron in the body thus imparing oxygen transport and also affects the erythrocyte membrane proteins adversely.
Hepatitis-B and C in Sickle Cell Hemoglobinopathies of Western Odisha, Indiainventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Interleukin16 and Interleukin 28B Genes Polymorphism in HBV Infected Saudi pa...iosrjce
The course of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is variable depending on many factors. In this study,
we investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms of interleukin-28B and interleukin-16 as possible host factors
which may determine the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Saudi patients. Chronic hepatitis B
(CHB) patients (75), HCC patients (42), and healthy controls (70) were analyzed for polymorphisms of the IL16
and IL28B genes using PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Results showed that HCC
and chronic HBV patients had higher prevalence of rs11556218TG genotype than controls. The rs11556218GG
genotype was higher among HCC (14.4%) compared to chronic HBV (2.7%) patients. The IL-16 genotype
rs4072111CT was higher among HCC (47.6%) and chronic HBV (46.7%) patients than controls (28.6%). The
rs4072111TT genotype was higher among HCC patients compared to the other two groups. The T allele
frequency was higher among HCC patients than controls. The CT and TT of the IL-28B rs12979860 genotype
were significantly less frequent in chronic HBV and HCC patients. The IL-28B rs8099917 TG genotype was
more frequent among HCC (19%) compared to chronic HBV (8%) patients. However, no significant difference
was detected in the allele distribution.
Investigation Of hs-CRP Of Non Diabetic, Non Smoking And Non Alcoholic In Mal...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Objective: To identify interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the common bile duct of Kunming mice.
Study Design: Common bile ducts obtained from the Kunming mice were prepared for immunohistochemical investigations using the c-kit antibody. Immunoelectron microscopy was used to detect the expression of c-kit in the ICC of the common bile duct. Transmission electron microscopy showed ultrastructure of ICC in the murine bile duct. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot were used to confirm the expression of mRNA specific for the c-kit gene and production of c-kit protein in the Kunming mice common bile duct.
Results: Immunohistochemistry revealed that ICC in the murine common bile duct are c-kit positive and the ICC are located in the tela submucosa and the tunica muscularis of the murine common bile duct and do not connect with each other. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the expression of Kit by ICC in the murine common bile duct. Transmission electron microscopy showed that ICC in the murine common bile duct have long processes, abundant mitochondria, plenty of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER), a lot of lysosomes, and dense bodies. The caveolae of ICC are distinctive. At the same time, RT-PCR indicated that the Kunming mice common bile duct expressed mRNA specific for the c-kit gene, and western blot analysis showed the evidence of production of c-kit protein in the Kunming mice common bile duct.
Conclusion: ICC are found in the Kunming mice common bile duct, which is likely to lead to the development of motility study of the common bile duct.
Keywords: common bile duct; electron microscopy; immuno-electron microscopy; interstitial cells of Cajal; intestines; smooth muscle; tyrosine kinase receptor (c-kit)
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Zidovudine (AZT) is a nucleoside analog, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and a type of antiretroviral drug used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. The administration of zidovudine to the wistar albino rats showed an increase in erythrocyte fragility as can be seen from figure 1. There were significant (p<0.05)>0.05) decrease in serum ALP activity, significant (p<0.05) decrease in Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio and NADH methaemoglobin reductase activity. Findings from this study have revealed that zidovudine is hepatotoxic, increases the concentraton of ferric iron in the body thus imparing oxygen transport and also affects the erythrocyte membrane proteins adversely.
Hepatitis-B and C in Sickle Cell Hemoglobinopathies of Western Odisha, Indiainventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Interleukin16 and Interleukin 28B Genes Polymorphism in HBV Infected Saudi pa...iosrjce
The course of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is variable depending on many factors. In this study,
we investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms of interleukin-28B and interleukin-16 as possible host factors
which may determine the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Saudi patients. Chronic hepatitis B
(CHB) patients (75), HCC patients (42), and healthy controls (70) were analyzed for polymorphisms of the IL16
and IL28B genes using PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Results showed that HCC
and chronic HBV patients had higher prevalence of rs11556218TG genotype than controls. The rs11556218GG
genotype was higher among HCC (14.4%) compared to chronic HBV (2.7%) patients. The IL-16 genotype
rs4072111CT was higher among HCC (47.6%) and chronic HBV (46.7%) patients than controls (28.6%). The
rs4072111TT genotype was higher among HCC patients compared to the other two groups. The T allele
frequency was higher among HCC patients than controls. The CT and TT of the IL-28B rs12979860 genotype
were significantly less frequent in chronic HBV and HCC patients. The IL-28B rs8099917 TG genotype was
more frequent among HCC (19%) compared to chronic HBV (8%) patients. However, no significant difference
was detected in the allele distribution.
Investigation Of hs-CRP Of Non Diabetic, Non Smoking And Non Alcoholic In Mal...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Objective: To identify interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the common bile duct of Kunming mice.
Study Design: Common bile ducts obtained from the Kunming mice were prepared for immunohistochemical investigations using the c-kit antibody. Immunoelectron microscopy was used to detect the expression of c-kit in the ICC of the common bile duct. Transmission electron microscopy showed ultrastructure of ICC in the murine bile duct. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot were used to confirm the expression of mRNA specific for the c-kit gene and production of c-kit protein in the Kunming mice common bile duct.
Results: Immunohistochemistry revealed that ICC in the murine common bile duct are c-kit positive and the ICC are located in the tela submucosa and the tunica muscularis of the murine common bile duct and do not connect with each other. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the expression of Kit by ICC in the murine common bile duct. Transmission electron microscopy showed that ICC in the murine common bile duct have long processes, abundant mitochondria, plenty of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER), a lot of lysosomes, and dense bodies. The caveolae of ICC are distinctive. At the same time, RT-PCR indicated that the Kunming mice common bile duct expressed mRNA specific for the c-kit gene, and western blot analysis showed the evidence of production of c-kit protein in the Kunming mice common bile duct.
Conclusion: ICC are found in the Kunming mice common bile duct, which is likely to lead to the development of motility study of the common bile duct.
