The document outlines an experiment conducted at Koya University focusing on Bernoulli's principle, detailing the theory, procedures, and equipment used. It explains the use of a Venturi nozzle and a pitot tube for measuring fluid pressure and flow rates, along with observations made during the experiment. Various readings and calculations related to static and total pressure are presented, aimed at confirming Bernoulli's law.

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Koya University Faculty of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department
Second stage
Fluid mechanics Lab
Bernoulli equation
2022-2023
Prepared by: supervised by:
Dima Jawhar Mustafa Ms. Lameha A. Ali
Sntia Louay sba Mr. Daban Luqman
Srwa Tahir
Rayan Hawez
Danya Amir
Report date: Mar./29/2023 submitting date: Apr./5/202
experiment date: Mar./29/2023

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Table of Contents:
Aim:..........................................................................................................................................3
Theory:.....................................................................................................................................3
Procedure:................................................................................................................................4
Equipment: HM-150.............................................................................................................4
Observation:.........................................................................................................................5
Table of readings: ....................................................................................................................6
Calculation...............................................................................................................................6
Table of calculations:...............................................................................................................7
Discussion:...............................................................................................................................7
References:...............................................................................................................................8

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Aim:
The main purpose of this experiment is to investigate Bernoulli’s law.
Theory:
Bernoulli’s principle states that the total mechanical energy of the moving fluid
comprising the gravitational potential energy of elevation, the energy associated with
the fluid pressure, and the kinetic energy of the fluid motion, remains constant.
The HM 150.07 experimental unit is used to demonstrate Bernoulli’s principle. includes
a pipe section with a transparent Venturi nozzle and a movable Pitot tube for measuring
the total pressure. The Pitot tube is located within the Venturi nozzle and is displaced
axially. The position of the Pitot tube can be observed through the Venturi nozzle’s
transparent front panel.
The Venturi nozzle is equipped with pressure measuring points to determine the static
pressures. The pressures are displayed on the six-tube manometers. The total pressure
is measured by the Pitot tube and displayed on another single-tube manometer.
Bernoulli’s law is expressed as:
Where: •P= static pressure of the fluid at the cross-section • 𝜌= density of flowing fluid
•g= acceleration due to gravity •v= mean velocity of fluid flow at the cross-section
•h= elevation head of the center of the cross-section with respect to a datum.
Figure-1: Venturi meter: It is a device based on Bernoulli’s theorem and is used for
measuring the flow rate of liquid flow through the pipes.

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Procedure:
Equipment: HM-150
Figure-1: 1 diagram, 2 tube manometers (static pressures), 3 water supply, 4 valve, 5
Venturi nozzle, 6 water outlet, 7 valve for water outlet, 8 Pitot tube, 9 single tube
manometer (total pressure)
Specification:
1. familiarization with Bernoulli’s principle
2. Venturi nozzle with a transparent front panel and measuring points for
measuring the static pressures
3. axially movable Pitot tube for determining the total pressure at various points
within the Venturi nozzle
4. 6 tube manometers for displaying the static pressures
5. single tube manometer for displaying the total pressure
6. flow rate determined by HM 150 base module
7. water supply using HM 150 base module or via laboratory supply

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Figure-2: Measuring the pressures in a Venturi nozzle 1 tube manometers for displaying
the static pressures, 2 Venturi nozzle with measuring points, 3 Pitot tube for measuring
the total pressure, axially movable.
Observation:
1. The apparatus was leveled by opening both the Bench Supply valve and the control
valve downstream of the meter to allow water to flow and clear air pockets from the
supply hose. This was achieved by connecting the apparatus to a power supply.
2. The control valve was then gradually closed causing water to rise up in the tubes of
the manometer thirty compressing the air contained in the manifold.
3. When the water level had risen to a convenient height, the bench valve was also
closed gradually so that as both valves are finally shut off, the meter was left
containing static water at moderate pressure
4. The adjustable screws were operated to give identical readings for all of the tubes
across the whole width of the manometer board. To establish the meter coefficient
measurements of a set of differential heads (hI h2) and flow rate O were made
5. The first reading was taken with the maximum possible value when (h2 ha) te with hi
dose to the top of the scale and h2 near to the bottom. This was obtained by gradually
opening both the bench valve and the control valve in cur.
6. Successive opening of either valve increased both the Mow and the difference between
bi and h2, The rate of flow was found by using the collection of a known amount of
ware in the weighing tank, in the meantime valves hi and h2 were read from the
manometer Similarly, readings were then taken over a series of reducing values of hi
ha rotatably equally spread over the available range from 250mm to zero. About ton
readings sufficed.

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Table of readings:
Tube
manometers
1 2 3 4 5 6 Time(sec) Volume(L)
Hs(cm) 17 16 1 9.5 13 14 43 10
H(Total)(cm) 21 20 6 17 18 19 43 10
Hs(cm) 26 25 11 18 23 19 39 10
H(Total)(cm) 29 27.5 25.5 25 24.5 24 39 10
Hs(cm) 32 31 30 29 28.5 28 37 10
H(Total)(cm) 37 36 35.5 34.5 34 33 37 10
Calculation:
𝑣 =
𝑄
𝐴
=
𝑣 ∕ 𝛥𝑡
𝜋
4
𝑑2
𝐻(𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = ℎ𝑑 + ℎ𝑠 + 8
𝑄 =
𝑣
𝑡
=
10000
43.5
= 229.88𝑐𝑚2
∕ 𝑠
𝐴 =
𝜋
4
𝑑2
=
3.14
4
(2.84)2
= 6.33𝑐𝑚^2
𝑣 =
𝑄
𝐴
=
229.88
6.33
=36.31cm/s
ℎ𝑑 =
𝑣2
2𝑔
=
36.312
2(9.81)
= 0.7
ℎ𝑇 = ℎ𝑑 + ℎ𝑠 + 8 = 17 + 0.7 + 8 = 257𝑐𝑚 ≃ 26𝑐𝑚

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Table of calculations:
Discussion:

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References:
1. Sal khan(2010), What is Bernoulli's equation? khan academy.[online]
available: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-
dynamics/a/what-is-bernoullis-equation [Accessed: Mar./29/2023]
2. Gunt(2023), HM 150.07 Bernoulli's principle.[online] available:
https://gunt.de/images/datasheet/554/HM-150.07-Bernoullis-principle-gunt-
554-pdf_1_en-GB.pdf [Accessed: Mar./29/2023]
3. Byjus(2020), Bernoulli’s Equation Derivation.[online] available:
https://byjus.com/physics/bernoullis-principle/ [Accessed: Mar./29/2023]