Abstract— Boral 500® (sulfentrazone as active ingredient) and Scorpion® (flumetsulam as active ingredient) are herbicides widely used in Brazil´s soybean crops. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency classificated them as non-carcinogenic and no mutagenic, but literature shows that often this classification is misguided. Allium cepa assay was chosen to evaluate these herbicides, once it analyzes the frequency of micronuclei (MN), chromosomal aberrations (CA) and the mitotic index (MI). Four concentrations of each herbicide (50, 75, 100 and 125 %) were tested in triplicate using distilled water (negative control) and methyl methanesulfonate (positive control) as controls. Three experimental repetitions were realized. Boral 500® showed a higher MI in all concentrations, and higher CA and MN in the 75%, 100% and 125% concentration, with no recovery. Scorpion® showed a higher MI, CA and MN in 100% and 125% concentration, with recovery only for MI and CA. Both herbicides showed mutagenic damage and increased proliferative capacity in Allium cepa. So on, these herbicides should be revaluated as mutagenicity and carcinogenicity for responsible agencies.
Novel Hybrid Molecules of Isoxazole Chalcone Derivatives: Synthesis and Study...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
medicine due to their significant role in the treatment of different health problems.
Methods: We have synthesized new series of isoxazole-chalcone conjugates (14a-m) by the
Claisen-Schmidt condensation of suitable substituted acetophenones with isoxazole aldehydes (12a-d).
In vitro cytotoxic activity of the synthesized compounds was studied against four different selected
human cancer cell lines by using sulforhodamine B (SRB) method.
Results: The adopted scheme resulted in good yields of new series of isoxazole-chalcone
conjugates (14a-m). Potent cytotoxic activity was observed for compounds -14a, 14b, 14e, 14i, 14j
and 14k against prostate DU-145 cancer cell line.
Conclusion: The observed potent cytotoxic activities were due to the presence of 3,4,5-
trimethoxyphenyl group.
Genetic Variability for Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content in Fo...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were evaluated in 139 diverse genotypes of four pulse crops including 54 genotypes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum), 37 lentil (Lens culinaris), 21 pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), and 26 blackgram (Vigna mungo). Results indicate significant genotypic variation (p < 0.01) for total phenolic content (TPC) as well as antioxidant activity (AOA). Amongst the four major pulse crops tested, maximum mean phenolic content was recorded in blackgram genotypes (7.01mg GAE/g), followed by lentil (3.46mg GAE/g), pigeonpea (3.32mg GAE/g) and chickpea (2.30mg GAE/g). In general, the Mediterranean landraces of lentil had higher phenolic content as compared to the other lentil varieties and breeding lines. Amongst the chickpea genotypes the phenolic content ranged from 0.40 to 5.63mg GAE/g and comparatively higher value for phenolic content was recorded in desi types (2.67mg GAE/g) as compared to the Kabuli types (1.05mg GAE/g). The antioxidant activity (AOA) was assayed in mature dry seeds utilizing DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging assay which ranged from 1.73 to 19.14μmole Trolox/g tissue. As observed for TPC, highest AOA was also recorded in blackgram genotypes (19.14μmole Trolox/g tissue), followed by pigeonpea (2.72μmole Trolox/g tissue), chickpea (2.05μmole Trolox/g tissue) and lentil (1.73μmole Trolox/g tissue). Highly significant genotypic as well as phenotypic correlation (p<0.01) was recorded between phenolic content and antioxidant activity in chickpea, lentil as well as blackgram (rG values ranging from 0.268 to 0.850 and rP from 0.253 to 0.817), however, surprisingly the values were non-significant in case of pigeonpea. Strongest genotypic correlation was recorded in chickpea (rG=0.850), followed by lentil (rG =0.744), and blackgram (rG =0.268). High broad-sense heritability (h2bs) (0.89 to 0.97) for phenol content was recorded which indicates that substantial portion of total variation for phenolic content is due to genetic effects.
In Vitro Cell Tests for Functional FoodInstitut Kurz
The relationship between the food we eat and our health is
clear. In the constant search for healthier foods rich in
bioactive compounds that promote health and healthy
ageing, a wide variety of functional foods have appeared on
the market.
To know the real function of these functional foods
in our body, it is necessary to carry out different types of in
vitro cell tests.
Institut Kurz specializes in conducting in vitro cell tests for functional foods.
Contact us for more information:
info@institut-kurz.com
https://www.institut-kurz.com/
Phytochemical Screening and Gc-Ms Analysis of Garudan Samba Traditional Rice ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The Garudan Samba, an important Traditional variety of Tamil Nadu was investigated for its phytochemical screening and GCMS study. The brown rice was extracted using ethanol. The results obtained after GCMS studies were confirmed by spectral analysis. The analysis of the ethanol extract showed the presence of n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, and Oleic acid, as major constituents of the total compounds (76.33%), which have the capacity to prevent many health related disorders. It also contained the medicinally important compounds like Caryophyllene, Ethyl Oleate, Squalene, γ-Tocopherol, Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, acetate, (3β)-, and phyto sterols like Campesterol, Stigmasterol and β-Sitosterol. Hence, Garudan samba may be considered as one of the important Traditional variety with high level of medicinally important phytoconstituents.
Evaluation of fungicides and biological agents for the management of mango an...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Mango is an important fruit crop in area and production in Gujarat also, where it is cultivated over an area of about 130.1 thousand hectares with annual production of 911.3 thousand tones with productivity of 7.01 tones/ha. Its plantation has become quite popular in the districts of Valsad, Junagadh, Navsari, Kutch, Surat, Amreli and Bhavnagar because of favourable agro-climate condition. Mango is affected by number of diseases at all the stages of its development right from plant in nursery to the fruit in storage or transit. Mango is prone to many fungal diseases like Anthracnose, Rhizopus rot, Stem end rot, Penicillum rot, Black mould rot, Mucor rot, Phyllosticta rot, Pestalotiopsis rot, Macrophoma rot and powdery mildew, leading to heavy loss in yield. Among these diseases, anthracnose is the major disease of mango as it occurs at all the growing parts including leaves, twigs, flowers, fruits except root and trunk throughout the year. Anthracnose caused by Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld and H Schrenk (anamorph: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.)) appear to be more severe causing devastation of mango fruits during grading, packing, transportation, storage and marketing (Pathak, 1980).
Novel Hybrid Molecules of Isoxazole Chalcone Derivatives: Synthesis and Study...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
medicine due to their significant role in the treatment of different health problems.
Methods: We have synthesized new series of isoxazole-chalcone conjugates (14a-m) by the
Claisen-Schmidt condensation of suitable substituted acetophenones with isoxazole aldehydes (12a-d).
