deadweight piston gauge
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Calibrating the bourdon gauge. which is used to measure gauge Pressure. The deadweight piston gauge (Bell and Howell) is used is to measure pressure in terms of fundamental units - force and area. A piston is inserted into a close fitting cylinder. Weights are placed on one end of the piston and are supported by fluid pressure applied to the other end. For absolute pressure measurements the assembly is placed inside an evacuated bell jar. Pressure measurements take into account a number of parameters affecting the instrument and its environment. The pressure is applied via weights which are placed on a weight support. The latter has a piston which acts on hydraulic oil in a pipe system, so that a manometer which is also connected to the system should indicate certain pressures. The device contains a Bourdon spring manometer with a transparent dial. The display mechanism and the various adjustment opportunities are therefore clearly identifiable. Hydraulic oil is used to transfer pressure. Instructions : 1. Bourdon tube pressure gauge for pressure measurement 2. transparent dial face with a view of the spring mechanism 3. accurately fitting piston and cylinder of the piston manometer without seals 4. hydraulic oil for transfer of the force hydraulic pump with storage tank and bleed mechanism The device for calibrating pressure gauges essentially consists of two units: 1. The pressure gauge unit This is where the manometer to be calibrated is screwed in 2. The load unit The load unit consists of several weights and a cylinder with a piston. An increase in the load results in an increase in pressure. The load unit is connected to the pressure gauge unit via an oil-filled line, enabling the manometer to display the increase in pressure. The following sectional drawing shows how the load unit and pressure gauge unit are connected: Figure-4: Hydraulic connections. both units are connected by means of a pipeline. When the support is loaded with weights, the oil pressure in the system increases. The seal between the piston and the cylinder is metallic, with no other sealing elements. The fit has been very carefully designed to ensure that the piston operates almost entirely without friction, and with minimal oil leakage. The weights are designed in such a way that pressure increments of 0,5bar are possible. Place the small weight on the weight support first. A guide pin is provided for this purpose. The other weights would lie askew on the plunger and would corrupt the measurements due to different levels of friction.
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Dead weight piston gauge
this report made by koya university student of chemical engineering (shwan sarwan ).
Dead-weight piston gauge
The objective of this experiment is to calibrate the Bourdon gauge, which is used to measure gauge pressure.
dead weight piston gauge exp.
Muhammed Fuad Rashid
Petroleum Engineering Department at Koya University
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
2020
dead weight piston gauge exp.2
Muhammed Fuad Rashid
Petroleum Engineering Department at Koya University
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
2020
Dead weight piston gauge
Petroleum engineering department at Koya University
Fluid Mechanics laboratory
2020
Recommended
Dead weight piston gauge
this report made by koya university student of chemical engineering (shwan sarwan ).
Dead-weight piston gauge
The objective of this experiment is to calibrate the Bourdon gauge, which is used to measure gauge pressure.
dead weight piston gauge exp.
Muhammed Fuad Rashid
Petroleum Engineering Department at Koya University
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
2020
dead weight piston gauge exp.2
Muhammed Fuad Rashid
Petroleum Engineering Department at Koya University
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
2020
Dead weight piston gauge
Petroleum engineering department at Koya University
Fluid Mechanics laboratory
2020
Fluid flow lab3-Dead –Weight piston gauge dec 2015
Dead-Weight pressure Gauge is used for checking and adjusting pressure gauges. The pressure is applied via weights which are placed on a weight support. The latter has a piston which acts on hydraulic oil in a pipe system, so that a pressure gauge which is also connected to the system should indicate certain pressures.
The device contains a Bourdon gauge with a transparent dial. The display mechanism and the various adjustment opportunities are therefore clearly identifiable.
Hydraulic oil is used to transfer pressure.
reactor lab single CSTR reactor.pdf
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to determine the conversion of our reactants by using conductivity meter in the reactor which the reaction takes place which is a CSTR reactor.
Introduction:
In our experiment a reaction takes place between two reactants in a CSTR reactor, first reactant is the strong base (NaOH) and second reactant is the weak Acid which is (CH3CO2CH2CH3) to produce (CH3COONa) and (CH3CH2OH) and water.
But since one of reactant is weak (CH3CO2CH2CH3) this means our reactants won't fully react and convert into our product which means we don't have a 100% conversion like we have between two strong reactants.
