Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Experiment
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Aim of the experiment “The aim of this experiment is to determine the amount of heat loss from hot water by parallel flow current in the pipes of the heat exchanger.” Double Pipe Heat Exchanger. 3 Chemical Engineering Department. Stage III Introduction to double pipe heat exchangers A double pipe heat exchanger, also known as a hairpin heat exchanger, is a type of heat exchanger used to transfer heat between two fluids. It consists of two concentric pipes, one inside the other, forming a “U” or “hairpin” shape. One fluid flows through the inner pipe, while the other flows through the annular space between the inner and outer pipes. This design allows for efficient heat transfer between the two fluids, making it suitable for various applications, such as cooling or heating processes in industrial systems. Types of flows in double pipe heat exchangers In a double pipe heat exchanger, there are two primary flow arrangements, each with its variations, however, we’re are going to be focusing on two simple arrangements only, as they would suffice to comprehend the basic ideas behind double pipe heat exchangers. One flow arrangement is called “parallel flow” and the other is called “counter flow”. The latter will be explained in our next experiment. Parallel flow or uni-flow: in this type of flow, both the hot and cold fluids flow in the same direction, entering one end of the inner pipe and exiting the other end. This arrangement is simple but generally less efficient for heat transfer because the temperature difference between the two fluids decreases along the length of the exchanger. Figure 1: simple parallel flow diagram. By “Research Gate” Double Pipe Heat Exchanger. 4 Chemical Engineering Department. Stage III However, when there’s a significant temperature difference between the two fluids at the inlet, parallel flow heat exchangers can be more efficient for heat transfer. Both arrangements have advantages and disadvantages and are used depending on the system requirements. Theoretical calculation for heat transfer in double pipe heat exchangers Heat Transfer: Heat transfer is the process of the exchange of thermal energy between two objects or systems that are at different temperatures, and the heat energy always flows from the high temperature object or system to the low ones because the entropy of an isolated system can never decrease. There are several ways to calculate the amount of heat added or lost by an object or a system. However, in this experiment a relatively simple equation can be used to determine the amount of heat lost from the hot water, which is equal to the amount of heat added to the cold water. When pressure is held constant throughout the process, the amount of heat transfer will be equal to the change in enthalpy of the system and therefore can be calculated using constant pressure enthalpy change equation. Q=ΔH=mCpΔT Where: Q=ΔH is the amount of heat transferred to or from the system (J). m: mass of the system (Kg) Cp:
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double pip heat exchanger lab
Aim of the experiment
“The aim of this experiment is to determine the amount of heat loss from hot water by
parallel flow current in the pipes of the heat exchanger.”
Double Pipe Heat Exchanger. 3
Chemical Engineering Department.
Stage III
Introduction to double pipe heat exchangers
A double pipe heat exchanger, also known as a hairpin heat exchanger, is a type of heat
exchanger used to transfer heat between two fluids. It consists of two concentric pipes,
one inside the other, forming a “U” or “hairpin” shape. One fluid flows through the inner
pipe, while the other flows through the annular space between the inner and outer pipes.
This design allows for efficient heat transfer between the two fluids, making it suitable for
various applications, such as cooling or heating processes in industrial systems.
Types of flows in double pipe heat exchangers
In a double pipe heat exchanger, there are two primary flow arrangements, each with its
variations, however, we are going to be focusing on two simple arrangements only, as
they would suffice to comprehend the basic ideas behind double pipe heat exchangers.
One flow arrangement is called “parallel flow” and the other is called “counter flow”.
The latter will be explained in our next experiment.
Parallel flow or uni-flow: in this type of flow, both the hot and cold fluids flow in the
same direction, entering one end of the inner pipe and exiting the other end. This
arrangement is simple but generally less efficient for heat transfer because the
temperature difference between the two fluids decreases along the length of the
exchanger.
Figure 1: simple parallel flow diagram.
By “Research Gate”
Double Pipe Heat Exchanger. 4
Chemical Engineering Department.
Stage III
However, when there’s a significant temperature difference between the two fluids at the
inlet, parallel flow heat exchangers can be more efficient for heat transfer. Both
arrangements have advantages and disadvantages and are used depending on the
system requirements.
Theoretical calculation for heat transfer in double pipe heat
exchangers
Heat Transfer: Heat transfer is the process of the exchange of thermal energy between
two objects or systems that are at different temperatures, and the heat energy always
flows from the high temperature object or system to the low ones because the entropy of
an isolated system can never decrease.
There are several ways to calculate the amount of heat added or lost by an object or a
system. However, in this experiment a relatively simple equation can be used to
determine the amount of heat lost from the hot water, which is equal to the amount of
heat added to the cold water.
When pressure is held constant throughout the process, the amount of heat transfer will
be equal to the change in enthalpy of the system and therefore can be calculated using
constant pressure enthalpy change equation.
Q=ΔH=mCpΔT
Where:
Q=ΔH is the amount of heat transferred to or from the system (J).
m: mass of the system (Kg)
Cp: cons
countercurrent heat exchanger lab 2023.pdf
Aim:
To determine the heat loss in a double pipe heat exchanger counter-current flow
experiment.
Theory:
A double-pipe heat transfer exchanger consists of one or more pipes placed
concentrically inside another pipe of a larger diameter with appropriate fittings to direct
the flow from one section to the next. One fluid flows through the inner pipe (tube side)
in this experiment (hot water), and the other flows through the annular space (annulus)
(cold water).
The double-pipe heat exchanger is one of the basic kinds of exchangers with a very
flexible configuration. There are two types of counterflow or parallel flow for this type
that are the basis of design and calculation for determining pipe size, length, and
number of bends.
Double pipe heat exchanger counter current: heat is exchanged between two flowing
fluids at a different temperature that flows counter current in the heat exchanger double
pipe.
The efficiency is greater in counter-current than in parallel flow because the two fluids
(water) flow separately in counter-current flow when the high different temperatures
meet heat exchange rapidly due to the difference of temperatures, the hot water
becomes warm then cold as heat exchanges, and the cold water becomes warm the heat
exchange occurs till it reaches steady state. As it is explained in Figure 1.
Heat loss can be found by the equation below:
Q=ΔH=mCpΔT
Where: Q=ΔH is the amount of heat transferred to or from the system (J).
m: mass of the system (Kg)
Cp: constant pressure specific heat capacity of the system (J/g°C)
ΔT: difference in temperature of the system °C.
Experiment: Double pipe heat exchanger
4
Figure 1: concurrent and countercurrent respectively.
Procedure:
Double pipe heat exchanger: as shown in the figure-2:
1. Power switch: No.1
2. Temperature scale to select a temperature to heat the water in the tank [No.2] in
the figure.
3. Water tank a heating coil is used to heat the water [no.3].
4. Power pump to set a flow rate, the water is pumped through the double pipe heat
exchanger. [No.4]
5. A flow rate measurement is found in no.5
6. [No.6-7-8-9-10] The temperature measurements measure temperature
throughout the process.
7. Then the temperature and flow rate are collected in the temperature screen.
Experiment: Double pipe heat exchanger
5
Figure 2: double pipe heat exchanger.
Experiment: Double pipe heat exchanger
6
observation:
1. Turn on the device with the power switch.
2. The flow rate is set as 157 ml/s.
3. Heat water up to [40-50 Celsius] in this experiment: [44.4 Celsius] by the
heating coil in the water tank, set the desired temperature by the temperature
scale in the water tank.
4. Then water is pumped to the pipes by the power pump.
5. Adjust the valves so that the hot water and cold water flow countercurrent.
6. The hot water flows in the inner pipe in the double pipe through the pipe from
the pump to the heat exchanger
7. the cold water flows in the outer pipe counter current from the tank to the pipes
the valv
Experimental Investigation of a Helical Coil Heat Exchanger
Helical coil heat exchangers are one of the most common equipment found in many industrial applications. Helical coil heat exchanger is one of the devices which are used for the recovery system. The helical coil heat exchangers can be made in the form of a shell and tube heat exchangers and can be used for industrial applications such as power generation, nuclear industry, process plants, heat recovery systems, refrigeration, food industry etc. In our work we had designed, fabricated and experimentally analysed a helical coil heat exchanger and a straight tube heat exchanger. From the observations and calculations, the results of the helical coil heat exchanger and straight tube heat exchanger are obtained and are compared. From our obtained results, the helical coil heat exchanger showed increase in the heat transfer rate, effectiveness and overall heat transfer coefficient over the straight tube heat exchanger on all mass flow rates and operating conditions. The centrifugal force due to the curvature of the tube results in the secondary flow development which enhances the heat transfer rate. Comparative study shows that helical coil heat exchanger is having better performance that straight tube heat exchanger.