In vitro cytotoxic activity of the synthesized compounds was studied against four different selected
human cancer cell lines by using sulforhodamine B (SRB) method.
Results: The adopted scheme resulted in good yields of new series of isoxazole-chalcone
conjugates (14a-m). Potent cytotoxic activity was observed for compounds -14a, 14b, 14e, 14i, 14j
and 14k against prostate DU-145 cancer cell line.
Conclusion: The observed potent cytotoxic activities were due to the presence of 3,4,5-
trimethoxyphenyl group.
Genetic Variability for Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content in Fo...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were evaluated in 139 diverse genotypes of four pulse crops including 54 genotypes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum), 37 lentil (Lens culinaris), 21 pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), and 26 blackgram (Vigna mungo). Results indicate significant genotypic variation (p < 0.01) for total phenolic content (TPC) as well as antioxidant activity (AOA). Amongst the four major pulse crops tested, maximum mean phenolic content was recorded in blackgram genotypes (7.01mg GAE/g), followed by lentil (3.46mg GAE/g), pigeonpea (3.32mg GAE/g) and chickpea (2.30mg GAE/g). In general, the Mediterranean landraces of lentil had higher phenolic content as compared to the other lentil varieties and breeding lines. Amongst the chickpea genotypes the phenolic content ranged from 0.40 to 5.63mg GAE/g and comparatively higher value for phenolic content was recorded in desi types (2.67mg GAE/g) as compared to the Kabuli types (1.05mg GAE/g). The antioxidant activity (AOA) was assayed in mature dry seeds utilizing DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging assay which ranged from 1.73 to 19.14μmole Trolox/g tissue. As observed for TPC, highest AOA was also recorded in blackgram genotypes (19.14μmole Trolox/g tissue), followed by pigeonpea (2.72μmole Trolox/g tissue), chickpea (2.05μmole Trolox/g tissue) and lentil (1.73μmole Trolox/g tissue). Highly significant genotypic as well as phenotypic correlation (p<0.01) was recorded between phenolic content and antioxidant activity in chickpea, lentil as well as blackgram (rG values ranging from 0.268 to 0.850 and rP from 0.253 to 0.817), however, surprisingly the values were non-significant in case of pigeonpea. Strongest genotypic correlation was recorded in chickpea (rG=0.850), followed by lentil (rG =0.744), and blackgram (rG =0.268). High broad-sense heritability (h2bs) (0.89 to 0.97) for phenol content was recorded which indicates that substantial portion of total variation for phenolic content is due to genetic effects.
In Vitro Cell Tests for Functional FoodInstitut Kurz
The relationship between the food we eat and our health is
clear. In the constant search for healthier foods rich in
bioactive compounds that promote health and healthy
ageing, a wide variety of functional foods have appeared on
the market.
To know the real function of these functional foods
in our body, it is necessary to carry out different types of in
vitro cell tests.
Institut Kurz specializes in conducting in vitro cell tests for functional foods.
Contact us for more information:
info@institut-kurz.com
https://www.institut-kurz.com/
Phytochemical Screening and Gc-Ms Analysis of Garudan Samba Traditional Rice ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The Garudan Samba, an important Traditional variety of Tamil Nadu was investigated for its phytochemical screening and GCMS study. The brown rice was extracted using ethanol. The results obtained after GCMS studies were confirmed by spectral analysis. The analysis of the ethanol extract showed the presence of n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, and Oleic acid, as major constituents of the total compounds (76.33%), which have the capacity to prevent many health related disorders. It also contained the medicinally important compounds like Caryophyllene, Ethyl Oleate, Squalene, γ-Tocopherol, Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, acetate, (3β)-, and phyto sterols like Campesterol, Stigmasterol and β-Sitosterol. Hence, Garudan samba may be considered as one of the important Traditional variety with high level of medicinally important phytoconstituents.
Evaluation of fungicides and biological agents for the management of mango an...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Mango is an important fruit crop in area and production in Gujarat also, where it is cultivated over an area of about 130.1 thousand hectares with annual production of 911.3 thousand tones with productivity of 7.01 tones/ha. Its plantation has become quite popular in the districts of Valsad, Junagadh, Navsari, Kutch, Surat, Amreli and Bhavnagar because of favourable agro-climate condition. Mango is affected by number of diseases at all the stages of its development right from plant in nursery to the fruit in storage or transit. Mango is prone to many fungal diseases like Anthracnose, Rhizopus rot, Stem end rot, Penicillum rot, Black mould rot, Mucor rot, Phyllosticta rot, Pestalotiopsis rot, Macrophoma rot and powdery mildew, leading to heavy loss in yield. Among these diseases, anthracnose is the major disease of mango as it occurs at all the growing parts including leaves, twigs, flowers, fruits except root and trunk throughout the year. Anthracnose caused by Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld and H Schrenk (anamorph: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.)) appear to be more severe causing devastation of mango fruits during grading, packing, transportation, storage and marketing (Pathak, 1980).
The herbicide residue from intensive agricultural
activity provokes environmental disturbances and human health injuries. Among the enzymatic disruptor herbicides, mesotrione is able to inhibit 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), which plays a key role in the carotenoid synthesis. Therefore, enzyme-based sensors are innovative options for monitoring herbicides used in agriculture.
Study of Chlorophyll Mutations and Chlorophyll Content in Young Oil Palm (Ela...Premier Publishers
Chlorophyll mutations provide one of the most dependable indices for evaluating genetic effects of mutagenic treatments and have been reported in various pulse crops by several workers. The present investigation was undertaken to study the effects of gamma irradiation in inducing chlorophyll mutations and as well investigate chlorophyll content after gamma radiation at 10 Gy in M1, M2, M2M1 populations of oil palm seedlings. Chlorophyll mutations were observed 2 MAP and chlorophyll content was determined using Chlorophyll content meter (SPAD 502) at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 months after planting (MAP). Results revealed six chlorophyll mutants namely xantha, chlorina, chimerical leaves, maculata, striata, and viridis. Significant differences were observed for chlorophyll content at 4, 6, 8 MAP. Results showed that at 10 Gy of gamma irradiation, chlorophyll mutations could be induced and chlorophyll content reduces at the initial stages of plant growth after gamma irradiation (4-8 MAP) and later becomes normalized (10-12 MAP).