Keywords: common bile duct; electron microscopy; immuno-electron microscopy; interstitial cells of Cajal; intestines; smooth muscle; tyrosine kinase receptor (c-kit)
Objective: Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) leads to reactive oxygen species formation and cell death in kidney tissue with injury and organ transplantation. Simvastatin (SIM) is an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulant agent. Alterations in I/R-induced acute kidney injury model with SIM treatment were analyzed.
Study Design: Wistar rats (n=28) were grouped into Sham, Ischemia, I/R, and I/R+SIM treated. Left rat kidney renal vessels were clamped for 60 minutes for ischemia, and the I/R group had 6 hours of reperfusion. 10 mg/kg SIM was given orally for 28 days. MDA, GSH, and MPO were analyzed. Kidney tissues were paraffin embedded, and primary antibodies TNF-α and caspase-3 were applied for immunohistochemistry.
Results: In the I/R group, intense inflammatory cell infiltration around the vessels and necrosis in the glomerular structures were observed. In the treated group, proximal and distal tubular cells were found to be close to normal. Immunoexpression of caspase-3 in the ischemia group was positive in degenerative glomeruli. In the treated group, TNF-α expression was negative in the glomerular structures. MDA and MPO levels were significantly increased in ischemia and I/R.
Conclusion: We suggest that SIM treatment improved kidney tissue structure and function in a model of I/R injury.
Keywords: caspase-3; immunohistochemistry; ischemia/reperfusion; kidney; MPO; simvastatin
Effect of mow procedure on physiological and biochemical properties of blood ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
Objective: To investigate the changes in the retina due to deltamethrin toxicity and the process in cell inflammation and apoptosis.
Study Design: Sixteen Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into two groups as control (n=8) and deltamethrin (n=8) groups. Saline was given to the control group, and 0.5 mL of 5 mg/kg deltamethrin was given to the deltamethrin group for 14 days each. Blood was collected for biochemical analysis. Retinal tissue was processed for histological examination.
Results: Compared to the control group, MDA levels were high while GSH and CAT levels were low in the deltamethrin group. Histopathological analysis showed spaces between the pigment epithelium, irregularity in the delimiting membrane, degenerated ganglion, cone and bacillus cell, pyknotic nuclei, thinned inner limitation membrane, and thickened vascular wall. The control group showed FAS expression in the pigment layer limiting membranes, in the nuclei of many cone and bacillus cells, and ganglion cells in the control group sections. In the deltamethrin group, FAS expression was observed in the inner and outer limiting membranes of the pigment epithelium, cone and bacillus cells, and ganglion cell nuclei. In the control group, negative NOS expression in the pigment epithelium and outer limiting membranes, internal limitation membrane, and ganglion cells in the cone and bacillus cell nuclei were observed. In the deltamethrin group, NOS expression was positive in the pigment epithelium, cone and bacillus, and ganglion cell nuclei.
Conclusion: We suggest that deltamethrin toxicity induced apoptotic process due to increased inflammation in the retina and may cause visual impairment as a result of neural damage.
Keywords: deltamethrin, FAS, insecticides, NOS, nitric oxide synthase, retina
Src jbbr-20-120 Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL M...dr.Ihsan alsaimary
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial effects of 4 different cavity disinfectants on Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Enterococcus faecalis bacteria in different time periods.
Study Design: The antibacterial effects of Cavity Cleanser, Tubulicid Red Label, Chloraxid 2%, and Oxygenated Water cavity disinfectant solutions on E. faecalis (ATCC 29212), S. mutans (ATCC 25175), and L. acidophilus (RSKK 03037) bacterial strains were evaluated by disk diffusion method. In the study where vancomycin antibiogram disc constituted the positive control group, physiological saline solution was used as the negative control group. Standard, sterile, blank antibiogram discs of 5 mm in diameter, in which 15 μL of each material were added, were placed on agar plates at 2.5–3 cm intervals. The inhibition zone diameters formed around the discs that were left to incubate for 24–48 hours at 37°C were measured in millimeters. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using one-way analysis of variance, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene, and Bonferroni tests.
Results: At the end of the study the solutions tested showed a statistically significant antibacterial effect on all bacterial strains used (p<0.05). Cavity Cleanser disinfectant containing 2% chlorhexidine showed the highest antibacterial effect on S. mutans and L. acidophilus, and benzalkonium-containing Tubulicid Red disinfectant on E. faecalis.
Conclusion: The antibacterial effect of all cavity disinfectants used in the study was found to be higher at the end of the 48th hour than at the end of the 24th hour, but there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05).
Keywords: antibacterial agents; antibacterial effect; cavity disinfectants; chlorhexidine; contamination; dental caries; disinfection; disc diffusion; gram-negative bacteria; gram-positive bacteria
Data mining visualization to support biochemical markers for liver fibrosis i...Waqas Tariq
The reference diagnostic test to detect fibrosis is liver biopsy (LB), a procedure subject to various limitations, including risk of patient injury and sampling error. FibroTest (FT) and ActiTest (AT) are biochemical markers (noninvasive tests) used in determining the level of fibrosis and the degree of necroinflammatory activity in the liver. The objective of this work is to discover the differences in the temporal patterns between noninvasive tests and liver biopsy by visualization tools, which made it easier to understand the relations of the complicated rules. This Study ware focused on the major serum fibrosis markers (FT/AT). The test uses a combination of serum biochemical markers with visualization technique to evaluate whether biochemical markers can be used to estimate the stage of liver fibrosis and necro-inflammatory activity in the liver.
Search for atoxic cereals: a single blind, cross-over study on the safety of...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Cereals of baking quality with absent or reduced toxicity are actively sought as alternative therapy to a gluten-free diet (GFD) for patients with coeliac disease (CD). Triticum monococcum, an ancient wheat, is a potential candidate having no toxicity in in-vitro and exvivo studies. The aim of our study was to investigate on the safety of administration of a single dose of gluten of Tm in patients with CD on GFD.