Heat Exchangers.pptx
heat exchanger is a device that transfers heat between two or more fluids. The fluids may be separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they may be in direct contact. Heat exchangers are widely used in a variety of applications, including:
Heating and cooling systems
Power plants
Chemical processing
Food processing
Refrigeration
Air conditioning
SUMMARYThis report represents the outcome of heat exchang.docx
SUMMARY:
This report represents the outcome of heat exchange via 4 tubes that are fitted within the shell with four thermocouples to determine the temperature for every pass, two passes for the hot water (in/out) and two for the cold water (in/out). The experiment was commencing according to the amount of hot and cold water that was supplied to the inputs of the heat exchange. The supply was managed by the use of taps that would restrain or allow the gush of water. The temperature for the inputs was constant in the most of the 5 runs while the outputs had been changed due to heat exchange occurring within the shell. Hot water had lost temperature while cold water had gained temperature.
An experiment was set up to resolve the energy losses that affect the hot and cold water, by using thermodynamic laws. During the experiment the water gush rates were measured carefully and the data had been collected and entered to allow the calculations of the energy losses that came out. Finally, it was discovered the heat had been exchanged from the hot into the cold to maintain the temperature inside the shell.
Contents:
SUMMARY:i
1.0INTRODUCTION:1
2.0AIM:1
3.0EXPERIMENTAL METHOD:1
4.0EXPERIMENTAL DATA:2
5.0DATA ANALYSIS:2
6.0DISCUSSION:4
7.0CONCLUSION4
ii
INTRODUCTION:
The exchanger consists of a number of tubes that sit inside a shell that allows cold water to flow through them. Hot water flow through the bordering shell and the two fluids exchange heat. Heat exchanger can come in various forms and as such can have many different motives. A radiator in a car and a boiler in a steam engine are both heat exchanger with the radiator cooling the engine, and the boiler exchanging raw materials into steam that can be used for power generation. The heat exchanger that has been used in this experiment was a basic shell and tube style as shown in figure 1. A Jenco digital thermometer and Jenco thermocouple switches are used in the heat exchanger set up to allow to calculate the measurements for the experiment. Flow meters fitted on the inlet of hot and cold water taps are used to change volume flow rates.
AIM:
The aim of the report is to evaluate the heat losses that came out for the hot water. The experiment will carry of recording temperatures and flow rates and then calculating other possible factors that may cause heat loss.EXPERIMENTAL METHOD:
1) Be familiar with the different part of the experimental.
2) Turn on the cold and hot water taps.
3) Turn valves for the cold water at an initial flow rate (approximate 15 L/min for cold water) Make sure that all the water passes through the flow meters (turn off one of the valves in each water supply line)
4) Water for couple of minutes before reading the data.
5) Take the temperature reading for the thermocouples 1 to 5 by press the Jenco thermocouple buttons.
6) Repeat steps from 3) to 5) for 5 different flow rate combinations.EXPERIMENTAL DATA:
Room temperature: 15°C
Run/Quantities
(L/min)
(L/min)
in ...
Recommended
double pip heat exchanger lab
Aim of the experiment
“The aim of this experiment is to determine the amount of heat loss from hot water by
parallel flow current in the pipes of the heat exchanger.”
Double Pipe Heat Exchanger. 3
Chemical Engineering Department.
Stage III
Introduction to double pipe heat exchangers
A double pipe heat exchanger, also known as a hairpin heat exchanger, is a type of heat
exchanger used to transfer heat between two fluids. It consists of two concentric pipes,
one inside the other, forming a “U” or “hairpin” shape. One fluid flows through the inner
pipe, while the other flows through the annular space between the inner and outer pipes.
This design allows for efficient heat transfer between the two fluids, making it suitable for
various applications, such as cooling or heating processes in industrial systems.
Types of flows in double pipe heat exchangers
In a double pipe heat exchanger, there are two primary flow arrangements, each with its
variations, however, we are going to be focusing on two simple arrangements only, as
they would suffice to comprehend the basic ideas behind double pipe heat exchangers.
One flow arrangement is called “parallel flow” and the other is called “counter flow”.
The latter will be explained in our next experiment.
Parallel flow or uni-flow: in this type of flow, both the hot and cold fluids flow in the
same direction, entering one end of the inner pipe and exiting the other end. This
arrangement is simple but generally less efficient for heat transfer because the
temperature difference between the two fluids decreases along the length of the
exchanger.
Figure 1: simple parallel flow diagram.
By “Research Gate”
Double Pipe Heat Exchanger. 4
Chemical Engineering Department.
Stage III
However, when there’s a significant temperature difference between the two fluids at the
inlet, parallel flow heat exchangers can be more efficient for heat transfer. Both
arrangements have advantages and disadvantages and are used depending on the
system requirements.
Theoretical calculation for heat transfer in double pipe heat
exchangers
Heat Transfer: Heat transfer is the process of the exchange of thermal energy between
two objects or systems that are at different temperatures, and the heat energy always
flows from the high temperature object or system to the low ones because the entropy of
an isolated system can never decrease.
There are several ways to calculate the amount of heat added or lost by an object or a
system. However, in this experiment a relatively simple equation can be used to
determine the amount of heat lost from the hot water, which is equal to the amount of
heat added to the cold water.
When pressure is held constant throughout the process, the amount of heat transfer will
be equal to the change in enthalpy of the system and therefore can be calculated using
constant pressure enthalpy change equation.
Q=ΔH=mCpΔT
Where:
Q=ΔH is the amount of heat transferred to or from the system (J).
m: mass of the system (Kg)
Cp: cons
countercurrent heat exchanger lab 2023.pdf
Aim:
To determine the heat loss in a double pipe heat exchanger counter-current flow
experiment.
Theory:
A double-pipe heat transfer exchanger consists of one or more pipes placed
concentrically inside another pipe of a larger diameter with appropriate fittings to direct
the flow from one section to the next. One fluid flows through the inner pipe (tube side)
in this experiment (hot water), and the other flows through the annular space (annulus)
(cold water).
The double-pipe heat exchanger is one of the basic kinds of exchangers with a very
flexible configuration. There are two types of counterflow or parallel flow for this type
that are the basis of design and calculation for determining pipe size, length, and
number of bends.
Double pipe heat exchanger counter current: heat is exchanged between two flowing
fluids at a different temperature that flows counter current in the heat exchanger double
pipe.
The efficiency is greater in counter-current than in parallel flow because the two fluids
(water) flow separately in counter-current flow when the high different temperatures
meet heat exchange rapidly due to the difference of temperatures, the hot water
becomes warm then cold as heat exchanges, and the cold water becomes warm the heat
exchange occurs till it reaches steady state. As it is explained in Figure 1.
Heat loss can be found by the equation below:
Q=ΔH=mCpΔT
Where: Q=ΔH is the amount of heat transferred to or from the system (J).
m: mass of the system (Kg)
Cp: constant pressure specific heat capacity of the system (J/g°C)
ΔT: difference in temperature of the system °C.
Experiment: Double pipe heat exchanger
4
Figure 1: concurrent and countercurrent respectively.
Procedure:
Double pipe heat exchanger: as shown in the figure-2:
1. Power switch: No.1
2. Temperature scale to select a temperature to heat the water in the tank [No.2] in
the figure.
3. Water tank a heating coil is used to heat the water [no.3].
4. Power pump to set a flow rate, the water is pumped through the double pipe heat
exchanger. [No.4]
5. A flow rate measurement is found in no.5
6. [No.6-7-8-9-10] The temperature measurements measure temperature
throughout the process.
7. Then the temperature and flow rate are collected in the temperature screen.
Experiment: Double pipe heat exchanger
5
Figure 2: double pipe heat exchanger.
Experiment: Double pipe heat exchanger
6
observation:
1. Turn on the device with the power switch.
2. The flow rate is set as 157 ml/s.
3. Heat water up to [40-50 Celsius] in this experiment: [44.4 Celsius] by the
heating coil in the water tank, set the desired temperature by the temperature
scale in the water tank.
4. Then water is pumped to the pipes by the power pump.
5. Adjust the valves so that the hot water and cold water flow countercurrent.
6. The hot water flows in the inner pipe in the double pipe through the pipe from
the pump to the heat exchanger
7. the cold water flows in the outer pipe counter current from the tank to the pipes
the valv
Experimental Investigation of a Helical Coil Heat Exchanger
Helical coil heat exchangers are one of the most common equipment found in many industrial applications. Helical coil heat exchanger is one of the devices which are used for the recovery system. The helical coil heat exchangers can be made in the form of a shell and tube heat exchangers and can be used for industrial applications such as power generation, nuclear industry, process plants, heat recovery systems, refrigeration, food industry etc. In our work we had designed, fabricated and experimentally analysed a helical coil heat exchanger and a straight tube heat exchanger. From the observations and calculations, the results of the helical coil heat exchanger and straight tube heat exchanger are obtained and are compared. From our obtained results, the helical coil heat exchanger showed increase in the heat transfer rate, effectiveness and overall heat transfer coefficient over the straight tube heat exchanger on all mass flow rates and operating conditions. The centrifugal force due to the curvature of the tube results in the secondary flow development which enhances the heat transfer rate. Comparative study shows that helical coil heat exchanger is having better performance that straight tube heat exchanger.