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Crimson Publishers-Use of Solid Timber Waste as Potential Raw Material for No...CrimsonPublishersMAPP
Use of Solid Timber Waste as Potential Raw Material for Novel Herbal Drugs: Multidisciplinary Research, Development, and Innovation by Luciana Jankowsky in Modern Applications in Pharmacy & Pharmacology
Comparative Analysis of Phytochemical compounds in Normal and root gall of Ok...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND ANTIANDROGENIC E...Dr. Pradeep mitharwal
The present paper deals with synthesis and characterization
of some new chromium (III) Schiff base complexes using microwave irradiation
technique as well as conventional heating. The S∩N donor benzothiazolines, 1-
(2-furanyl) ethanone benzothiazoline (Bzt1N
∩
SH), 1-(2-thienyl) ethanone
benzothiazoline (Bzt2N
∩
SH) and 1-(2-pyridyl) ethanone benzothiazoline
(Bzt3N
∩
SH) were prepared by the condensation of ortho-aminothiophenol with
respective ketones in ethanol.
Renal Toxicity Studies of Albino Rats Exposed to Common Emulsion Paint SolutionPremier Publishers
Emulsion paint solutions (EPS) are constantly used to decorate and protect different materials in the environment. The occupational exposure of professional painters and paint factory workers to EPS may predispose them to systemic toxicity. This work investigated the effects of EPS exposure on renal function indices in albino rats to assess potential renal toxicity. Twenty male albino rats weighing between 120-140g were collected and divided into four groups. Two groups were exposed to periodic intraperitoneal administration of 2.5mg/kg body weight (bw) of the EPS for 14days while the other two groups received the same dose of distilled water and served as control. The rats were sacrificed after 7and14days respectively, and their blood collected and analyzed for heavy metals, urea, creatinine and electrolytes, using standard methods. The rat kidneys were also excised, weighed and analyzed for total protein and histopathology. Results showed that bw, kidney weight, serum creatinine, urea and electrolytes decreased significantly(p<0.05) in the exposed groups compared to control. However, urea and Na+ increased significantly(p<0.05) after the initial 7days exposure. Kidney total protein increased by 20.83% and Pb, Ni, and Cd were detected in the exposed rats. Results of kidney histopathology showed intact renal tubules and glomeruli. These results suggest that exposure of albino rats to EPS caused significant alterations in the steady-state levels of renal function biomarkers. Therefore, prolonged exposure may exert deleterious effects on renal function.
Recovery of acetyl cholinesterase inhibition by Methanolic Bark Extract of Ac...Innspub Net
Organophosphates (OPs) pesticides are reported to cause acute poisoning because of their ability to inhibit acetyl cholinesterase enzyme (AChE). Available antidotes drugs are atropine sulfur, Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) and diazepam, which act to recover OP-AChE inhibition. These are controlled drugs not easily accessed and very expensive. In this present study Acacia nilotica was assessed for its antioxidant activity, and in vivo AChE depression and recovery from OP-AChE inhibition. The mice were exposed in three different OPs including chlorpyrifos 480g/l (CPF), Fenitrothion 10g/l (FNT) and Profenophos 720g/l (PFP). The methanolic bark extract of A. nilotica had a substantial increase of absorbance readings from 2.895±0.0032 to 3.716±0.0259 compared to standard (ascorbic acid) from 0.108±0.0033 to 1.468±0.0297 at P<0.05. AChE depression and recovery were assessed by using the AChE test mate kit to analyze blood collected from the mice’s tail. Recovery effect under crude methanolic extract from A. nilotica, ascorbic acid and normal feeding were compared with the untreated group. Results have shown that there is a significant decrease of AChE level from Day zero to 14th day in all treated groups of CPF, PFP and FNT which indicate poisoning. Significance of AChE recovery observed only in male mice in all treatment groups. This is a first study to assess and report the antioxidant activity of stem bark methanolic extracts of A. nilotica in controlling organophosphate pesticide toxicity in mice, hence further studies on isolation of active compounds are recommended.
Design, synthesis and anti-tumour activity of new pyrimidine-pyrrole appended...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
The new pyrimidine-pyrrole scaffolds (7a–7m) with substituted 1,2,3-traizole moiety were synthesized in good
to mild yields and subjected for anti-cancer activity against melanoma and breast cancer cell lines using MTT
assay. The compounds 7f and 7m exhibited highest anti-cancer activity against both the tested cell lines in in
vitro assay. The molecular docking analysis provided the insights of binding orientation of pyrimidine-pyrrole
nucleus of current ligands and their crucial interactions with Cys797 and other residues of the EGFR tyrosine
kinase active site. The interactions of triazole and its various substituted groups with EGFR tyrosine kinase have
been discussed
Evaluation mutagenic potential of pesticides through bioassays with Allium cepaPremier Publishers
The evaluation mutagenic potential of pesticides most used in southeastern Brazil, through bioassays with Allium cepa, it was an important study to understand harmful action of two classes of pesticides widely used in Brazil. The effects significant of cytotoxic and genotoxic in Allium cepa were evaluated in the following concentrations: 10 μL/mL, 25 μL/mL and 50 μL/mL, for Pyraclostrobin and Iminoctadine being in all cases compared to the negative and positive controls. With the results obtained it was possible to verify that the two pesticides have the ability to promote genetic changes. This study is a consequence of numerous complaints about harmful effects these substance, since small changes in DNA can cause irreversible problems the human health.
Acute Toxicity of Fluazifop-P-Butyl (Herbicide) on Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820)IJERA Editor
In this research, fluazifop-p-butyl (herbicide) acute toxic effects on Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820) (Cladocera, Crustacea) widely used in agricultural areas inside of Çukurova Region was researched by bioassay method for to be informed about the possible negative effects that may be caused in the aquatic environment. In this study, methods of bioassay test which called static method has been applied. The study was carried out under laboratory conditions at 20±2 oC. The results has been estimated with the dose-response data were fitted a loglogistic model. The 24-h and 48-h acute LC50 values were calculated. According to the results, acute toxic effects researched fluazifop-p-butyl the LC50 acute toxic lethal concentration values for D. magna were calculated (95% confidence limits 7.46–9.52 mgl-1 ) 24-h LC50 8.78 mgl-1 and (95% confidence limits 4.32–4.95 mgl-1 ) 48-h LC50 4.63 mgl-1
Abstract— Coccidiosis swine causes high economic loss, and its prophylaxis is usually performed by the use of chemical drugs. However, these chemical drugs are not allowed in agroecological, organic or biological dynamic systems of production. Additionally, there are concerns about pharmacological resistance and contamination by the presence of chemical residues in the environment and at the food of animal origin. The objective of this study was to evaluate the weight gain and the prevalence of coccidia in piglets submitted to the following treatments: alcoholic extract of propolis 30% (AEP), chemical treatment toltrazuril (CTT), negative control with grain alcohol (NCA) and negative control without treatment (NCT). By means of the individual weights and the number of coccidia at the faeces, it was monitored 216 piglets from commercial farms. Under the conditions of this study none therapeutic intervention provided benefits for weight gain and prevalence of coccidia. Thus, by making it possible the minimization of chemical drug use, these results allow us to suggest the laboratory periodic monitoring as a prophylactic control method for swine coccidiosis.