So, in order to find conversion, we have to divide the concentration of the reactants reacted by the concentration of the reactant in our reactor as the term of conversion suggests.
In order to find concentration, we use conductivity meter which measures the amount of free ions in our reactor.
This way can find conductivity to find concentration which gives us the key to find conversion.
4
Tools:
o CSTR reactor:
Our CSTR reactor is continuous and we add the reactants together continuously. Before the reactants run out, we read the (λ) ،And we read the (T) . Our reactor has a capacity of one liter ، and has a thermometer ، and has a vent valve.
5
o Conductivity meter:
Is a tool to measure the amount of free ions in a liquid or solution which uses a small amount of electricity to use how much ions will carry the charge.
6
o service unit:
Our service unit for this experience holds the both of the tanks of both reactants, and the pumps which is needed for each tank to the inlet of the reactor.
7
o Control unit:
For this experiment the control unit provides power and electricity to our reactor But not the conductivity meter because it works on its own.
o Tank:
The tank provide store service to our reactant before being added to our reactor, which is located in unit service.
8
o Pumps:
The pumps are our helpful tool which add our reactants to the reactor, which is located in unit service but is controlled in and turned on and off in control unit.
9
Procedure:
1.Temperature sensor Ts.4/on T=18: reaction Dane isothermally.
2. stirrer A A1 on
3. Flow rate: on both reactants should inter in The reactor at The same Flow rate Conversion is not Function of Flow rate in This experiment
4. vent valve: It is opened when the reactants. reach The level needs to be closed.
5. The level adjust into another tank over Flow draining it.
6. when continuously adjusting level occurred Conductivity is read when It becomes constant in The conductivity meter.
double pip heat exchanger lab
Aim of the experiment
“The aim of this experiment is to determine the amount of heat loss from hot water by
parallel flow current in the pipes of the heat exchanger.”
Double Pipe Heat Exchanger. 3
Chemical Engineering Department.
Stage III
Introduction to double pipe heat exchangers
A double pipe heat exchanger, also known as a hairpin heat exchanger, is a type of heat
exchanger used to transfer heat between two fluids. It consists of two concentric pipes,
one inside the other, forming a “U” or “hairpin” shape. One fluid flows through the inner
pipe, while the other flows through the annular space between the inner and outer pipes.
This design allows for efficient heat transfer between the two fluids, making it suitable for
various applications, such as cooling or heating processes in industrial systems.
Types of flows in double pipe heat exchangers
In a double pipe heat exchanger, there are two primary flow arrangements, each with its
variations, however, we are going to be focusing on two simple arrangements only, as
they would suffice to comprehend the basic ideas behind double pipe heat exchangers.
One flow arrangement is called “parallel flow” and the other is called “counter flow”.
The latter will be explained in our next experiment.
Parallel flow or uni-flow: in this type of flow, both the hot and cold fluids flow in the
same direction, entering one end of the inner pipe and exiting the other end. This
arrangement is simple but generally less efficient for heat transfer because the
temperature difference between the two fluids decreases along the length of the
exchanger.
Figure 1: simple parallel flow diagram.
By “Research Gate”
Double Pipe Heat Exchanger. 4
Chemical Engineering Department.
Stage III
However, when there’s a significant temperature difference between the two fluids at the
inlet, parallel flow heat exchangers can be more efficient for heat transfer. Both
arrangements have advantages and disadvantages and are used depending on the
system requirements.
Theoretical calculation for heat transfer in double pipe heat
exchangers
Heat Transfer: Heat transfer is the process of the exchange of thermal energy between
two objects or systems that are at different temperatures, and the heat energy always
flows from the high temperature object or system to the low ones because the entropy of
an isolated system can never decrease.
There are several ways to calculate the amount of heat added or lost by an object or a
system. However, in this experiment a relatively simple equation can be used to
determine the amount of heat lost from the hot water, which is equal to the amount of
heat added to the cold water.
When pressure is held constant throughout the process, the amount of heat transfer will
be equal to the change in enthalpy of the system and therefore can be calculated using
constant pressure enthalpy change equation.