Heat Exchangers.pptx
heat exchanger is a device that transfers heat between two or more fluids. The fluids may be separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they may be in direct contact. Heat exchangers are widely used in a variety of applications, including:
Heating and cooling systems
Power plants
Chemical processing
Food processing
Refrigeration
Air conditioning
SUMMARYThis report represents the outcome of heat exchang.docx
SUMMARY:
This report represents the outcome of heat exchange via 4 tubes that are fitted within the shell with four thermocouples to determine the temperature for every pass, two passes for the hot water (in/out) and two for the cold water (in/out). The experiment was commencing according to the amount of hot and cold water that was supplied to the inputs of the heat exchange. The supply was managed by the use of taps that would restrain or allow the gush of water. The temperature for the inputs was constant in the most of the 5 runs while the outputs had been changed due to heat exchange occurring within the shell. Hot water had lost temperature while cold water had gained temperature.
An experiment was set up to resolve the energy losses that affect the hot and cold water, by using thermodynamic laws. During the experiment the water gush rates were measured carefully and the data had been collected and entered to allow the calculations of the energy losses that came out. Finally, it was discovered the heat had been exchanged from the hot into the cold to maintain the temperature inside the shell.
Contents:
SUMMARY:i
1.0INTRODUCTION:1
2.0AIM:1
3.0EXPERIMENTAL METHOD:1
4.0EXPERIMENTAL DATA:2
5.0DATA ANALYSIS:2
6.0DISCUSSION:4
7.0CONCLUSION4
ii
INTRODUCTION:
The exchanger consists of a number of tubes that sit inside a shell that allows cold water to flow through them. Hot water flow through the bordering shell and the two fluids exchange heat. Heat exchanger can come in various forms and as such can have many different motives. A radiator in a car and a boiler in a steam engine are both heat exchanger with the radiator cooling the engine, and the boiler exchanging raw materials into steam that can be used for power generation. The heat exchanger that has been used in this experiment was a basic shell and tube style as shown in figure 1. A Jenco digital thermometer and Jenco thermocouple switches are used in the heat exchanger set up to allow to calculate the measurements for the experiment. Flow meters fitted on the inlet of hot and cold water taps are used to change volume flow rates.
AIM:
The aim of the report is to evaluate the heat losses that came out for the hot water. The experiment will carry of recording temperatures and flow rates and then calculating other possible factors that may cause heat loss.EXPERIMENTAL METHOD:
1) Be familiar with the different part of the experimental.
2) Turn on the cold and hot water taps.
3) Turn valves for the cold water at an initial flow rate (approximate 15 L/min for cold water) Make sure that all the water passes through the flow meters (turn off one of the valves in each water supply line)
4) Water for couple of minutes before reading the data.
5) Take the temperature reading for the thermocouples 1 to 5 by press the Jenco thermocouple buttons.
6) Repeat steps from 3) to 5) for 5 different flow rate combinations.EXPERIMENTAL DATA:
Room temperature: 15°C
Run/Quantities
(L/min)
(L/min)
in ...
Heat Transfer Analysis of Refrigerant Flow in an Evaporator Tube
the paper aim is to presenting the heat transfer analysis of refrigerant flow in an evaporator
tube is done. The main objective of this paper is to find the length of the evaporator tube for a pre-defined
refrigerant inlet state such that the refrigerant at the tube outlet is superheated. The problem involves
refrigerant flowing inside a straight, horizontal copper tube over which water is in cross flow. Inlet
condition of the both fluids and evaporator tube detail except its length are specified. here pressure and
enthalpy at discrete points along the tube are calculated by using two-phase frictional pressure drop model.
Predicted values were compared using another different pressure drop model. A computer-code using
Turbo C has been developed for performing the entire calculation
Numerical Modeling and Simulation of a Double Tube Heat Exchanger Adopting a ...
The double tube heat exchangers are commonly used in industry due to their simplicity in design and also their
operation at high temperatures and pressures. As the inlet parameters like temperatures and mass flow rates
change during operation, the outlet temperatures will also change. In the present paper, a simple approximate
linear model has been proposed to predict the outlet temperatures of a double tube heat exchanger, considering it
as a black box. The simulation of the heat exchanger has been carried out first using the commercial CFD
software FLUENT. Next the linear model of the double tube heat exchanger based on lumped parameters has
been developed using the basic governing equations, considering it as a black box. Results have been generated
for outlet temperatures for different inlet temperatures and mass flow rates of the cold and hot fluids. The results
obtained using the above two methods have then been discussed and compared with the numerical results
available in the literature to justify the basis for the assumption of a linear approximation. Comparisons of the
predicted results from the present model show a good agreement with the experimental results published in the
literature. The assumptions of linear variation of outlet temperatures with the inlet temperature of one fluid
(keeping other inlet parameters fixed) is very well justified and hence the model can be employed for the
analysis of double tube heat exchangers.
Heat exchanger parallel flow
The objective of this experiment is to calculate the rate of the heat transfer log mean temperature difference, and the overall heat transfer coefficient in case of Counter flow
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Applications Of Heat Transfer In Bio processing
In Bio processing heat transfer is important method for all biochemical and fermentation process.
ONGC Training on Heat Exchangers, Compressors & Pumps
Plant overview, working of compressors, pumps, cooling towers, gas turbines.
Mini- Project on shell & tube type heat exchangers in ONGC, Uran plant. Hence,
calculating the effectiveness of heat exchanger using the working data.
Heat exchanger curent flow
The objective of this experiment is to calculate the rate of the heat transfer log mean temperature difference, and the overall heat transfer coefficient in case of Counter flow
reactor lab single CSTR reactor.pdf
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to determine the conversion of our reactants by using conductivity meter in the reactor which the reaction takes place which is a CSTR reactor.
Introduction:
In our experiment a reaction takes place between two reactants in a CSTR reactor, first reactant is the strong base (NaOH) and second reactant is the weak Acid which is (CH3CO2CH2CH3) to produce (CH3COONa) and (CH3CH2OH) and water.
But since one of reactant is weak (CH3CO2CH2CH3) this means our reactants won't fully react and convert into our product which means we don't have a 100% conversion like we have between two strong reactants.
So, in order to find conversion, we have to divide the concentration of the reactants reacted by the concentration of the reactant in our reactor as the term of conversion suggests.
In order to find concentration, we use conductivity meter which measures the amount of free ions in our reactor.
This way can find conductivity to find concentration which gives us the key to find conversion.
4
Tools:
o CSTR reactor:
Our CSTR reactor is continuous and we add the reactants together continuously. Before the reactants run out, we read the (λ) ،And we read the (T) . Our reactor has a capacity of one liter ، and has a thermometer ، and has a vent valve.
5
o Conductivity meter:
Is a tool to measure the amount of free ions in a liquid or solution which uses a small amount of electricity to use how much ions will carry the charge.
6
o service unit:
Our service unit for this experience holds the both of the tanks of both reactants, and the pumps which is needed for each tank to the inlet of the reactor.
7
o Control unit:
For this experiment the control unit provides power and electricity to our reactor But not the conductivity meter because it works on its own.
o Tank:
The tank provide store service to our reactant before being added to our reactor, which is located in unit service.
8
o Pumps:
The pumps are our helpful tool which add our reactants to the reactor, which is located in unit service but is controlled in and turned on and off in control unit.
9
Procedure:
1.Temperature sensor Ts.4/on T=18: reaction Dane isothermally.
2. stirrer A A1 on
3. Flow rate: on both reactants should inter in The reactor at The same Flow rate Conversion is not Function of Flow rate in This experiment
4. vent valve: It is opened when the reactants. reach The level needs to be closed.
5. The level adjust into another tank over Flow draining it.
6. when continuously adjusting level occurred Conductivity is read when It becomes constant in The conductivity meter.
reactor design batch reactor
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to determine the conversion of our reactants by using conductivity meter in the reactor which the reaction takes place which is a batch reactor
Introduction:
In our experiment a reaction takes place between two reactants in a batch reactor, first reactant is the strong base (NaOH) and second reactant is the weak Acid which is (CH3COOH) to produce (CH3COONA) and water.