The herbicide residue from intensive agricultural
activity provokes environmental disturbances and human health injuries. Among the enzymatic disruptor herbicides, mesotrione is able to inhibit 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), which plays a key role in the carotenoid synthesis. Therefore, enzyme-based sensors are innovative options for monitoring herbicides used in agriculture.
Study of Chlorophyll Mutations and Chlorophyll Content in Young Oil Palm (Ela...Premier Publishers
Chlorophyll mutations provide one of the most dependable indices for evaluating genetic effects of mutagenic treatments and have been reported in various pulse crops by several workers. The present investigation was undertaken to study the effects of gamma irradiation in inducing chlorophyll mutations and as well investigate chlorophyll content after gamma radiation at 10 Gy in M1, M2, M2M1 populations of oil palm seedlings. Chlorophyll mutations were observed 2 MAP and chlorophyll content was determined using Chlorophyll content meter (SPAD 502) at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 months after planting (MAP). Results revealed six chlorophyll mutants namely xantha, chlorina, chimerical leaves, maculata, striata, and viridis. Significant differences were observed for chlorophyll content at 4, 6, 8 MAP. Results showed that at 10 Gy of gamma irradiation, chlorophyll mutations could be induced and chlorophyll content reduces at the initial stages of plant growth after gamma irradiation (4-8 MAP) and later becomes normalized (10-12 MAP).
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Crimson Publishers-Use of Solid Timber Waste as Potential Raw Material for No...CrimsonPublishersMAPP
Use of Solid Timber Waste as Potential Raw Material for Novel Herbal Drugs: Multidisciplinary Research, Development, and Innovation by Luciana Jankowsky in Modern Applications in Pharmacy & Pharmacology
Comparative Analysis of Phytochemical compounds in Normal and root gall of Ok...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND ANTIANDROGENIC E...Dr. Pradeep mitharwal
The present paper deals with synthesis and characterization
of some new chromium (III) Schiff base complexes using microwave irradiation
technique as well as conventional heating. The S∩N donor benzothiazolines, 1-
(2-furanyl) ethanone benzothiazoline (Bzt1N
∩
SH), 1-(2-thienyl) ethanone
benzothiazoline (Bzt2N
∩
SH) and 1-(2-pyridyl) ethanone benzothiazoline
(Bzt3N
∩
SH) were prepared by the condensation of ortho-aminothiophenol with
respective ketones in ethanol.
Renal Toxicity Studies of Albino Rats Exposed to Common Emulsion Paint SolutionPremier Publishers
Emulsion paint solutions (EPS) are constantly used to decorate and protect different materials in the environment. The occupational exposure of professional painters and paint factory workers to EPS may predispose them to systemic toxicity. This work investigated the effects of EPS exposure on renal function indices in albino rats to assess potential renal toxicity. Twenty male albino rats weighing between 120-140g were collected and divided into four groups. Two groups were exposed to periodic intraperitoneal administration of 2.5mg/kg body weight (bw) of the EPS for 14days while the other two groups received the same dose of distilled water and served as control. The rats were sacrificed after 7and14days respectively, and their blood collected and analyzed for heavy metals, urea, creatinine and electrolytes, using standard methods. The rat kidneys were also excised, weighed and analyzed for total protein and histopathology. Results showed that bw, kidney weight, serum creatinine, urea and electrolytes decreased significantly(p<0.05) in the exposed groups compared to control. However, urea and Na+ increased significantly(p<0.05) after the initial 7days exposure. Kidney total protein increased by 20.83% and Pb, Ni, and Cd were detected in the exposed rats. Results of kidney histopathology showed intact renal tubules and glomeruli. These results suggest that exposure of albino rats to EPS caused significant alterations in the steady-state levels of renal function biomarkers. Therefore, prolonged exposure may exert deleterious effects on renal function.
Recovery of acetyl cholinesterase inhibition by Methanolic Bark Extract of Ac...Innspub Net
Organophosphates (OPs) pesticides are reported to cause acute poisoning because of their ability to inhibit acetyl cholinesterase enzyme (AChE). Available antidotes drugs are atropine sulfur, Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) and diazepam, which act to recover OP-AChE inhibition. These are controlled drugs not easily accessed and very expensive. In this present study Acacia nilotica was assessed for its antioxidant activity, and in vivo AChE depression and recovery from OP-AChE inhibition. The mice were exposed in three different OPs including chlorpyrifos 480g/l (CPF), Fenitrothion 10g/l (FNT) and Profenophos 720g/l (PFP). The methanolic bark extract of A. nilotica had a substantial increase of absorbance readings from 2.895±0.0032 to 3.716±0.0259 compared to standard (ascorbic acid) from 0.108±0.0033 to 1.468±0.0297 at P<0.05. AChE depression and recovery were assessed by using the AChE test mate kit to analyze blood collected from the mice’s tail. Recovery effect under crude methanolic extract from A. nilotica, ascorbic acid and normal feeding were compared with the untreated group. Results have shown that there is a significant decrease of AChE level from Day zero to 14th day in all treated groups of CPF, PFP and FNT which indicate poisoning. Significance of AChE recovery observed only in male mice in all treatment groups. This is a first study to assess and report the antioxidant activity of stem bark methanolic extracts of A. nilotica in controlling organophosphate pesticide toxicity in mice, hence further studies on isolation of active compounds are recommended.
Design, synthesis and anti-tumour activity of new pyrimidine-pyrrole appended...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
The new pyrimidine-pyrrole scaffolds (7a–7m) with substituted 1,2,3-traizole moiety were synthesized in good
to mild yields and subjected for anti-cancer activity against melanoma and breast cancer cell lines using MTT
assay. The compounds 7f and 7m exhibited highest anti-cancer activity against both the tested cell lines in in
vitro assay. The molecular docking analysis provided the insights of binding orientation of pyrimidine-pyrrole
nucleus of current ligands and their crucial interactions with Cys797 and other residues of the EGFR tyrosine
kinase active site. The interactions of triazole and its various substituted groups with EGFR tyrosine kinase have
been discussed
Evaluation mutagenic potential of pesticides through bioassays with Allium cepaPremier Publishers
The evaluation mutagenic potential of pesticides most used in southeastern Brazil, through bioassays with Allium cepa, it was an important study to understand harmful action of two classes of pesticides widely used in Brazil. The effects significant of cytotoxic and genotoxic in Allium cepa were evaluated in the following concentrations: 10 μL/mL, 25 μL/mL and 50 μL/mL, for Pyraclostrobin and Iminoctadine being in all cases compared to the negative and positive controls. With the results obtained it was possible to verify that the two pesticides have the ability to promote genetic changes. This study is a consequence of numerous complaints about harmful effects these substance, since small changes in DNA can cause irreversible problems the human health.