Study of Glutathione Peroxidase GPX Activity Among Betel Quid Chewers of Indi...ijtsrd
"Introduction Betel quid BQ chewing, a habit practiced in Eastern and North Eastern part of India, has known to be associated with cancer of the oral or buccal cavity. BQ is also one of the common mood elevating substances among Indian population. The BQ is a mixture of areca nut Areca catechu , catechu Acacia catechu and slaked lime calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide wrapped in a betel leaf Piper betel .BQ products have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC as group I human carcinogens . Glutathione peroxidise GPx , one of the major enzymatic antioxidant defence system, responsible for scavenging free radicals. Antioxidant enzymes catalyze decomposition of ROS. Overall balance between production and removal of ROS may be more important in various cancers including OSCC Oral squamous cell carcinoma or oral cancer. Methods In this study subjects were screened from Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery andE.N.T. of Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan Hospital RKMSP , Kolkata and different areas of West Bengal and North Eastern states of India. Quantitative in vitro determination of glutathione peroxidase activities in whole blood were estimated manually with 0.05 ml whole blood. The samples were assayed by UV Visible Spectrophotometer SPECORD 50 PLUS at a wavelength of 340nm. Results Most of the subjects had betel quid chewing habit. Glutathione peroxidase values are higher in healthy control than Cancer cases and Pre cancer with betel quid chewing habit, which is statistically significant. Conclusion Reactive oxygen species are generated due to slaked lime, one of the important constituents of betel quid which can modulate the oral pathology and promote carcinogenesis. Aniket Adhikari | Madhusnata De ""Study of Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) Activity Among Betel Quid Chewers of Indian Population"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21619.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/21619/study-of-glutathione-peroxidase-gpx-activity-among-betel-quid-chewers-of-indian-population/aniket-adhikari"
Whitney Stuart - Infection with PRRSV Affects Body Protein Deposition and Alt...John Blue
Infection with PRRSV Affects Body Protein Deposition and Alters Amino Acid Metabolism in Growing Pigs - Whitney Stuart, Texas Tech University, from the 2016 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 17-20, 2016, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-leman-swine-conference-material
Objective: Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) leads to reactive oxygen species formation and cell death in kidney tissue with injury and organ transplantation. Simvastatin (SIM) is an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulant agent. Alterations in I/R-induced acute kidney injury model with SIM treatment were analyzed.
Study Design: Wistar rats (n=28) were grouped into Sham, Ischemia, I/R, and I/R+SIM treated. Left rat kidney renal vessels were clamped for 60 minutes for ischemia, and the I/R group had 6 hours of reperfusion. 10 mg/kg SIM was given orally for 28 days. MDA, GSH, and MPO were analyzed. Kidney tissues were paraffin embedded, and primary antibodies TNF-α and caspase-3 were applied for immunohistochemistry.
Results: In the I/R group, intense inflammatory cell infiltration around the vessels and necrosis in the glomerular structures were observed. In the treated group, proximal and distal tubular cells were found to be close to normal. Immunoexpression of caspase-3 in the ischemia group was positive in degenerative glomeruli. In the treated group, TNF-α expression was negative in the glomerular structures. MDA and MPO levels were significantly increased in ischemia and I/R.
Conclusion: We suggest that SIM treatment improved kidney tissue structure and function in a model of I/R injury.
Keywords: caspase-3; immunohistochemistry; ischemia/reperfusion; kidney; MPO; simvastatin
Effect of mow procedure on physiological and biochemical properties of blood ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
Objective: To investigate the changes in the retina due to deltamethrin toxicity and the process in cell inflammation and apoptosis.
Study Design: Sixteen Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into two groups as control (n=8) and deltamethrin (n=8) groups. Saline was given to the control group, and 0.5 mL of 5 mg/kg deltamethrin was given to the deltamethrin group for 14 days each. Blood was collected for biochemical analysis. Retinal tissue was processed for histological examination.
Results: Compared to the control group, MDA levels were high while GSH and CAT levels were low in the deltamethrin group. Histopathological analysis showed spaces between the pigment epithelium, irregularity in the delimiting membrane, degenerated ganglion, cone and bacillus cell, pyknotic nuclei, thinned inner limitation membrane, and thickened vascular wall. The control group showed FAS expression in the pigment layer limiting membranes, in the nuclei of many cone and bacillus cells, and ganglion cells in the control group sections. In the deltamethrin group, FAS expression was observed in the inner and outer limiting membranes of the pigment epithelium, cone and bacillus cells, and ganglion cell nuclei. In the control group, negative NOS expression in the pigment epithelium and outer limiting membranes, internal limitation membrane, and ganglion cells in the cone and bacillus cell nuclei were observed. In the deltamethrin group, NOS expression was positive in the pigment epithelium, cone and bacillus, and ganglion cell nuclei.
Conclusion: We suggest that deltamethrin toxicity induced apoptotic process due to increased inflammation in the retina and may cause visual impairment as a result of neural damage.
Keywords: deltamethrin, FAS, insecticides, NOS, nitric oxide synthase, retina
Src jbbr-20-120 Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL M...dr.Ihsan alsaimary
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial effects of 4 different cavity disinfectants on Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Enterococcus faecalis bacteria in different time periods.
Study Design: The antibacterial effects of Cavity Cleanser, Tubulicid Red Label, Chloraxid 2%, and Oxygenated Water cavity disinfectant solutions on E. faecalis (ATCC 29212), S. mutans (ATCC 25175), and L. acidophilus (RSKK 03037) bacterial strains were evaluated by disk diffusion method. In the study where vancomycin antibiogram disc constituted the positive control group, physiological saline solution was used as the negative control group. Standard, sterile, blank antibiogram discs of 5 mm in diameter, in which 15 μL of each material were added, were placed on agar plates at 2.5–3 cm intervals. The inhibition zone diameters formed around the discs that were left to incubate for 24–48 hours at 37°C were measured in millimeters. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using one-way analysis of variance, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene, and Bonferroni tests.