But since one of reactant is weak ( CH3COOH ) this means our reactants won’t fully react and convert into our product which means we don’t have a 100% conversion like we have between two strong reactants.
So, in order to find conversion we have to divide the concentration of the reactants reacted by the concentration of the reactant in our reactor as the term of conversion suggests.
In order to find concentration, we use conductivity meter which measures the amount of free ions in our reactor.
This way can find conductivity to find concentration which gives us the key to find conversion.
4
Tools:
Batch reactor
The reactor is not continuous we add the reactants and wait for the reaction to accrue, our reactor has 1L capacity
The batch reactor has other parts to its like thermometer which is plugged and can be dead from service unit
Conductivity meter
Is a tool to measure the amount of free ions in a liquid or solution which uses a small amount of electricity to use how much ions will carry the charge
5
Service unit
Our service unit for this experience holds the both of the tanks of both reactants, and the pumps which is needed for each tank to the inlet of the reactor
6
Control unit
For this experiment the control unit provides power and electricity to our reactor
But not the conductivity meter because it works on its own
Tank
The tank provide store service to our reactant before being added to our reactor, which is located in unit service.
7
Pumps
The pumps are our helpful tool which add our reactants to the reactor, which is located in unit service but is controlled in and turned on and off in control unit.
8
Procedure:
Before experiment: We make sure our units are ready
1 service unit
-the tanks for each reactant are filled with half a liter of its reactant so it gives us the concentration of 0.05M and 1 Liter of solution in the reactor
-The tubes must be connected well from tank to pump and to the reactor correctly and there isn’t any leak.
2 control unit
-the wire of the reactor must be plugged into its main power source on the control box as well as its temperature sensor to its right power source
-making sure both the temperature of the room is stable because heat will affect the reactor and cause inaccuracies
-making sure the conductivity meter is connected to our reactor.
During the experiment
-Switch on the control unit main power switch
-which on the conductivity meter
-switch on the pump of the base reactant and wait till the pump sends all the reactant into the reactor then we stop the first pump
-we switch on the second pump which is t
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Heat Transfer Analysis of Refrigerant Flow in an Evaporator Tube
the paper aim is to presenting the heat transfer analysis of refrigerant flow in an evaporator
tube is done. The main objective of this paper is to find the length of the evaporator tube for a pre-defined
refrigerant inlet state such that the refrigerant at the tube outlet is superheated. The problem involves
refrigerant flowing inside a straight, horizontal copper tube over which water is in cross flow. Inlet
condition of the both fluids and evaporator tube detail except its length are specified. here pressure and
enthalpy at discrete points along the tube are calculated by using two-phase frictional pressure drop model.
Predicted values were compared using another different pressure drop model. A computer-code using
Turbo C has been developed for performing the entire calculation
Numerical Modeling and Simulation of a Double Tube Heat Exchanger Adopting a ...
The double tube heat exchangers are commonly used in industry due to their simplicity in design and also their
operation at high temperatures and pressures. As the inlet parameters like temperatures and mass flow rates
change during operation, the outlet temperatures will also change. In the present paper, a simple approximate
linear model has been proposed to predict the outlet temperatures of a double tube heat exchanger, considering it
as a black box. The simulation of the heat exchanger has been carried out first using the commercial CFD
software FLUENT. Next the linear model of the double tube heat exchanger based on lumped parameters has
been developed using the basic governing equations, considering it as a black box. Results have been generated
for outlet temperatures for different inlet temperatures and mass flow rates of the cold and hot fluids. The results
obtained using the above two methods have then been discussed and compared with the numerical results
available in the literature to justify the basis for the assumption of a linear approximation. Comparisons of the
predicted results from the present model show a good agreement with the experimental results published in the
literature. The assumptions of linear variation of outlet temperatures with the inlet temperature of one fluid
(keeping other inlet parameters fixed) is very well justified and hence the model can be employed for the
analysis of double tube heat exchangers.
Heat exchanger parallel flow
The objective of this experiment is to calculate the rate of the heat transfer log mean temperature difference, and the overall heat transfer coefficient in case of Counter flow
D031201025031
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Applications Of Heat Transfer In Bio processing
In Bio processing heat transfer is important method for all biochemical and fermentation process.
ONGC Training on Heat Exchangers, Compressors & Pumps
Plant overview, working of compressors, pumps, cooling towers, gas turbines.
Mini- Project on shell & tube type heat exchangers in ONGC, Uran plant. Hence,
calculating the effectiveness of heat exchanger using the working data.
Heat exchanger curent flow
The objective of this experiment is to calculate the rate of the heat transfer log mean temperature difference, and the overall heat transfer coefficient in case of Counter flow
Similar to Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Experiment (20)
Heat Transfer Analysis of Refrigerant Flow in an Evaporator Tube
Heat Transfer Analysis of Refrigerant Flow in an Evaporator Tube
Numerical Modeling and Simulation of a Double Tube Heat Exchanger Adopting a ...
Numerical Modeling and Simulation of a Double Tube Heat Exchanger Adopting a ...
ONGC Training on Heat Exchangers, Compressors & Pumps
ONGC Training on Heat Exchangers, Compressors & Pumps
More from DimaJawhar
reactor lab single CSTR reactor.pdf
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to determine the conversion of our reactants by using conductivity meter in the reactor which the reaction takes place which is a CSTR reactor.
Introduction:
In our experiment a reaction takes place between two reactants in a CSTR reactor, first reactant is the strong base (NaOH) and second reactant is the weak Acid which is (CH3CO2CH2CH3) to produce (CH3COONa) and (CH3CH2OH) and water.
But since one of reactant is weak (CH3CO2CH2CH3) this means our reactants won't fully react and convert into our product which means we don't have a 100% conversion like we have between two strong reactants.
So, in order to find conversion, we have to divide the concentration of the reactants reacted by the concentration of the reactant in our reactor as the term of conversion suggests.
In order to find concentration, we use conductivity meter which measures the amount of free ions in our reactor.
This way can find conductivity to find concentration which gives us the key to find conversion.
4
Tools:
o CSTR reactor:
Our CSTR reactor is continuous and we add the reactants together continuously. Before the reactants run out, we read the (λ) ،And we read the (T) . Our reactor has a capacity of one liter ، and has a thermometer ، and has a vent valve.
5
o Conductivity meter:
Is a tool to measure the amount of free ions in a liquid or solution which uses a small amount of electricity to use how much ions will carry the charge.
6
o service unit:
Our service unit for this experience holds the both of the tanks of both reactants, and the pumps which is needed for each tank to the inlet of the reactor.
7
o Control unit:
For this experiment the control unit provides power and electricity to our reactor But not the conductivity meter because it works on its own.
o Tank:
The tank provide store service to our reactant before being added to our reactor, which is located in unit service.
8
o Pumps:
The pumps are our helpful tool which add our reactants to the reactor, which is located in unit service but is controlled in and turned on and off in control unit.
9
Procedure:
1.Temperature sensor Ts.4/on T=18: reaction Dane isothermally.
2. stirrer A A1 on
3. Flow rate: on both reactants should inter in The reactor at The same Flow rate Conversion is not Function of Flow rate in This experiment
4. vent valve: It is opened when the reactants. reach The level needs to be closed.
5. The level adjust into another tank over Flow draining it.
6. when continuously adjusting level occurred Conductivity is read when It becomes constant in The conductivity meter.
reactor design batch reactor
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to determine the conversion of our reactants by using conductivity meter in the reactor which the reaction takes place which is a batch reactor
Introduction:
In our experiment a reaction takes place between two reactants in a batch reactor, first reactant is the strong base (NaOH) and second reactant is the weak Acid which is (CH3COOH) to produce (CH3COONA) and water.
But since one of reactant is weak ( CH3COOH ) this means our reactants won’t fully react and convert into our product which means we don’t have a 100% conversion like we have between two strong reactants.
So, in order to find conversion we have to divide the concentration of the reactants reacted by the concentration of the reactant in our reactor as the term of conversion suggests.
In order to find concentration, we use conductivity meter which measures the amount of free ions in our reactor.
This way can find conductivity to find concentration which gives us the key to find conversion.
4
Tools:
Batch reactor
The reactor is not continuous we add the reactants and wait for the reaction to accrue, our reactor has 1L capacity
The batch reactor has other parts to its like thermometer which is plugged and can be dead from service unit
Conductivity meter
Is a tool to measure the amount of free ions in a liquid or solution which uses a small amount of electricity to use how much ions will carry the charge
5
Service unit
Our service unit for this experience holds the both of the tanks of both reactants, and the pumps which is needed for each tank to the inlet of the reactor
6
Control unit
For this experiment the control unit provides power and electricity to our reactor
But not the conductivity meter because it works on its own
Tank
The tank provide store service to our reactant before being added to our reactor, which is located in unit service.