Acute Toxicity of Fluazifop-P-Butyl (Herbicide) on Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820)IJERA Editor
In this research, fluazifop-p-butyl (herbicide) acute toxic effects on Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820) (Cladocera, Crustacea) widely used in agricultural areas inside of Çukurova Region was researched by bioassay method for to be informed about the possible negative effects that may be caused in the aquatic environment. In this study, methods of bioassay test which called static method has been applied. The study was carried out under laboratory conditions at 20±2 oC. The results has been estimated with the dose-response data were fitted a loglogistic model. The 24-h and 48-h acute LC50 values were calculated. According to the results, acute toxic effects researched fluazifop-p-butyl the LC50 acute toxic lethal concentration values for D. magna were calculated (95% confidence limits 7.46–9.52 mgl-1 ) 24-h LC50 8.78 mgl-1 and (95% confidence limits 4.32–4.95 mgl-1 ) 48-h LC50 4.63 mgl-1
Abstract— Coccidiosis swine causes high economic loss, and its prophylaxis is usually performed by the use of chemical drugs. However, these chemical drugs are not allowed in agroecological, organic or biological dynamic systems of production. Additionally, there are concerns about pharmacological resistance and contamination by the presence of chemical residues in the environment and at the food of animal origin. The objective of this study was to evaluate the weight gain and the prevalence of coccidia in piglets submitted to the following treatments: alcoholic extract of propolis 30% (AEP), chemical treatment toltrazuril (CTT), negative control with grain alcohol (NCA) and negative control without treatment (NCT). By means of the individual weights and the number of coccidia at the faeces, it was monitored 216 piglets from commercial farms. Under the conditions of this study none therapeutic intervention provided benefits for weight gain and prevalence of coccidia. Thus, by making it possible the minimization of chemical drug use, these results allow us to suggest the laboratory periodic monitoring as a prophylactic control method for swine coccidiosis.
ABSTRACT- Aedes aegypti mosquito is the major vector of zika, chikungunya, and dengue fever. These diseases incidence has been growing rapidly in many points of the globe in the past few years. And because there’s no vaccine for them yet, the best way to fight those diseases is to attack their vector, specially by eliminating potential sites for its oviposition and larvae growth. Nowadays, organophosphorus insecticides are used in increasing doses, which targets Aedes aegypti resistant populations. Aniba duckei Kostermans, which is known as rosewood and belongs to the Lauraceae family, is a species with trees up to 30 meters tall and 1 meter in trunk diameter. It’s essential oil is used in perfumery due to its high content of linalool. This research identified the components of essential oil from Aniba duckei Kostermans thin branches and leaves and then applied it as larvicide against Aedes aegypti, and its effects were measured by calculation of concentration at which half larvae die (LC50). Average yield found for oil by plant was 1.93% by mass. The major component in rosewood essential oil is linalool, whose concentration was found 89.34% by mass. LC50 for the essential oil was 250.61 (±2.20) μg mL-1, for l-linalool, 279.89 (±2.12) μg mL-1, and for dl-linalool was 346.73 (±2.14) μg mL-1. Key-words- Essential oil, Aniba duckei Kostermans, Linalool, Aedes aegypti, Larvicide
Toxicity and Effect of Cypermethrin onTotal Protein and Nucleic Acid Content ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Effect of cypermethrin (25%EC) on total protein and nucleic acid content in different tissues of Cirrhinus mrigala was assessed by static renewal bioassay, using different sub-lethal concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20% of 96h LC 50) for 5, 10 and 15 days duration. There was a gradual decrease in protein content in all the tissues under sub-lethal concentrations at all exposure periods with maximum percentage of depletion (45.26%) in muscle and minimum (35.12%) in kidney at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. DNA and RNA contents were not altered much by cypermethrin at 5 th day which later gradually decreased with increased exposure period. Decrement in DNA content is less in muscle when compared to the other tissues. Maximum percentage of depletion in DNA was (17.17%) in liver and minimum (13.94%) in muscle at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. RNA content decreased significantly in liver (29.90%), muscle (25.53%), brain (23.38%), kidney (21.82%) and gill (20.34%). This decrease was comparatively higher at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. Influence of cypermethrin was found to be time and exposure dependent for both the nucleic acids in the aquaculture practices used edible fish.
Production of Spirulina in semicontinuous cultivation using medium recycleIJERA Editor
The biomass of cyanobacteria Spirulina is rich in bioactive compounds, with main applications in food and pharmaceutical industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nutrient consumption on the growth kinetics of Spirulina sp. LEB 18 grown in semicontinuous cultivation in raceway bioreactor. Zarrouk medium was used, maintaining the original concentrations of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, while the other nutrients varied by 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Chemical determinations were performed in the biomass for each growth cycle. Spirulina sp. LEB 18 exhibited cell growth until approximately 130 days of experiment. The maximum specific growth rate (0.184 d-1) and productivity (48.03 mg L-1 d-1) were observed in the trial with 50% Zarrouk medium, except for nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations reduced up to 100% and 64.8%, respectively. No significant difference (p <0.0003) was observed in the protein concentrations for all tests. The results showed that Spirulina sp. LEB 18 can provide high growth rate and productivity, as well as production of proteic biomass when cultivated with lower nutrients concentration in Zarrouk medium, thus reducing production costs.
Effects of Fungicides for Non Target Fungi Alternaria cassiaeIJEAB
The fungicides are used to control of pathogenic fungi in several tilth but they can affect negatively the microorganisms diversity of soil. The aim of this research was to evaluate the toxicity and environmental risk of tebuconazoles: captan, tebuconazole and the mixture chlorothalonil + propamocarb hidrochloride for fungi Alternaria cassiae. Each fungicide were performed three experiments in completely randomized design with three repetitions and the growth was evaluated daily. Inhibition concentration (IC50;7d) of tebuconazole was 3.49 mg L-1, the captan was 47.36 mg L-1 and of mixture chlorothalonil + propamocarb hidrochloride, 64.04 mg L-1. Tebuconazole is classified as moderately toxic and sensitivity, captan, low toxicity and sensitivity and the mixture, non toxic and insensitive but only captan showed possibility of adverse effect for A. cassiae.`
Effects of Fungicides for Non Target Fungi Alternaria cassiaeIJEAB
The fungicides are used to control of pathogenic fungi in several tilth but they can affect negatively the microorganisms diversity of soil. The aim of this research was to evaluate the toxicity and environmental risk of tebuconazoles: captan, tebuconazole and the mixture chlorothalonil + propamocarb hidrochloride for fungi Alternaria cassiae. Each fungicide were performed three experiments in completely randomized design with three repetitions and the growth was evaluated daily. Inhibition concentration (IC50;7d) of tebuconazole was 3.49 mg L-1, the captan was 47.36 mg L-1 and of mixture chlorothalonil + propamocarb hidrochloride, 64.04 mg L-1. Tebuconazole is classified as moderately toxic and sensitivity, captan, low toxicity and sensitivity and the mixture, non toxic and insensitive but only captan showed possibility of adverse effect for A. cassiae.