Results: At the end of the study the solutions tested showed a statistically significant antibacterial effect on all bacterial strains used (p<0.05). Cavity Cleanser disinfectant containing 2% chlorhexidine showed the highest antibacterial effect on S. mutans and L. acidophilus, and benzalkonium-containing Tubulicid Red disinfectant on E. faecalis.
Conclusion: The antibacterial effect of all cavity disinfectants used in the study was found to be higher at the end of the 48th hour than at the end of the 24th hour, but there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05).
Keywords: antibacterial agents; antibacterial effect; cavity disinfectants; chlorhexidine; contamination; dental caries; disinfection; disc diffusion; gram-negative bacteria; gram-positive bacteria
Data mining visualization to support biochemical markers for liver fibrosis i...Waqas Tariq
The reference diagnostic test to detect fibrosis is liver biopsy (LB), a procedure subject to various limitations, including risk of patient injury and sampling error. FibroTest (FT) and ActiTest (AT) are biochemical markers (noninvasive tests) used in determining the level of fibrosis and the degree of necroinflammatory activity in the liver. The objective of this work is to discover the differences in the temporal patterns between noninvasive tests and liver biopsy by visualization tools, which made it easier to understand the relations of the complicated rules. This Study ware focused on the major serum fibrosis markers (FT/AT). The test uses a combination of serum biochemical markers with visualization technique to evaluate whether biochemical markers can be used to estimate the stage of liver fibrosis and necro-inflammatory activity in the liver.
Search for atoxic cereals: a single blind, cross-over study on the safety of...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Cereals of baking quality with absent or reduced toxicity are actively sought as alternative therapy to a gluten-free diet (GFD) for patients with coeliac disease (CD). Triticum monococcum, an ancient wheat, is a potential candidate having no toxicity in in-vitro and exvivo studies. The aim of our study was to investigate on the safety of administration of a single dose of gluten of Tm in patients with CD on GFD.
Study of Glutathione Peroxidase GPX Activity Among Betel Quid Chewers of Indi...ijtsrd
"Introduction Betel quid BQ chewing, a habit practiced in Eastern and North Eastern part of India, has known to be associated with cancer of the oral or buccal cavity. BQ is also one of the common mood elevating substances among Indian population. The BQ is a mixture of areca nut Areca catechu , catechu Acacia catechu and slaked lime calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide wrapped in a betel leaf Piper betel .BQ products have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC as group I human carcinogens . Glutathione peroxidise GPx , one of the major enzymatic antioxidant defence system, responsible for scavenging free radicals. Antioxidant enzymes catalyze decomposition of ROS. Overall balance between production and removal of ROS may be more important in various cancers including OSCC Oral squamous cell carcinoma or oral cancer. Methods In this study subjects were screened from Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery andE.N.T. of Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan Hospital RKMSP , Kolkata and different areas of West Bengal and North Eastern states of India. Quantitative in vitro determination of glutathione peroxidase activities in whole blood were estimated manually with 0.05 ml whole blood. The samples were assayed by UV Visible Spectrophotometer SPECORD 50 PLUS at a wavelength of 340nm. Results Most of the subjects had betel quid chewing habit. Glutathione peroxidase values are higher in healthy control than Cancer cases and Pre cancer with betel quid chewing habit, which is statistically significant. Conclusion Reactive oxygen species are generated due to slaked lime, one of the important constituents of betel quid which can modulate the oral pathology and promote carcinogenesis. Aniket Adhikari | Madhusnata De ""Study of Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) Activity Among Betel Quid Chewers of Indian Population"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21619.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/21619/study-of-glutathione-peroxidase-gpx-activity-among-betel-quid-chewers-of-indian-population/aniket-adhikari"
Whitney Stuart - Infection with PRRSV Affects Body Protein Deposition and Alt...John Blue
Infection with PRRSV Affects Body Protein Deposition and Alters Amino Acid Metabolism in Growing Pigs - Whitney Stuart, Texas Tech University, from the 2016 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 17-20, 2016, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-leman-swine-conference-material
The study to measure the level of serum annexin V in patients with renal hype...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT : Renovascular hypertension reflects the causal relation between anatomically evident arterial occlusive disease and elevated blood pressure. The coexistence of renal arterial vascular disease and hypertension roughly defines this type of nonessential hypertension. The aim of this study was to measure the level of serum Anti-Annexin V antibodies in patients with renal hypertension. Methods. This study was conducted on 115 patients, diagnosed with renal hypertension and hypertension. Informed consents were obtained from the patients and the study was approved by the Kharkiv National Medical University ethics committee. Ten healthy age and sex matched volunteers were included as a control group. All patients and controls were subjected to the following full history taking and thorough clinical examination. Routine laboratory testing included a complete blood count, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and kidney function tests (blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine). Immunological tests for antinuclear antibody (ANA) and anticentromere antibodies (ACA) was performed by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. AntiScl-70 (anti-topoisomerase antibodies) and anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA: IgG and IgM) were tested using the ELISA technique. The anti-annexin V antibodies titre used the ZYMUTEST anti-Annexin IgG ELISA kit. [Hyphen-BioMed, France.]: to measure the IgG isotype of auto-antibodies to annexin V in human serum. Results. Anti-annexin V antibodies were present in 75% of patients (mean 83.46 ± 22.44 AU/mL) vs. 0% in the controls (mean 3.94 ± 4.5 AU/mL). Comparison between patients and controls as regards levels of anti-annexin V showed a highly significant difference (P < 0.001). Furthermore, correlation of anti-annexin V titres with the disease activity score in the patient group showed a statistically significant positive correlation (r = 0.51, P < 0.05).In addition, the anti-annexin V antibody titres in this study showed a highly significant positive correlation with ACL antibodies (r = 0.74, P < 0.001). Patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) have been known to have a higher frequency of anti-annexin V antibodies, and thrombotic events have been reported more frequently in patients with positive anti-annexin V antibodies. Furthermore, inhibition of annexin V binding to negatively charged phospholipids may be an additional pathogenic mechanism of APS.