7
Pumps
The pumps are our helpful tool which add our reactants to the reactor, which is located in unit service but is controlled in and turned on and off in control unit.
8
Procedure:
Before experiment: We make sure our units are ready
1 service unit
-the tanks for each reactant are filled with half a liter of its reactant so it gives us the concentration of 0.05M and 1 Liter of solution in the reactor
-The tubes must be connected well from tank to pump and to the reactor correctly and there isn’t any leak.
2 control unit
-the wire of the reactor must be plugged into its main power source on the control box as well as its temperature sensor to its right power source
-making sure both the temperature of the room is stable because heat will affect the reactor and cause inaccuracies
-making sure the conductivity meter is connected to our reactor.
During the experiment
-Switch on the control unit main power switch
-which on the conductivity meter
-switch on the pump of the base reactant and wait till the pump sends all the reactant into the reactor then we stop the first pump
-we switch on the second pump which is t
reactor design lab continuous stirred tank reactor
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to determine the conversion of our reactants by using conductivity meter in the reactor which the reaction takes place which is a CSTR reactor.
Introduction:
In our experiment a reaction takes place between two reactants in a CSTR reactor, first reactant is the strong base (NaOH) and second reactant is the weak Acid which is (CH3CO2CH2CH3) to produce (CH3COONa) and (CH3CH2OH) and water.
But since one of reactant is weak (CH3CO2CH2CH3) this means our reactants won't fully react and convert into our product which means we don't have a 100% conversion like we have between two strong reactants.
So, in order to find conversion, we have to divide the concentration of the reactants reacted by the concentration of the reactant in our reactor as the term of conversion suggests.
In order to find concentration, we use conductivity meter which measures the amount of free ions in our reactor.
This way can find conductivity to find concentration which gives us the key to find conversion.
4
Tools:
o CSTR reactor:
Our CSTR reactor is continuous and we add the reactants together continuously. Before the reactants run out, we read the (λ) ،And we read the (T) . Our reactor has a capacity of one liter ، and has a thermometer ، and has a vent valve.
5
o Conductivity meter:
Is a tool to measure the amount of free ions in a liquid or solution which uses a small amount of electricity to use how much ions will carry the charge.
6
o service unit:
Our service unit for this experience holds the both of the tanks of both reactants, and the pumps which is needed for each tank to the inlet of the reactor.
7
o Control unit:
For this experiment the control unit provides power and electricity to our reactor But not the conductivity meter because it works on its own.
o Tank:
The tank provide store service to our reactant before being added to our reactor, which is located in unit service.
8
o Pumps:
The pumps are our helpful tool which add our reactants to the reactor, which is located in unit service but is controlled in and turned on and off in control unit.
9
Procedure:
1.Temperature sensor Ts.4/on T=18: reaction Dane isothermally.
2. stirrer A A1 on
3. Flow rate: on both reactants should inter in The reactor at The same Flow rate Conversion is not Function of Flow rate in This experiment
4. vent valve: It is opened when the reactants. reach The level needs to be closed.
5. The level adjust into another tank over Flow draining it.
6. when continuously adjusting level occurred Conductivity is read when It becomes constant in The conductivity meter.
10
Calculation:
11
Discussion:
Sntia louay
Discussion:
What is a continuous stirred tank reactor?
(CSTR) is a type of chemical reactor that is widely used in industrial processes to produce chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and other products.
Is concentration constant in a CSTR?
The essential idea involved in the operation of a CSTR is that, after the passage of sufficient time, the concentrations of the
000-Natural gas processing.pdf
Abstract A natural gas processing plant separates impurities, nonmethane hydrocarbons, and fluids to produce high-quality pipeline-quality dry natural gas, extracted from underground. Natural gas processing produces valuable byproducts like natural gas liquids (NGLs). The process involves four key steps: oil and condensate removal, water removal, separation of NGLs, and sulfur and carbon dioxide removal. The primary procedures include planning, extraction, separation, removal, and storage. Natural gas sweetening removes CO2 and H2S from natural gas. It involves an amine scrubbing procedure, ensuring H2S and CO2 concentrations are below tariff limits. offers reliable solutions for natural gas sweetening applications. Water is present in natural gas, either in liquid or vapor form. Safe gas processing requires reducing and controlling its water content. .
Natural Gas Processing
4 | P a g e
Introduction
A natural gas processing plant is a facility designed to provide clean raw natural gas by separating impurities, various nonmethane hydrocarbons and fluids to get high quality natural gas, what is known as pipeline-quality dry natural gas. (Speight, J. G.,2019)
Natural gas (or fossil gas) is hiding beneath the surface and extracted both from under the ocean and land. As shown in Figure 1. (Energy Insight, 2023)
Figure 1: Schematic geology of natural gas resources. (Energy Insight, 2023)
natural gas It typically includes heavier hydrocarbons like ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutane, etc. in addition to a significant amount of methane. Additionally, it frequently has a significant proportion of nonhydrocarbons in its raw form, including carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen. Such substances as helium, carbonyl sulfide, and other forms of mercaptan are present in tiny quantities. In generally, it is also saturated with water. Some examples of the analysis of different types of gas are provided in Table 1.
Table 1: Typical Raw Gas Composition. (Mohammed Hamzah Msaed,2021)
Natural Gas Processing
5 | P a g e
Methodology
Natural gas processing yields associated hydrocarbons, sometimes referred to as "natural gas liquids" (NGLs), which can be extremely valuable byproducts. Natural gasoline, propane, butane, isobutane, and ethane are examples of NGLs. These (NGLs) can be purchased individually and are used for a number of purposes, such as improving oil recovery in oil wells, supplying raw materials to petrochemical or oil refineries, and serving as energy sources.
Although the actual process of processing natural gas to pipeline dry gas quality standards might be highly complicated, there are typically four key steps involved in order to eliminate the different impurities: (U.S. Department of Transportation, 2017)
• Oil and Condensate Removal
• Water Removal
• Separation of Natural Gas Liquids
• Sulfur and Carbon Dioxide Removal
While there are several procedures involved in the processing of natural gas, separation, dehydration, removal of ca
chemical industries: water treatment flocculation tank
Introduction:
If river or lake water is not treated or sterilized beforehand, it is barely clean enough
for human consumption. To make groundwater suitable for drinking, it frequently
requires some sort of treatment. Preserving the community's health is the main goal of
water treatment. Naturally, chemicals and dangerous microbes must not be present in
potable water. The water should have almost little turbidity, be a transparent hue, and
have no flavor or odor that is undesirable. Water used for household purposes shouldn't
be caustic or leave unsightly stains and buildup on plumbing fittings.
Figure 1: water treatment process flow diagram.
Regarding Figure 1 For the purpose of cleaning sewage, water, and industrial wastes,
one crucial step is the development of suspended floes, which may be effectively
separated from the solution by settling or filtering. We refer to this process as
coagulation or flocculation. up to 1920, sanitation engineers had little knowledge of the
nature of the process and often confused it with mixing, which refers to the act of
releasing coagulating chemicals in a liquid to aid in the solution's creation. Since then,
it has been discovered that flocculation is a physical process that needs time and mild
disturbance. However, there hasn't been much advancement in the scientific
understanding of the underlying principles and their application to design.
water treatment: flocculation process
Page | 4
Coagulation and flocculation
flocculation involves adding a chemical coagulant to water, for the particles
to create bigger, easier-to-separate clumps.
suspended particles cannot be eliminated. Smaller and lighter particles settle out more
slowly in some cases not at all, whereas larger and heavier particles settle out more
quickly. For this reason, coagulation—a chemical process—usually occurs before it
reaches the sedimentation stage. To combine the non-settling particles into bigger,
heavier masses of solids known as floc, chemicals (coagulants) are introduced to the
water. The (coagulants) are added to the water to make the non-settling particles
together into bigger, heavier masses of solids called floc. Aluminum sulfate (alum) is a
commonly used coagulant for water purification and deep sanitizing Other chemicals,
such as ferric sulfate or sodium aluminate are also be used.
Figure 2: A coagulant is used to minimize electric charges on the particles, to make it
easier to form the particles into clumps. However, it is not enough to settle the particles
out of solution.
water treatment: flocculation process
Page | 5
Oil emulsions will float to the top while suspended particles will sink to the bottom.
The removal of these contaminants during filtration will depend on how they precipitate
out of solution.
Any flocculated particles in the treated water can now be filtered out in the scenario
depicted above in Figure 2. These flocculated particles have now settled to the bottom
of the sedimentation chamber.