This is a lecture by Dr. Jerry McLaughlin about his research into extracts of pawpaw plants, annonaceous acetogenins, in vitro, in vivo, mechanism of action, and toxicity in mice.
Similar to Sulfentrazone and Flumetsulam herbicides caused DNA damage and Instability in Allium cepa test (20)
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Ventures
Sulfentrazone and Flumetsulam herbicides caused DNA damage and Instability in Allium cepa test
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-8, August- 2016]
Page | 38
Sulfentrazone and Flumetsulam herbicides caused DNA damage
and Instability in Allium cepa test
Maruhen Amir Datsch Silveira1
, Diego Luis Ribeiro2
, João Paulo de Castro Marcondes3
,
Luciana Paula Grégio d’Arce4
1,4
Department of Biology, State University of West of Paraná, Cascavel-Brazil
Email: maruhensilveira@gmail.com/lucianapgd@yahoo.com
2
Department of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-Brazil
Email: diegolb_7@hotmail.com
3
Department of Patology, State University of São Paulo, Botucatu-Brazil
Email: jpcastromarcondes@gmail.com
Abstract— Boral 500®
(sulfentrazone as active ingredient) and Scorpion®
(flumetsulam as active ingredient) are herbicides
widely used in Brazil´s soybean crops. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency classificated them as non-carcinogenic and
no mutagenic, but literature shows that often this classification is misguided. Allium cepa assay was chosen to evaluate these
herbicides, once it analyzes the frequency of micronuclei (MN), chromosomal aberrations (CA) and the mitotic index (MI).
Four concentrations of each herbicide (50, 75, 100 and 125 %) were tested in triplicate using distilled water (negative
control) and methyl methanesulfonate (positive control) as controls. Three experimental repetitions were realized. Boral
500® showed a higher MI in all concentrations, and higher CA and MN in the 75%, 100% and 125% concentration, with no
recovery. Scorpion® showed a higher MI, CA and MN in 100% and 125% concentration, with recovery only for MI and CA.
Both herbicides showed mutagenic damage and increased proliferative capacity in Allium cepa. So on, these herbicides
should be revaluated as mutagenicity and carcinogenicity for responsible agencies.
Keywords— Chromosome aberration, micronuclei, mitotic index, mutagenicity.
I. INTRODUCTION
Environmental contamination by toxic agents become matters of concern to agricultural and / or industrial economic-based
countries, (1)
once it interacts with soils and groundwater, affecting human populations and other species, with deleterious
effects, such as chronical diseases development, like cancer.(2)
The herbicides Boral 500®
(sulfentrazone as active ingredient) and Scorpion®
(flumetsulam as active ingredient) are widely
used in soybean crops. Recently, sulfentrazone and flumetsulam were classified as “evidence of non‐carcinogenicity for
humans” and “no mutagenic” by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).(3)
However, data about mutagenicity of these
compounds are not presented in the label products, and there is only one published paper evaluating DNA damage of
sulfentrazone(4)
that showed controversial results of its classification, but none using Allium cepa test.
Indeed, several herbicides formulations, such as those with butachlor, atrazine and trifuralin as active ingredients, induced
clastogenic and aneugenic effects assesed by Allium cepa test.(5-8)
It is disturbing once A. cepa test showed good correlation
with the results obtained in mammalians test,(9-11)
and it were observed that this test could be more sensitive than the Ames
test,(12)
being effective to evaluate the potential risk to human health and other species.(13-14)
The increased frequencies of MN and CA in this assay are strong evidence of mutagenicity of the substance evaluated.(15-17)
The mitotic index (MI) is an indicator of cell proliferation(18)
and can be used to evaluate the level of cytotoxicity of a
compound.(7)
Furthermore, a recovery assay is necessary, once it evaluates the ‘cell cycle delay’, which leads to late cell
responses, and even though the cells are no longer subjected to direct toxic exposure, they continue to express genotoxic or
mutagenic effects.(19,20)
Thus, considering the lack of data and controversial information about the toxicity and the effects on DNA of Boral 500®
and
Scorpion®
, this study aimed to evaluate the mutagenicity of such herbicides by the A. cepa test.
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-8, August- 2016]
Page | 39
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
2.1 The Herbicides
Boral 500®
(FMC Agricultural Chemical Group, Baltimore/EUA) contains sulfentrazone (2’,4’-dichloro-5-[4-
difluoromethyl-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl] Metha-nesulfonanilide) as active ingredient (500 g/L),
and is a member of the triazolone group. Scorpion®
herbicide (Dow Chemical, Midland/EUA) has Flumetsulam (2’,6’-
difluoro-5-methyl [1,2,4]triazolo [1,5-a] pyrimidine-2-sulfonanilde pirimidina-2-sulfonamida) as active ingredient (120 g/L),
and is part of the sulphonanilide triazolopyrimidine chemical group.
2.2 Dilution of the Herbicides
The recommended dilution for soybean cultivation depicted on the label of each herbicide was taken as 100% (Boral 500®
–
1.2 Liters per cent/hectare (L.p.c/ha) and Scorpion®
- 0.875 L.p.c/ha), and was further diluted in distilled water at
concentrations of 50% and 75%. The concentration of 125% (Boral 500®
– 1.5 L.p.c/ha and Scorpion®
- 1.09 L.p.c/ha) is an
extrapolation of the label for soybean crops.
2.3 Allium cepa assay
Seeds of A. cepa were germinated at room temperature (25 ± 5 °C) covered with filter paper in petri dishes. The sprouts
were kept moist with distilled water until they reached 1 cm in length. After this, the filter paper was replaced and the seeds
were treated (1 ml) with all dilutions of each herbicide every 8 hours, to avoid that the filter paper on the petri dishes got dry.