Red Blood Cell Lipids, Serum Trace Elements and Immunological Markers in Pros...ijtsrd
Aim In this study, the red cell lipids, serum trace elements and immunological markers in prostatic disease patients attending the Nephrology Department of Abia state University Teaching Hospital Aba were evaluated.METHODOLOGY A total of one hundred and ten 110 adult males aged 40 80years comprising of 60 prostatic disease patients and fifty 50 normal subjects were recruited. The prostatic disease patients comprised of thirty 30 prostatitis, twenty 20 benign prostatic hyperplasia BPH and ten 10 prostate cancer patients. Red cell lipids, trace elements and immunological markers were determined on blood samples collected from the subjects between January 2017 and December 2020.RESULTS Results obtained following analysis indicated a significant increase in red cell total cholesterol, red cell LDL cholesterol, red cell Triglyceride and red cell phospholipids P 0.05 compared to control subjects whereas red cell HDL cholesterol were significantly decreased compared to control subjects P 0.05 serum trace elements copper were significantly decreased in prostatitis and BPH compared to control subjects P 0.05 but no significant decrease in prostate cancer patients compared to control subjects P 0.05 . Serum iron and lead showed no significant difference in prostatic patients compared to control subjects. Serum manganese levels showed significant increase in BPH patients compared to control subjects P 0.05 whereas prostatitis and prostate cancer patients showed no significant decrease P 0.05 compared to control subjects. Globulin concentrations of prostatatic patients did not show significant increase in prostatic disease patients compared to control subjects P 0.05 .CONCLUSION Lipids serves as a promoter of peroxidation, oxidative stress and oxidative damage which has been implicated in many diseases and immunological markers is an evidence of inflammation which is evidence and risk factors in development of prostatic diseases. Agbugba. N. Agnes | Ohaeri. O. Christopher | Ijioma. N. Solomon | R. T. Uroko | Onyeabo Chimaroke | Achi. K. Ngozi | Nwaokorie Ernest A. "Red Blood Cell Lipids, Serum Trace Elements and Immunological Markers in Prostatic Disease Patients: An Investigative Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49441.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/49441/red-blood-cell-lipids-serum-trace-elements-and-immunological-markers-in-prostatic-disease-patients-an-investigative-study/agbugba-n-agnes
ABSTRACT- Enteric fever is a major public health problem in developing countries like India. An early and accurate diagnosis is necessary for a
prompt and effective treatment. We have evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of ENTEROSCREEN-WBTM as compared to Widal test in rapid and early
diagnosis of enteric fever. A total of 145 patients serum samples were tested by Rapid ENTEROSCREEN-WBTM and Widal test including clinically
suspected cases of enteric fever of all age groups. Vaccinated individuals, patients on antibiotic therapy, patients who have other associated conditions,
patients suffering from fever due to non-enteric etiology & non consent patients were excluded. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive
predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of ENTEROSCREEN-WBTM considering Widal test as gold standard were 50% and
96%, 66.66% and 92.30% respectively. ENTEROSCREEN-WBTM was found to be significantly more specific. Although the Rapid ENTEROSCREEN-
WBTM tests are meant to diagnose of S. typhi. Ten patients who were ENTEROSCREEN-WBTM positive for S. typhi were also positive by
Widal test.
Key words- Enteric fever, Rapid ENTEROSCREEN-WBTM, Non-enteric etiology, S. typhi, Widal test
Information about diagnostic methods and techniques for tuberculosis including microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, mycobacterial culture, molecular techniques (line probe assay, Xpert MTB/RIF), interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) and tuberculin skin test (TST)
The Evaluation of the Speed-Oligo® Mycobacteria Assay for Identification of M...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
The Evaluation of the Speed-Oligo® Mycobacteria Assay for Identification of Mycobacterium spp. from Smear Positive and Negative Sputum Samples by Gülnur Tarhan in ohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) In Iraqiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The Coagulation Profile Monitoring of COVID-19 Patients with Standard and Vis...semualkaira
Coagulation disorders during COVID-19 infection are associated with poor prognosis and disease severity,
because two processes that interfere each other are thrombosis
and inflammation. Very important issue for clinicians is timely
and adequate hemostasis and inflammation monitoring in order to
prevent and treat potentially letal consequences.
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
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1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
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1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
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3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
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A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
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Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
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Assessment of some cardiac biomarkers in adult hiv
1. Chemistry and Materials Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online)
Vol.6 No.7, 2014
8
Assessment of Some Cardiac Biomarkers in Adult HIV
Seropositives in Nnewi, Nigeria.
Ifeoma Priscilla Ezeugwunne 1*
, Charles Chinedu Onyenekwe 2
, Joseph Ebere Ahaneku 2
, Gladys Ahaneku 4
,
Martins Ifeanyichukwu 3
, Samuel Chukwuemeka Meludu 1
, Rebecca Chinyere Chukwuanukwu3
, Wuraola Serah
Nnaemeka1
, Okwara John Ekenedirichukwu2
,Okwudiri Nnadozie5
,Christian Ejike Onah5
.
1. Department of Human Biochemistry; College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi,
Nigeria.
2. Department of Chemical Pathology; College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria.
3. Department of Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria.
4. Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria.
5. Department of Chemical Pathology; Nnamdi Azikiwe University teachim
Nh Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria.
* Corresponding author, E-mail: goodnessifeoma007@yahoo.com
The research is financed by Tertiary Educational Trust Fund (TETFUND), Nigeria.
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with increased of developing heart disease.
Information on cardiac status in HIV infected in Nigerians is lacking. We assessed the impact of HIV infection
on serum Myoglobin, Troponin, total CK, CK-MB, LDH and AST of HIV infected adults presenting at Nnamdi
Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi, Anambra State.