These particles ne
heat transfer in buildings.pdf
Abstract:
Introduction: The several ways that thermal energy is transferred from one place to another are referred to as the principle of heat transfer.
This process is known as radiation heat transfer.
The transfer of energy by thermal radiation, or electromagnetic waves, is known as radiant heat transfer.
A convection current is created when heated air rises and is replaced by colder air, transferring heat from the inner pane to the outside pane(s).
Heat is carried via the window frame in triple-glazing units; convection is minor in double-glazing units up to 20 mm, especially when argon gas is used, which is denser than air.
Heat transfer through buildings rooms and roofs: Even while convection often involves more variables than conduction, we are nevertheless able to characterize it and do some simple, accurate calculations to determine its effects.
Figure 7 illustrates each of the three heat transmission techniques in this portion of the attic.
This natural convection heating system, when correctly built, may be quite effective in heating a home evenly.
Environmental Heat Transfer
4
Introduction:
The several ways that thermal energy is transferred from one place to another are referred to as the principle of heat transfer. There are three main ways that heat travels through building assemblies: radiation, convection, and conduction. One or more of these mechanisms may be involved in a specific thermal energy transfer. Phase transitions also release or absorb heat through three processes: conduction, radiation, and convection. Examples of this include heat transfer from walls to rooms, from fluids to each other, between pipes, and from outside heat to dwellings. The types of heat transport are described in Figure 1. a (concept group LLC, 2023)
Figure 1: types of transferring heat. (energy saver, 2023)
Temperature and heat are not the same thing. Temperature is a measurement of the intensity of kinetic energy, which is what heat is. Consider two water containers, one holding 10 gallons and the other one holding 1 gallon, to demonstrate this. Both containers hold 50°F water. The bigger container retains ten times more heat than the smaller one, even if they are of the same temperature. Because it has a greater capacity, the larger container can hold more heat. (Clayton DeKorne, 2023)
Building heat transfer calculations are performed for different applications such as: (Kusuda T., 1977)
• heat transmission via the outer envelope, the basement walls, the slab-on-grade floor (to a semi-infinite zone),
• transmission, absorption, and reflection of short wavelengths (or solar heat) for openings.
• thermal storage in the external masses of structures.
Environmental Heat Transfer
5
• air leakage via outside envelopes as well as the interior partition walls, ceilings, and floors.
Interior environmental analyses-:
• radiant heat transfer between heat sinks or sources and interior surfaces,
• the transfer of heat convectively between interior surfaces an
chemical industries cement industry rotary Kiln.2023.pdf
Abstract:
The assignment describes the cement industry's processes. Cement is a fundamental
building and civil engineering material.
the stages of getting Portland cement is Crushing and grinding the raw materials,
combining the components in precise proportions, burning the prepared mix in a kiln,
grinding the burnt result, known as "clinker," a percentage of gypsum (to limit the
period of set of the cement).
Under high temperatures, a rotary kiln is a physically huge process unit used in cement
manufacturing where limestone is degraded into calcium oxide, which forms the base
of cement clinker particles.
Also, the Location of the control parameters and variables is discussed.
Industry of Cement: Rotary Kiln
4
Introduction:
the cement industry is directly tied to the economy of the construction, In 1995, the
European Union produced 172 million tonnes of cement, accounting for nearly 12% of
global output. (European Commission, 2001)
After mining, grinding, and homogenization of raw materials, the first phase in cement
production is the calcination of calcium carbonate, followed by high-temperature
burning of the resultant calcium oxide with silica, alumina, and ferrous oxide to
generate clinker. To make cement, the clinker is crushed or milled with gypsum and
other ingredients. (European Commission,2001)
It is worth noting that cement is one of the most essential building materials in the
world. It is mostly utilized in the production of concrete. Concrete is made up of inert
mineral aggregates like sand, gravel, broken stones, and cement. Cement consumption
and manufacturing are inextricably linked to the construction industry, and
consequently to overall economic activity. Cement is one of the most developed
products in the world, owing to its importance as a construction material and the
geographical availability of the key raw materials, namely limestone. The extensive
development is also attributed to the low cost and high density of cement. Because of
the comparatively high prices, ground transportation is reduced. Export commerce
(excluding plants grown across borders) is often restricted in comparison to global
output. (N. Martin, m. D. Levine, et al,1995)
Referred to Figure 1 process flow diagram of the cement industry is explained There
are four stages in the manufacture of Portland cement:
• crushing and grinding the raw materials
• blending the materials in the correct proportions
• burning the prepared mix in a kiln
• grinding the burned product, known as “clinker,”
• percent of gypsum (to control the time of set of the cement).
The three manufacturing techniques are known as the wet, dry, and semidry processes,
and are so named because the raw materials are ground wet and fed to the kiln as a
Industry of Cement: Rotary Kiln
5
slurry, ground dry and supplied as a dry powder, or ground dry and subsequently
moistened to form nodules that are fed to the kiln. (Thomas o. Mason 2023)
Figure 1: The cement-making process, from raw material
Chemical Reaction Engineering Catalysts in Chemical Reactor Designs
Chemical reaction engineering is a subset of chemical engineering, and it is often simply called reaction engineering. Its content can be roughly divided into reaction kinetics and reactor design and analysis.
Reaction kinetics is mainly concerned with the mechanism and the rate of chemical reactions.
The three classical generic chemical reactors are the batch reactor, the continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR), and the plug flow tubular reactor (PFR). Each of these reactor types has its own unique characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages.
Bed reactor is used to contact fluids with solids. It is one of the most widely used industrial reactors and may or may not be catalytic. The bed is usually a column with the actual dimensions influenced by temperature and pressure drop in addition to the reaction kinetics.
Catalytic reactions and reactors have widespread applications in producing chemicals in bulk, petroleum, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, specialty chemicals, etc.
These rigorous design efforts, firmly based on sound mathematical principles, triggered the development of several profitable catalytic processes.
types of catalyst
Fixed bed reactors.
Trickle-bed reactors.
Moving bed reactors.
Rotating bed reactors.
Fluidized bed reactors.
Slurry reactors.
Using catalysts leads to faster, more energy-efficient chemical reactions. Catalysts also have a key property called selectivity, by which they can direct a reaction to increase the amount of desired product and reduce the amount of unwanted byproducts.
Bernoulli equation
Bernoulli equation fluid mechanics lab experiments lab report:
Aim:
The main purpose of this experiment is to investigate Bernoulli’s law.
Theory:
Bernoulli’s principle states that the total mechanical energy of the moving fluid comprising the gravitational potential energy of elevation, the energy associated with the fluid pressure, and the kinetic energy of the fluid motion, remains constant.
The HM 150.07 experimental unit is used to demonstrate Bernoulli’s principle. includes a pipe section with a transparent Venturi nozzle and a movable Pitot tube for measuring the total pressure. The Pitot tube is located within the Venturi nozzle and is displaced axially. The position of the Pitot tube can be observed through the Venturi nozzle’s transparent front panel.
The Venturi nozzle is equipped with pressure measuring points to determine the static pressures. The pressures are displayed on the six-tube manometers. The total pressure is measured by the Pitot tube and displayed on another single-tube manometer. Bernoulli’s law is expressed as:
Where: •P= static pressure of the fluid at the cross-section • 𝜌= density of flowing fluid
•g= acceleration due to gravity •v= mean velocity of fluid flow at the cross-section
•h= elevation head of the center of the cross-section with respect to a datum.
Figure-1: Venturi meter: It is a device based on Bernoulli’s theorem and is used for measuring the flow rate of liquid flow through the pipes.
Bernoulli equation
4
Procedure:
Equipment: HM-150
Figure-1: 1 diagram, 2 tube manometers (static pressures), 3 water supply, 4 valve, 5 Venturi nozzle, 6 water outlet, 7 valve for water outlet, 8 Pitot tube, 9 single tube manometer (total pressure)
Specification:
1. familiarization with Bernoulli’s principle
2. Venturi nozzle with a transparent front panel and measuring points for measuring the static pressures
3. axially movable Pitot tube for determining the total pressure at various points within the Venturi nozzle
4. 6 tube manometers for displaying the static pressures
5. single tube manometer for displaying the total pressure
6. flow rate determined by HM 150 base module
7. water supply using HM 150 base module or via laboratory supply
sulfur content
sulfur content petroleum and gas lab report experement
Aim:
This test method covers the determination of total sulfur in petroleum and petroleum products
that are liquid at ambient conditions. These materials can include diesel fuel, jet fuel,
kerosene, other distillate oil, naphtha, residual oil, lubricating base oil, hydraulic oil, crude
oil, unleaded gasoline, gasoline ethanol blends, and similar petroleum products.