After 72 hours of treatment, a portion of the seedlings were fixed, while the remaining were underwent to recovery, which
consisted of treatment with distilled water for an additional 48 hours, using a fresh filter paper, followed by fixation and
staining procedure proposed by Grant,(10)
with slight modifications. Fixation was performed using ethanol and glacial acetic
acid (3:1) for 24 h. The slides were stained with Shiff´s reagent for 1 hour and then with acetic carmine. The treatments were
performed in three biological replicates. Each replicate gave rise the analysis of 5.000 meristematic cells in 5 slides (1.000
cells per slide); totalizing 15.000 meristematic cells analyzed per treatment. Mitotic index (MI), micronuclei frequency
(MN), and chromosomal aberrations frequency (CA) were evaluated according to Rank and Nielsen,(12)
with modifications.
Images were captured through an Olympus DP 71 camera connected to an Olympus BX 60 microscope, using the DP
manager image software (version 3.1.1.208) (Olympus, Japan). Distilled water was used as negative control and MMS
(methyl methanesulfonate, 4×10-4 M, ACROS, Geel, Belgium) was used as positive control.
2.4 Statistical Analysis
Data distribution was verified by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. All comparisons were performed by One-Way ANOVA. When
significant differences were observed (e.g. p < 0.05), the Dunnett's test was applied, comparing all groups against negative
control. SigmaStat 3.5 (Systat Software, Inc., Chicago, Il, USA) was used to perform the statistical analyses.
III. RESULTS
MI was statistically increased after treatment in all concentrations of Boral 500®
(p< 0.05), with no recovery. In relation to
chromosome damage, were observed a statistically significant increase of CA and MN frequency for the treatments at
concentrations of 75%, 100%, and 125% of Boral 500®
(p <0.05). It indicates mutagenic damage and higher proliferative
capacity. The mutagenic effect of Boral 500®
was not mitigated after 48h of incubation without the herbicide (recovery
protocol), indicating a long-lasting effect of this herbicide. For Scorpion®
results, 100% and 125% concentrations promoted a
statistically increased of MI, CA and MN frequencies (p< 0.05). However, after recovery, only CA and MI frequencies
returned to normal rage. Additionally, significant increase for Boral 500®
were observed in chromosomal losses (at
concentrations of 75%, 100%, and 125%; without recovery); anaphase-telophase bridges (at concentrations of 100%, and
125%; with recovery); and chromosomal breaks (at concentration of 125%; with recovery) (p< 0.05) (Table 1). Significant
increase for Scorpion®
were observed in: anaphase-telophase bridges (at concentration of 125%), and chromosomal losses (at
concentration of 75%) both with recovery (p< 0.05) (Table 2).
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-8, August- 2016]
Page | 40
TABLE 1
MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION IN THE FREQUENCIES OF CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS (CA), FREQUENCY OF MICRONUCLEI (MN) AND MITOTIC
INDEX (MI) AND THE MAJOR TYPES OF CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS FOR 5000 CELLS IN A. CEPA ROOTS OF BORAL 500®
Boral 500®
MI MN Total CA
Anaphase and
Telophase Bridges
Chromosomal
Breaks
Chromosomal
Losses
Lagging Others CA
Distilled
Water
0.0217±0.00284 0.00046±0.00011 0.00173±0.00030 0.001±0.0002 0.00033±0.00011 0.0004±0 0±0 0±0
50% 0.0485±0.0025* 0.00066±0.00011 0.0026±0.0004 0.00146±0.00041 0.0002±0.0002 0.00086±0.00011 0±0 0.00006±0.00011
75% 0.0667±0.00541* 0.00107±0.00023* 0.00367±0.00041* 0.001733±0.00023 0.00033±0.00011 0.00133±0.00030* 0±0 0.00026±0.00023
100% 0.0699±0.00606* 0.00107±0.00023* 0.00427±0.000416* 0.002066±0.00030* 0.00046±0.00011 0.00146±0.00023* 0±0 0.00026±0.00030
125% 0.0675±0.00602* 0.00127±0.00011* 0.00527±0.00041* 0.002733±0.00030* 0.0008±0* 0.00113±0.00030* 0±0 0.00013±0.00011
MMS 0.0597±0.00061* 0.00173±0.00023* 0.0078±0.0004* 0.004466±0.00041* 0.00113±0.00030* 0.00193±0.00041* 0±0 0.00033±0.00023
Distilled
Water (REC)
0.0265±0.0024 0.00033±0.00011 0.00213±0.00023 0.0012±0.0004 0.00026±0.00011 0.00066±0.00011 0±0 0±0
50% (REC) 0.0462±0.00291* 0.0008±0.0002 0.00213±0.00030 0.00126±0.00046 0.00046±0.00011 0.0002±0 0±0 0.0002±0
75% (REC) 0.0527±0.00304* 0.001±0.0002* 0.00293±0.00030* 0.00146±0.00041 0.0008±0 0.0006±0.00034* 0±0 0.00006±0.00011
100% (REC) 0.0495±0.003* 0.00107±0.00023* 0.0032±0.0004* 0.00166±0.00046 0.00073±0.00011 0.0002±0.0002* 0±0 0.00013±0.00011
125% (REC) 0.0549±0.00325* 0.001±0* 0.00353±0.00030* 0.00153±0.00011 0.00093±0.00041 0.00086±0.00023* 0±0 0.0002±0.0002
MMS (REC) 0.0586±0.00408* 0.00207±0.00041* 0.00387±0.00011* 0.00213±0.00011 0.00026±0.00023 0.00113±0.00011 0±0 0.00033±0.00030
Negative control – Distilled Water; Positive control – MMS (methyl methanesulphonate); *statistically significant differences from negative control; REC: after recovery
protocol.