The aim of this study is to determine some cardiac biomarkers in adult HIV seropositive participants, blood
samples collected from the 300 randomly recruited participants were used for HIV screening, CD4+
T cell count,
serum Myoglobin, Troponin, total CK, CK-MB, LDH and AST. Standard Laboratory methods were used for the
analysis. The results showed that the mean serum Myoglobin and Troponin levels were significantly higher in
symptomatic HIV participants not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) compared with asymptomatic HIV
participants at P< 0.05, in each case. Also, the mean serum Myoglobin and Troponin levels were significantly
higher in symptomatic HIV participants not on ART compared with HIV asymptomatic HIV participants at
P<0.05 in each case. Again, the mean serum total Creatine kinase, CK-MB, LDH and AST were significantly
higher in symptomatic HIV participants not on ART compared with asymptomatic HIV participants at P<0.05
respectively. Similarly, the mean serum total Creatine kinase, CK-MB, LDH and AST were significantly higher
in symptomatic HIV participants not on ART compared with HIV seronegative control subjects at P<0.05 in
each case. Once again, the mean serum total Creatine kinase, CK-MB and AST were significantly higher in
asymptomatic HIV participants compared with HIV seronegative control subjects at P<0.05 respectively.
Increased levels of some cardiac markers were seen in HIV infected participants.
Keywords: HIV, cardiac markers, participants.
1 Introduction
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus that breaks down the body’s immune system, infects
CD4 lymphocytes, depletes them and gradually leads to Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) which is
a fatal illness (Rasool et al, 2008). Infection with HIV leads to a progressive impairment of cellular functions,
which is characterized by a gradual decline in blood CD4+
T cell counts thereby predisposes the individual to a
wide variety of opportunistic bacterial, fungal, viral, protozoal infections and cancerous growth (Khiangte et al,
2007).
Reports have it that individuals infected with HIV have increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases
(Sudano et al, 2006) such as pericarditis (Sudano et al, 2006), endocarditis (Miro et al, 2003). There are some
cardiac biomarkers used for measuring heart function especially in heart diseases (Vasadevan et al, 2011).
In this study, cardiac protein markers such as Myoglobin, Troponin and cardiac enzyme markers such as total
CK, CK-MB, LDH and AST were used to evaluate the cardiac function of adult HIV seropositives in Nnewi.
2. Chemistry and Materials Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online)
Vol.6 No.7, 2014
9
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Subjects
The study was conducted in Nnamdi Azikiwe University (NAUTH), Nnewi in Anambra state, South East
Nigeria. Three hundred subjects were randomly recruited for this study. Using the World Health Organization
(6), staging for HIV as a guide, the participants were grouped, comprising of 100 symptomatic HIV subjects on
ART, 100 symptomatic HIV subjects not on ART and 100 (male = 49; female = 51) HIV seronegative control
subjects. These participants have no history of any disease which was obtained using questionnaire and they
were randomly recruited from the voluntary and counseling unit (VCT) of NAUTH. Ethical approval was sorted
and obtained from the NAUTH ethics committee and informed consent was obtained from the participants.
2.2 Sample collection
Six milliliter (6 ml) of fasting blood samples were collected from all the participants in this study. 2ml of
blood samples were collected into EDTA sample tubes for HIV screening and CD4+ T cell count. The remaining
4 ml of blood sample were collected into plain tube and allowed to clot, centrifuged, the serum separated and
analyzed for serum Myoglobin, Troponin, CK, CK-MB, LDH and AST levels.
2.3 Quality control measures
Quality control sera were run along test in each batch of analysis these were compared with the reference
values of the control sera. Standard deviation and coefficient of variation were calculated on them.
2.4 Methods of assaying
2.4.1 Determination of Antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2 in Human plasma.
Procedure
Two different methods were used, namely, Abbott determine TM HIV -1 and HIV-2 kit, which is an in-vitro
visually read immunoassay (Abbott Japan Co.Ltd.Tokyo, Japan) and HIV-1 and 2 STAT-PAK Assay kit, which
is an Immunochromatographic test for the quantitative detection of antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2 in Human
plasma (CHEMBIO Diagnostic system, Inc, New York, USA). For the Abbott determine TM HIV -1 and HIV-2
kit, the procedure described by the manufacturer was used for the analysis. Briefly, 50 μl of participant serum
samples separated from the corresponding whole blood samples in EDTA were applied to the appropriately
labeled sample pad. After 15 minutes but not more than 60 minutes of sample application, the result was read.
This method has inherent quality control that validates the results. For the Immunochromatographic method for
HIV -1 and HIV-2, the procedure described by the manufacturer was used for the analysis. In brief, 5 ml of
participant’s plasma was dispensed into the sample well in the appropriately labeled sample pad. Three drops of
the buffer supplied by the manufacturer was added into the appropriately labeled sample pad. The results of the
test were read at 10 minutes after the addition of the running buffer. This method has inherent quality control and
validates the results.
2.4.2 Determination of CD4+
T cells counts by CyFlows SL-Green
Procedure
200 ml EDTA whole blood was collected into PARTEC test tubes (Rohren tube). Then 20 µl of CD4+
T
antibody was added into the tube. The contents was mixed and incubated in the dark for15 minutes at room
temperature. 800 ml of CD4 buffer was added into the mixture and mixed gently. Then the Partec tube was
plugged on the Cyflow counter and the CD4+
T cells were displayed as peaks and interpreted as figures.
2.4.3 Quantitative determination of Troponin I (cTnI) in human sera
.
Standard cTn1 Calibration Curve.
Calibration curve was prepared by the method as described by the manufacturer (Life Sciences Advanced
Technologies, Inc, USA). The following concentrations of standards of cTn1 were provided: 0 ng/ml, 2 ng/ml,
7.5 ng/ml, 30 ng/ml and 75 ng/ml. Each standard was treated in the same procedure as described for the test
sample. A standard calibrate curve was prepared by plotting concentrations (ng/ml) of these standards against
their absorbances.
Procedure
The procedure was as described by the manufacturer (Life Sciences Advanced Technologies, Inc, USA). 100
µl of standards, specimens and controls were dispensed into appropriates microtiter wells. 100 µl enzyme
3. Chemistry and Materials Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online)
Vol.6 No.7, 2014
10
conjugate reagent was dispensed into each well, gently mixed for 30 seconds and incubated at room temperature
for 90 minutes. The incubation mixture was emptied into a sink, rinsed 5 times with deionized water and the
residual water droplet absorbed with absorbent paper. Then, 100 µl of tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) reagent was
added into each well, gently mixed for 10 secs and allowed to developed colour at room temperature for 20
minutes. The reaction was stopped by the addition of 100 µl hydrochloric acid into each well and gently mixed
for 30 seconds.