Introduction
This test method provides rapid and precise measurement of total sulfur in petroleum and
petroleum products with a minimum of sample preparation. A typical analysis time is 1 min
to 5 min.
In this experiment the model (RX-360SH) determines total sulfur in petroleum products, such as
gas oil, fuel oil, crude oil and naphtha, using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF)
method, which is an accurate, non-destructive, economical and yet quick method prescribed
per sample.
The quality of petroleum products is determined by the amount of sulfur present. It is
necessary to know sulfur concentration for processing purposes. There are also regulations
promulgated in federal, state, and local agencies that restrict the amount of sulfur present in
some fuels.
This method provides the determining whether the sulfur content of petroleum or a petroleum
product meets specification or regulatory limits.
Figure-1: RX-360SH.
4
Procedure : Total sulfur analyzer for petroleum products by energy dispersive
X-ray fluorescence method :
1. RX-360SH
2. A prepared sample cup and it’s supplies
3. Sample volume: 3-5ml
4. Measuring range: 0-6.00wt%
Required equipment’s is shown in figure-2 as the numbers follow the tools :
1. two-way-open cylinder (1). 2. plastic-sheet’s (2). 3. Plastic ring. 4. Lid
5. two-way-open cylinder. 6. Removing the sample ring. 7. stand.
temperature measurement
temperature measurement thermodynamics lab experement lab report
Aim:
Measuring the temperature by different methods and draw the calibration curve with the
thermometer
Introduction
Recording temperature is one of the basic tasks in process and manufacturing automation.
The WL 202 experimentation set-up covers the full range of temperature measurement
methods. As well as non-electrical measuring methods, such as gas- and liquid-filled
thermometers and bimetallic thermometers, all typical electronic measuring methods are
covered in the experiments. The electronically measured temperatures are displayed directly
on programmable digital displays. A temperature-proportionate output voltage signal
(0...10V) is accessible from lab jacks, enabling temperature characteristics to be recorded
with, for example, a plotter. A digital mustimeter with precision resistors is used to calibrate
the electrical measuring devices. Various heat sources or storage units (immersion heater,
vacuum flask and laboratory heater) permit relevant temperature ranges to be achieved for the
sensors being tested. A plastic casing houses the sensors, cables, temperature measuring
strips and immersion heater. The well-structured instructional material sets out the
fundamentals and provides a step-by-step guide through the experiments.
1. power-regulated socket.
2. vacuum flask.
3. immersion heater.
4. laboratory heater for water and sand.
Measuring temperature experiment by WL-202
4
5. multimeter.
6. temperature sensors.
7. temperature measuring strips.
8. mercury thermometer.
9. bimetal thermometer.
10. gas pressure thermometer.
11. psychrometer to determine air humidity.
12. digital display of temperature sensors.
1. Immersion
lifting force
lifting force fluid mechanics lab report Aim of this Experiment:
Finding lifting force for a solid object when thrown into fluid (H2O).
Introduction
The lift force, lifting force or simply lift is a mechanical force generated by solid objects as they move through a fluid. In general, the lift is an upward-acting force on an aircraft wing or airfoil. There are several ways to explain how an airfoil generates lift.
Lift is generated when an object turns a fluid away from its direction of flow. When the object and fluid move relative to each other, the object turns the fluid flow in a direction perpendicular to that flow, and the force required to do this creates an equal and opposite force that is lift. The object may be moving through a stationary fluid, or the fluid may be flowing past a stationary object— these two are effectively identical as, in principle, it is only the frame of reference of the viewer which differs.
In the case of an aircraft wing, pressure regions turn the passing flow of air downward towards the ground. These pressure regions exert an equal and opposite force on the wing, called lift, that supports the aircraft in the air.
a floating object from sinking. When the object is immersed in water (or any other liquid), its weight pulls it downwards. Buoyancy opposes that weight and has a magnitude directly proportional to the volume of fluid that would otherwise occupy the space taken by the object – in other words, to the volume of the displaced liquid.
The theory of lifting force can be expressed:
FA=P*g*Vdisplaced
FGwater=FG-FA
Where:
(fa=lifting force ,p=density of fluid, V=volume displacement, & g=gravity)
Equipment and tools :
1. Stand
2. Beaker 350ml.
3. Beaker 100ml.
4. Over flow beaker
5. Sample experiment: ( brass (CU) , ployoxymethelene, aluminum )
6. Spring balance.
7. Graduated cylinder.
Figure-1 : tools and equipments for lifting force experement.
Procedure :
1. Weight each sample experiment ( brass (CU) , polyoxymethylene, aluminum ) by the spring balance, The mass is hung on the end of a spring and the deflection of the spring due to the downwards gravitational force on the mass is measured against a scale. Fg measuring unite N before putting it into water:
• Take an iron stand and suspend a spring balance to it.
• Study the spring balance, its scale and its least count.
• Record your observations.
2. Find the weight of the samples in air:
• Take the samples ( brass (CU) , polyoxymethylene, aluminum ), tie thread to it and suspend on the hook of the spring balance.
• Record the weight of the samples in air. Let this weight be FGAir
3. Find the weight of the samples immersed in tap water and record the apparent loss in (mL) :
Take an overflow can, fill it with water such that its water level touches the spout of the overflow can.
Keep an overflow can under the spring balance such that the sample gets fully immersed in the water of the overflow can.
Keep a beaker whose volume (mL) is recorded, at the mouth of
Dew point
thermodynamics dew point lab report Generally, hygrometers, or cooled mirrors, have been the conventional air measurement tools used for precise dew point measurement. The device is considered to be a humidity transfer standard. The process entails cooling a mirror until water vapor begins to condense on the surface. The temperature of the mirror is measured. This projects the dew point of the air. This process is generally used in laboratory practices.
A dew-point hygrometer was invented in 1751. For this instrument, cold water was added to water in a vessel until dew formed on the vessel, and the temperature of the vessel, the dew point, provided a direct index of humidity.
In this experiment acetone is used even though the sample is not necessary to be acetone nor the amount of volume matters that becomes vapor so that the temperature (dew point) is measured until the metal mirror starts to condense.
.
Relative Humidity Relative humidity (RH) is the ratio between saturated humidity over absolute humidity at a given temperature. Relative humidity depends on temperature and the pressure of the system of interest. It requires less water vapor to attain high relative humidity at low temperatures; more water vapor is required to attain high relative humidity in warm or hot air. Relative humidity is normally expressed as a percentage ; a higher percentage means that the air water mixture is more humid ; a lower percentage means that the air-water mixture is less humid.
Relative Humidity (%RH) =𝑭𝑺𝐅𝐀∗%𝟏𝟎𝟎
Absolute humidity is the total mass of water vapor present in a given volume of air. It does not take temperature into consideration. Absolute humidity in the atmosphere ranges from near zero to roughly 30 grams per cubic meter when the air is saturated at 30 °C (86 °F).
Finding Dew point by hygrometer
4
Absolute humidity is the mass of the water vapor divided by the volume of the air and water vapor The absolute humidity changes as air temperature or pressure changes.
The saturation humidity (Hs or FA) is the maximum quantity of water vapor that air can contain at a given temperature, without phase separation. The relative humidity (φ or RH) is the ratio (as percentage) of the partial pressure of water vapor in air, to the vapor pressure of liquid water at the same temperature.
phase change occurs at dew point temperature when the temperature of a gas is the temperature at which the water vapor or low-boiling hydrocarbon derivatives contained in the gas is transformed into the liquid state.
The boiling point of a liquid varies according to the applied pressure; the normal boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the standard sea-level atmospheric pressure (760 mm [29.92 inches] of mercury). At sea level, water boils at 100° C (212° F).
Finding Dew point by hygrometer
5
Physical bases of the Measurement Procedure:
At room temperature ether is close to its boiling point. Rapid evaporation is already taking place
deadweight piston gauge
Calibrating the bourdon gauge. which is used to measure gauge Pressure. The deadweight piston gauge (Bell and Howell) is used is to measure pressure in terms of fundamental units - force and area. A piston is inserted into a close fitting cylinder. Weights are placed on one end of the piston and are supported by fluid pressure applied to the other end. For absolute pressure measurements the assembly is placed inside an evacuated bell jar. Pressure measurements take into account a number of parameters affecting the instrument and its environment.