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-8, August- 2016]
Page | 41
TABLE 2
MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION IN THE FREQUENCIES OF CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS (CA), FREQUENCY OF MICRONUCLEI (MN) AND MITOTIC
INDEX (MI) AND THE MAJOR TYPES OF CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS FOR 5000 CELLS IN A. CEPA ROOTS OF SCORPION®
Scorpion® MI MN Total CA
Anaphase and
Telophase Bridges
Chromosomal
Breaks
Chromosomal
Losses
Lagging Others CA
Distilled Water 0.0309±0.00693 0.00026±0.00011 0.0026±0.00052 0.00126±0.00023 0.00046±0.00011 0.0006±0.00034 0.0002±0.0002 0.00006±0.47
50% 0.0374±0.00277 0.00026±0.00011 0.003±0.00069 0.0014±0.0002 0.00006±0.00011 0.00093±0.00011 0.0006±0.0002 0±0
75% 0.0329±0.0033 0.00046±0.00046 0.00333±0.00030 0.00133±0.00023 0.0002±0.0002 0.0014±0.0002* 0.0002±0.0002 0.0002±0.0002
100% 0.0411±0.00358* 0.0008±0.0002* 0.0042±0.0002* 0.0016±0.00034 0.000333±0.00030 0.00086±0.00023 0.00106±0.00046* 0.00033±0.00011
125% 0.0417±0.00272* 0.001±0.0002* 0.00453±0.000416* 0.002±0.0002* 0.0004±0 0.001±0 0.00066±0.00030 0.00046±0.00011
MMS 0.0489±0.00197* 0.00107±0.00011* 0.0052±0.00106* 0.00206±0.00050* 0.0006±0.0002 0.00146±0.00041* 0.00073±0.00011 0.0002±0
Distilled Water
(REC)
0.0298±0.00526 0.00006±0.00011 0.0018±0.00019 0.0006±0.0002 0.0000±0.00011 0.00066±0.00050 0.00026±0.00011 0.00026±0.00011
50% (REC) 0.0297±0.00304 0.00013±0.00011 0.00233±0.00041 0.00066±0.00023 0.00046±0.00011 0.00066±0.00023 0.00033±0.00011 0.0002±0
75% (REC) 0.0273±0.00319 0.00006±0.00011 0.00207±0.00030 0.0008±0 0.00053±0.00011 0.00066±0.00011 0.00006±0.00011 0±0
100% (REC) 0.0335±0.00343 0.0006±0.0002* 0.0028±0.0002 0.00126±0.00046 0.0004±0.0002 0.00066±0.00030 0±0 0.00046±0.00030
125% (REC) 0.0336±0.00851 0.00066±0.00030* 0.00253±0.00061 0.0012±0.00034 0.0002±0.0002 0.00106 ± 0.00023 0±0 0.00006±0.00011
MMS (REC) 0.0383±0.00159* 0.00066±0.00011* 0.00347±0.00090* 0.001±0.0004 0.0004±0 0.0012 ± 0.0002 0.0004±0.0002 0.00053±0.00023
Negative control – Distilled Water; Positive control – MMS (methyl methanesulphonate); *statistically significant differences from negative control; REC: after recovery
protocol.
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Page | 42
IV. DISCUSSION
In this study were used the A. cepa assay to detect cell cycle and chromosome alterations of two widely used herbicides for
soybean crops. Many alterations were accounted as chromosomal aberrations, such as chromosomal stickness, anaphase-
telophase bridges, chromosomal breaks and losses, multipolar anaphase, necrosis, nuclear buds, etc. See Figure 1.
FIGURE 1: CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS AND MICRONUCLEI INDUCED BY HERBICIDES IN A. CEPA ROOT
SYSTEM. A) METAPHASE DELAY; B) CHROMOSOMAL BREAKS; C) MICRONUCLEI; D) BROKEN BRIDGE IN
ANAPHASE.
Boral 500®
herbicide is a member of the triazolone group which acts inhibiting the protoporphyrinogen oxidase in the
chlorophyll biosynthesis, leading to an accumulation of intermediate toxics.(21)
It is known that significant decrease of MI
may be due to the mitodepressive action of the MI, indicating an alteration in the normal cell cycle and resulting in a
decrease of cells in division. On the other hand, the increased MI frequency observed in all Boral 500®
concentrations could
be associated with abnormal cell growth[16]
and / or acceleration of cell division, which, in turns, could increase the
probability of chromosome damage through an error-prone cell division mechanism, as associated in cancer.(22)
Indeed, at the
highest concentrations of Boral 500®
(75%, 100%, and 125%) were detected an increase of chromosome damage (MN and
CA), even after recovery time. It indicates that this higher proliferative capacity is contributing to the elevated damage
observed. Furthermore, even after 48h of no herbicide exposition, the normality was not complete, showing a long-lasting
effect of this herbicide. Data about genotoxicity / mutagenicity of Boral 500®
are scarce, however, Bianchi et al.(4)
showed, in
HepG2 cells, an increase in micronucleus rate, but no genotoxic potential, once no alteration was observed in the comet
assay. In the same study was proven that a mix with another herbicide (active ingredient imidacloprid) showed an increased
in the genotoxic damage in HepG2, what concerns about the use of this compounds, once they are tested separately, but used
in combination in crops.
Scorpion®
is an herbicide of the sulphonanilide triazolopyrimidine chemical group, whose mode of action also affects the
synthesis of the Acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme.(23)
Moreover, the ALS enzyme is not present in animals, and, in theory,
the toxicity of these chemicals is specific for plants, being one of the main reasons of the use of these herbicide classes.
However, our results showed that the concentrations of 100% and 125% of Scorpion® promoted a statistically significant
increase of MI, CA, and MN, with partially recovery only. Moreover, Koutros et al.(13)
showed a correlation between the
6. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-8, August- 2016]
Page | 43
increase of bladder and colon cancer in farmers and the use of an herbicide whose mode of action affects the ALS enzyme;
demonstrating that the deleterious effects of such herbicides is not specific for plants It only proved that the monitoring
agencies must test again some herbicides to update the product label, once the literature is full of research that detected
damage caused by herbicides, on an attempt to guarantee proper use and to prevent future problems.
Our study are the first which evaluated the mutagenicity of Boral 500®
and Scorpion®
in the A. cepa test, and we
demonstrated a ratio among the increases in MI, and increases in MN and CA at the higher concentrations. As well as
chromosome losses, anaphase-telophase bridges are statistically different in the higher (100% and 125%) concentrations of
Boral 500®
and (100%) of Scorpion®
herbicides. it is known that anaphase bridges may be formed during an unequal
exchange of chromatids or by breakage and fusion of chromosomes and chromatids, and these bridges can cause structural
chromosomal mutations.(24)
These data and the higher frequency of chromosomal losses and breaks probably contributed to
the increased of micronuclei in both herbicides. This is worrying once micronuclei is not amenable to repair and is derived
from an error due to parental cell damage,(15)
such as the loss of whole chromosomes or fragments that are not incorporated
into nuclei during cell division.(25)
Magdaleno et al.(8)
evaluated herbicides and showed genome instability in A. cepa too. It shows that many herbicides have
some substances in their formulation that causes DNA damage and instability, and may remain active for a long time,
affecting all environment and human being. So it is important to evaluate these chemicals before use them.
Thus, these results indicate that Boral 500®
and Scorpion®
promoted chromosome damage and alterations of mitotic index in
A. cepa roots. Thus, its deleterious effects should be revaluated by monitoring agencies to improve its use around the world
and validate as safety for the environment and for human populations.
V. CONCLUSION
Allium cepa test showed to be an efficient test to evaluate the mutagenicity of Boral 500®
and Scorpion®
. Both herbicides
showed mutagenic damage and increased proliferative capacity in A. cepa. The use of these herbicides should be revaluated
and tests of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity should be made.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Supported by Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), Fundação Araucária (financial support), Mr. Luiz
Carlos Ribeiro and Herbioeste LTDA, who provided the herbicide samples.
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