The absorbance of the standard and test were read within 15 minutes of performing the analysis, after zeroing
the machine with blank at 450nm wavelength using spectrophotometer. The concentrations of cTn1 in specimens
were extrapolated from the graph.
2.4.4 Quantitative determination of Myoglobin in human sera
Standard myoglobin Calibration Curve.
Calibration curve was prepared by the method as described by the manufacturer (Life Sciences Advanced
Technologies, Inc, USA). The following concentrations of standards of myoglobin were provided and they were
prediluted 10 fold: 0 ng/ml, 25 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml, 250 ng/ml, 500 n/g and 1000 ng/ml. Each standard was treated
in the same procedure as described for the test sample. A standard calibrate curve was prepared by plotting
concentrations (ng/ml) of these standards against their absorbances.
Procedure
The procedure was as described by the manufacturer (Life Sciences Advanced Technologies, Inc, USA). 20
µl of already 10 fold diluted standards, 10 fold diluted specimen and 10 fold diluted controls was dispensed into
appropriates microtiter wells. 200 µl enzyme conjugate reagent was dispensed into each well, gently mixed for
30 seconds and incubated at room temperature for 45 minutes. The incubation mixture was emptied into a sink,
rinsed 5 times with deionized water and the residual water droplet absorbed with absorbent paper. Then, 100 µl
of tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) reagent was added into each well, gently mixed for 5 seconds and allowed to
developed colour at room temperature for 20 minutes. The reaction was stopped by the addition of 100 µl
hydrochloric acid into each well and gently mixed for 30 seconds.
The absorbance of the standard and test were read within 15 minutes after zeroing the machine with blank at
450 nm wavelength using spectrophotometer. The concentrations of myoglobin in specimens were extrapolated
from the graph.
2.4.5 Quantitative determination of total Creatine kinase (CK) in Human sera
Procedure
The procedure was as described by the manufacturer (Agappe Diagnostics, Switzerland). 100 µl of standards,
specimens and controls were dispensed into appropriates test-tubes. 1000 µl of working reagent (D-glucose 125
mmol/L, N-Acetyl-L-cysteine 25 mmol/L, magnesium acetate, 12.5 mmol/L, NADP 2.4 mmol/L, EDTA 2
mmol/L, Hexokinase > 6800 U/L, creatine phosphate 250 mmol/L, ADP 15.2 mmol/L, AMP, 25 mmol/L,
Diadenosine pentaphosphate 103 mmol/L, G-6-PDH > 8800 U/L) were dispensed into each test-tube
respectively, gently mixed and incubated at 37 o
C for 1 minute. The change in absorbance per minute was
measured within 3 minutes at 340 nm.
Calculation:
Creatine kinase Activity (U/L) = (▲OD/ 3 minutes) x 4127.
2.4.6 Quantitative determination of Creatine kinase (CK)- MB in Human sera
Procedure
The procedure was as described by the manufacturer (Agappe Diagnostics, Switzerland). 40 µl of standards,
specimens and controls were dispensed into appropriates test-tubes. 1000 µl of working reagent (imidazole (pH
6.7), 125 mmol/L, D-glucose 25 mmol/L, N-Acetyl-L-cysteine 25 mmol/L, magnesium acetate, 12.5 mmol/L,
NADP 2.52 mmol/L, EDTA 2.02 mmol/L, Hexokinase > 6800 U/L, creatine phosphate 250 mmol/L, ADP 15.2
mmol/L, AMP, 25 mmol/L, Diadenosine pentaphosphate 103 mmol/L, G-6-PDH > 8800 U/L) were dispensed
into each test-tube respectively, gently mixed and incubated at 37 o
C for 100 seconds. The change in absorbance
per minute was measured within 3 minutes at 340 nm.
4. Chemistry and Materials Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online)
Vol.6 No.7, 2014
11
Calculation:
Creatine kinase –MB Activity (U/L) = (▲OD/ 3 minute) x 8254.
2.4.7 Quantitative determination of Aspartate amino transferase (AST).
Procedure
The procedure was as described by the manufacturer (Agappe Diagnostics, Switzerland). 100 µl of standards,
specimens and controls were dispensed into appropriates test-tubes. 1000 µl of working reagent (Tris buffer, 88
mmol/L, L-aspartate, 260 mmol/L, MDH, > 600 U/L, LDH > 900 U/L, NADH, 0.20 mmol/l, α- ketoglutarate
12 mmol/L)) were dispensed into each test-tube respectively, gently mixed and incubated at 37 o
C for 100
seconds. The change in absorbance per minute was measured within 3 minutes at 340 nm.
Calculation:
AST Activity (U/L) = (▲OD/ 3 minutes) x 1768
2.4.8 Quantitative determination serum lactate dehydrogenase
Procedure
The procedure was as described by the manufacturer (Agappe Diagnostics, Switzerland). 10 µl of standards,
specimens and controls were dispensed into appropriates test-tubes. 1000 µl of working reagent (Tris buffer, 80
mmol/L, pyruvate 1.6 mmol/L, sodium chloride, 200 mmol/L NADH, 240 mmol/L) were dispensed into each
test-tube respectively, gently mixed and incubated at 37 o
C for 1 minute. The change in absorbance per minute
was measured within 3 minutes at 340 nm.
Calculation:
LDH Activity (U/L) = (▲OD/ 3 minutes) x 16030.
2.5 Data analysis
The result of the analysis was statistically analyzed. Students’t-test and one way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) were used to compare means. The analyses were performed with the use of Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical software package, version 16.0. P <0.05 is considered statistically significant.
3. Results
The mean serum Myoglobin and Troponin I (ng/mL) levels were significant different amongst the groups at P
= 0.000 (F = 40.18 and 709.44) respectively.