The pressure is applied via weights which are placed on a weight support. The latter has a piston which acts on hydraulic oil in a pipe system, so that a manometer which is also connected to the system should indicate certain pressures. The device contains a Bourdon spring manometer with a transparent dial. The display mechanism and the various adjustment opportunities are therefore clearly identifiable. Hydraulic oil is used to transfer pressure. Instructions :
1. Bourdon tube pressure gauge for pressure measurement
2. transparent dial face with a view of the spring mechanism
3. accurately fitting piston and cylinder of the piston manometer without seals
4. hydraulic oil for transfer of the force hydraulic pump with storage tank and bleed mechanism The device for calibrating pressure gauges essentially consists of two units:
1. The pressure gauge unit This is where the manometer to be calibrated is screwed in
2. The load unit The load unit consists of several weights and a cylinder with a piston. An increase in the load results in an increase in pressure. The load unit is connected to the pressure
gauge unit via an oil-filled line, enabling the manometer to display the increase in pressure.
The following sectional drawing shows how the load unit and pressure gauge unit are connected:
Figure-4: Hydraulic connections.
both units are connected by means of a pipeline. When the support is loaded with weights, the oil pressure in the system increases. The seal between the piston and the cylinder is metallic, with no other sealing elements. The fit has been very carefully designed to ensure that the piston operates almost entirely without friction, and with minimal oil leakage.
The weights are designed in such a way that pressure increments of 0,5bar are possible. Place the small weight on the weight support first. A guide pin is provided for this purpose. The other weights would lie askew on the plunger and would corrupt the measurements due to different levels of friction.
flash point
flash point petroleum and gas lab experiment report, The flash point is the lowest temperature at which there will be enough flammable vapor to induce ignition when an ignition source is applied.Flash points are determined experimentally by heating the liquid in a container (cup) and then introducing a small flame just above the liquid surface. The temperature at which there is a flash/ignition is recorded as the flash point. The closed-cup test PMA 5 contains any vapors
produced and essentially simulates the situation
in which a potential source of ignition is
accidentally introduced into a container. In this
test a test specimen is introduced into a cup and
a close-fitting lid is fitted to the top of the cup.
The cup and test specimen is heated.
Subsequently, apertures are opened in the lid to
allow air into the cup and the ignition source to
be dipped into the vapors to test for a flash.
The closed cup is mostly used in product specifications and regulations due to
its better precision. The following table shows the comparative flash points
measured in open and closed cup apparatus for some common pure liquids.
boyle's law
boyle's law thermodynamics lab Boyle’s law, also called Mariotte’s law, a relation concerning the compression and expansion of a gas at constant temperature. This empirical relation, formulated by the physicist Robert Boyle in 1662, states that the pressure (p) of a given quantity of gas varies inversely with its volume (v) at constant temperature; i.e., in equation form, pv = k, a constant. The relationship was also discovered by the French physicist Edme Mariotte (1676). ake a large piston or sealed syringe and stand it on end, then place an increasing number of objects on top. As the pressure grows, the volume of the air inside will decrease—these quantities are inversely proportional. However, the standard international unit for pressure is the Pascal. The English scientist Robert Boyle performed a series of experiments involving pressure and, in 1662, arrived at a general law—that the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
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如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微信：176555708】
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◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
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我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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Nuclear Power Economics and Structuring 2024
Title: Nuclear Power Economics and Structuring - 2024 Edition
Produced by: World Nuclear Association Published: April 2024
Report No. 2024/001
© 2024 World Nuclear Association.
Registered in England and Wales, company number 01215741
This report reflects the views
of industry experts but does not
necessarily represent those
of World Nuclear Association’s
individual member organizations.
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Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Experiment
- 1. Faculty of Engineering Chemical Engineering Department Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Experiment Prepared by: Amirjan Shawkat Hunar Hamdi Huda Jigangir Dima Jawhar Ara Fakhir Hana Kamal Sntia Louay 25/OCT/2023 Supervisors: Mr. Mabast Qadr
- 2. Chemical Engineering Department. Stage III Contents Aim of the experiment 3 Introduction to double pipe heat exchangers 4 Types of fl ows in double pipe heat exchangers 4 Theoretical calculation for heat transfer in double pipe heat exchangers 5 Procedure and calculations 6 Summary 7 References 8 Double Pipe Heat Exchanger. 2
- 3. Chemical Engineering Department. Stage III Aim of the experiment “The aim of this experiment is to determine the amount of heat loss from hot water by parallel fl ow current in the pipes of the heat exchanger.” Double Pipe Heat Exchanger. 3
- 4. Chemical Engineering Department. Stage III Introduction to double pipe heat exchangers A double pipe heat exchanger, also known as a hairpin heat exchanger, is a type of heat exchanger used to transfer heat between two fl uids. It consists of two concentric pipes, one inside the other, forming a “U” or “hairpin” shape. One fl uid fl ows through the inner pipe, while the other fl ows through the annular space between the inner and outer pipes. This design allows for e ffi cient heat transfer between the two fl uids, making it suitable for various applications, such as cooling or heating processes in industrial systems. Types of flows in double pipe heat exchangers In a double pipe heat exchanger, there are two primary fl ow arrangements, each with its variations, however, we’re are going to be focusing on two simple arrangements only, as they would su ffi ce to comprehend the basic ideas behind double pipe heat exchangers. One fl ow arrangement is called “parallel fl ow” and the other is called “counter fl ow”. The latter will be explained in our next experiment. Parallel fl ow or uni- fl ow: in this type of fl ow, both the hot and cold fl uids fl ow in the same direction, entering one end of the inner pipe and exiting the other end. This arrangement is simple but generally less e ffi cient for heat transfer because the temperature di ff erence between the two fl uids decreases along the length of the exchanger. Figure 1: simple parallel fl ow diagram. By “Research Gate” Double Pipe Heat Exchanger. 4
- 5. Chemical Engineering Department. Stage III However, when there’s a signi fi cant temperature di ff erence between the two fl uids at the inlet, parallel fl ow heat exchangers can be more e ffi cient for heat transfer. Both arrangements have advantages and disadvantages and are used depending on the system requirements. Theoretical calculation for heat transfer in double pipe heat exchangers Heat Transfer: Heat transfer is the process of the exchange of thermal energy between two objects or systems that are at di ff erent temperatures, and the heat energy always fl ows from the high temperature object or system to the low ones because the entropy of an isolated system can never decrease. There are several ways to calculate the amount of heat added or lost by an object or a system. However, in this experiment a relatively simple equation can be used to determine the amount of heat lost from the hot water, which is equal to the amount of heat added to the cold water. When pressure is held constant throughout the process, the amount of heat transfer will be equal to the change in enthalpy of the system and therefore can be calculated using constant pressure enthalpy change equation. Q=ΔH=mCpΔT Where: Q=ΔH is the amount of heat transferred to or from the system (J). m: mass of the system (Kg) Cp: constant pressure speci fi c heat capacity of the system (J/g°C) ΔT: di ff erence in temperature of the system °C. Double Pipe Heat Exchanger. 5
- 6. Chemical Engineering Department. Stage III Procedure and calculations Figure 2: gunt hamburg WL 302 double pipe heat exchanger The procedure is pretty simple. • In this particular experiment, the water is heated to 40-50°C inside the heater which readily has a pump attached to it, in order to control the fl ow rate of the heated water. • The valve on the right is closed in order to allow both of the water streams fl ow parallel to each other (Uni- fl ow). See fi gure 3. • Both heated water and cold water pumps are then activated in order to initiate the water fl ow through the inner and outer pipes. The hot water will fl ow through the inner pipe, and the cold water will fl ow through the outer pipe. It’s important to note that the cold water will never mix with the hot water. • The temperature values can be recorded directly from each indicator. • Now having mass of the hot water and temperature values at each point, the amount of heat lost by the hot water can be calculated using enthalpy change equation. Double Pipe Heat Exchanger. 6
- 7. Chemical Engineering Department. Stage III Figure 3: fl ow diagram of double pipe heat exchanger (WL 302) Uni- fl ow mode. Summary A double pipe heat exchanger is a type of heat exchanger used to transfer heat between two fl uids. It consists of two concentric pipes, one within the other. There are generally two types of fl ows in double pipe heat exchanger, parallel fl ow (uni- fl ow) and counter fl ow. The amount of heat transfer can be calculated in double pipe heat exchanger by pumping di ff erent temperature fl uids through inner and outer pipes and recording the temperature values at each point. Double Pipe Heat Exchanger. 7
- 8. Chemical Engineering Department. Stage III References • Linquip Team. (L.A: OCT/2023). What are double pipe heat exchangers and their working principles? Available at: https://www.linquip.com/blog/double-pipe-heat- exchangers/ • Gunt Hamburg. 2023. WL 302 Heat transfer in the tubular heat exchanger. Available at: WL 302 Heat transfer in the tubular heat exchanger • Britannica. (L.A: OCT/2023). Heat Transfer, De fi nition and Facts. Available at: https:// www.britannica.com/science/heat-transfer Double Pipe Heat Exchanger. 8