Between group comparison showed that the mean serum Myoglobin and Troponin I levels were significantly
higher in symptomatic HIV infected subjects not on ART compared with asymptomatic HIV individuals
(P<0.05, in each case).
Also, the mean serum Myoglobin and Troponin I levels were significantly higher in symptomatic HIV
infected subjects not on ART compared with HIV seronegative control subjects (P<0.05, in each case).
Similarly, the mean serum Myoglobin and Troponin I levels were significantly higher in asymptomatic HIV
infected subjects compared with HIV seronegative control subjects (P<0.05, in each case).
However, the CD4+ T cell counts was significantly lower between symptomatic HIV infected subjects not on
ART compared with asymptomatic HIV infected subjects, between symptomatic HIV infected subjects not on
ART compared with HIV seronegative control subjects and between asymptomatic HIV infected subjects
compared with HIV seronegative control subjects (P<0.05, in each case)
The mean serum activities of total CK, CK-MB, LDH and AST (IU/L) levels were significant different
amongst the groups at P = 0.000 (F = 96.98; 245.89, 294.54.60 and 75.65) respectively.
5. Chemistry and Materials Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online)
Vol.6 No.7, 2014
12
Between group comparison showed that the mean serum activities of total CK, CK-MB, LDH and AST levels
were significantly higher in symptomatic HIV infected subjects not on ART compared with asymptomatic HIV
infected subjects at p<0.05 respectively.
Also, between group comparison showed that the mean serum activities of total CK, CK-MB, LDH and AST
levels were significantly higher in symptomatic HIV infected subjects not on ART compared with HIV
seronegative subjects (p<0.05, in each case).
Similarly, the mean serum activities of total CK, CK-MB and AST levels were significantly higher in
asymptomatic HIV infected subjects compared with HIV seronegative subjects (p<0.05, respectively). But the
mean serum activity of LDL was the same in asymptomatic HIV infected subjects compared with HIV
seronegative subjects p>0.05. (See table1).
Table 1: Comparison of mean ± SD serum levels of Cardiac markers in symptomatic HIV infected subjects on
ART (A), not on ART (B) and (C) control group (D).
Group Myoglobin
(ng/mL)
Troponin
(ng/mL)
Ck
(IU/L)
CK-MB
(IU/L)
LDH
( IU/L)
AST
( IU/L)
CD4
(/Ml)
A (n=100)
60.40±
32.87
1.60 ±
0.25
122.50
±17.59
13.96±
4.35
187.22±
25.25
31.63±
9.28 374.78± 121.59
B
(n=100)
41.43±
13.74
0.66 ±
0.16
102.28 ±
16.79
4.88±
1.64
157.12
±25.25
20.23±
8.64 437.20 ±129.75
C (n=100)
30.12±
15.03
0.03 ±
0.16
60.84±
28.32
2.51±
1.51
155.20
±23.42
12.27±
5.57 940.64± 148.85
F(p)-value
40.18
(.000)
709.44
(.000)
96.98
(.000)
245.89
(.000)
294.54
(.000)
75.65
(.000)
216.22
(.000)
A v B <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
A v C <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
B v C <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 >0.05 <0.05 <0.05
Key:
F (p) value = mean ± SD of parameter compared among groups A, B, C and D (using ANOVA).
A V B p value = mean ± SD of parameter compared between group B and C (using t-test).
A V C p value = mean ± SD of parameter compared between group B and D (using t-test).
B V C p value = mean ± SD of parameter compared between group C and D (using t-test).
4. Discussion
In this study, the serum level of Myoglobin, Troponin and serum activities of total CK, CK-MB, LDH and
AST were significantly higher in HIV positive individuals. Generally, the increases in the levels of both cardiac
proteins and cardiac enzymes were more marked in symptomatic HIV individuals not on ART. Researchers have
reported that the increased risk of developing heart disease in HIV individuals may be due to the direct effects of
the human virus on the heart (Malnick and Goland, 1998), the chronic inflammatory effect of the virus itself on
the myocardium (Lewis, 2000, Aberg, 2009) and the presence of autoantibodies (Malnick and Goland, 1998).
Also, individuals infected with HIV have been linked with heart problem such as pericarditis (Sudano et al,
2006) and endocarditis (Miro et al, 2003).
6. Chemistry and Materials Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online)
Vol.6 No.7, 2014
13
In a study, myocardial infarction was observed in HIV subjects (Carr, 2000; Behrens and Schmidt 2005). In
another study, Friis et al (2003) shows that old age, current or former smoking, previous cardiovascular diseases
were associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction.
5. Conclusion
In this study, we conclude that the serum levels of Myoglobin, Tropinin I and serum activities of total
Creatine, Creatine -MB, Lactate Dehydrogenase and Aspartate amino transferase were significantly increased in
adult symptomatic HIV positive subjects. Again, the blood level of CD4+ T cell counts were significantly
reduced in adult symptomatic HIV positive subjects. This discovery suggests possible impairment of cardiac
function which may lead to cardiovascular disorder in HIV infection, therefore, the study suggests that the
prediction of severity and monitoring of disease could be done by evaluating the CD4+ T cell counts,
Myoglobin, Tropinin I, total Creatine, Creatine -MB, Lactate Dehydrogenase and Aspartate amino transferase in
HIV infected individuals. Therefore, it is necessary to include these cardiac markers as part of routine tests for
evaluating the cardiac function of people infected with HIV and malaria. Identification of these biomarkers in
these individuals will afford more precise and specific tool for early detection, better treatment, better
management and follow-up.
References
1. Rasool, ST., Tang, H., Wu, J., Li, W., Murktar, M., Zhang, J., Mu, Y., Xing, H., Wu, J., & Zhu, Y.
(2008), “Increased level of Il-32 during human Immunodeficiency virus infection suppresses HIV
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Acknowledgement
Authors are grateful to the staff of Voluntary counseling and testing Unit and Heart to Heart in Nnamdi
Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH) and staff of Human Biochemistry Department in Nnamdi
Azikiwe University (NAU), Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria for their assistance during sample collection and
analysis.
Conflict of interest
There is no conflict of interest whatever with anyone or group of persons.
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