Q=ΔH=mCpΔT
Where:
Q=ΔH is the amount of heat transferred to or from the system (J).
m: mass of the system (Kg)
Cp: cons
reactor design batch reactor
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to determine the conversion of our reactants by using conductivity meter in the reactor which the reaction takes place which is a batch reactor
Introduction:
In our experiment a reaction takes place between two reactants in a batch reactor, first reactant is the strong base (NaOH) and second reactant is the weak Acid which is (CH3COOH) to produce (CH3COONA) and water.
But since one of reactant is weak ( CH3COOH ) this means our reactants won’t fully react and convert into our product which means we don’t have a 100% conversion like we have between two strong reactants.
So, in order to find conversion we have to divide the concentration of the reactants reacted by the concentration of the reactant in our reactor as the term of conversion suggests.
In order to find concentration, we use conductivity meter which measures the amount of free ions in our reactor.
This way can find conductivity to find concentration which gives us the key to find conversion.
4
Tools:
Batch reactor
The reactor is not continuous we add the reactants and wait for the reaction to accrue, our reactor has 1L capacity
The batch reactor has other parts to its like thermometer which is plugged and can be dead from service unit
Conductivity meter
Is a tool to measure the amount of free ions in a liquid or solution which uses a small amount of electricity to use how much ions will carry the charge
5
Service unit
Our service unit for this experience holds the both of the tanks of both reactants, and the pumps which is needed for each tank to the inlet of the reactor
6
Control unit
For this experiment the control unit provides power and electricity to our reactor
But not the conductivity meter because it works on its own
Tank
The tank provide store service to our reactant before being added to our reactor, which is located in unit service.
7
Pumps
The pumps are our helpful tool which add our reactants to the reactor, which is located in unit service but is controlled in and turned on and off in control unit.
8
Procedure:
Before experiment: We make sure our units are ready
1 service unit
-the tanks for each reactant are filled with half a liter of its reactant so it gives us the concentration of 0.05M and 1 Liter of solution in the reactor
-The tubes must be connected well from tank to pump and to the reactor correctly and there isn’t any leak.
2 control unit
-the wire of the reactor must be plugged into its main power source on the control box as well as its temperature sensor to its right power source
-making sure both the temperature of the room is stable because heat will affect the reactor and cause inaccuracies
-making sure the conductivity meter is connected to our reactor.
During the experiment
-Switch on the control unit main power switch
-which on the conductivity meter
-switch on the pump of the base reactant and wait till the pump sends all the reactant into the reactor then we stop the first pump
-we switch on the second pump which is t
reactor design lab continuous stirred tank reactor
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to determine the conversion of our reactants by using conductivity meter in the reactor which the reaction takes place which is a CSTR reactor.
Introduction:
In our experiment a reaction takes place between two reactants in a CSTR reactor, first reactant is the strong base (NaOH) and second reactant is the weak Acid which is (CH3CO2CH2CH3) to produce (CH3COONa) and (CH3CH2OH) and water.
But since one of reactant is weak (CH3CO2CH2CH3) this means our reactants won't fully react and convert into our product which means we don't have a 100% conversion like we have between two strong reactants.
So, in order to find conversion, we have to divide the concentration of the reactants reacted by the concentration of the reactant in our reactor as the term of conversion suggests.
In order to find concentration, we use conductivity meter which measures the amount of free ions in our reactor.
This way can find conductivity to find concentration which gives us the key to find conversion.
4
Tools:
o CSTR reactor:
Our CSTR reactor is continuous and we add the reactants together continuously. Before the reactants run out, we read the (λ) ،And we read the (T) . Our reactor has a capacity of one liter ، and has a thermometer ، and has a vent valve.
5
o Conductivity meter:
Is a tool to measure the amount of free ions in a liquid or solution which uses a small amount of electricity to use how much ions will carry the charge.
6
o service unit:
Our service unit for this experience holds the both of the tanks of both reactants, and the pumps which is needed for each tank to the inlet of the reactor.
7
o Control unit:
For this experiment the control unit provides power and electricity to our reactor But not the conductivity meter because it works on its own.
o Tank:
The tank provide store service to our reactant before being added to our reactor, which is located in unit service.
8
o Pumps:
The pumps are our helpful tool which add our reactants to the reactor, which is located in unit service but is controlled in and turned on and off in control unit.
9
Procedure:
1.Temperature sensor Ts.4/on T=18: reaction Dane isothermally.
2. stirrer A A1 on
3. Flow rate: on both reactants should inter in The reactor at The same Flow rate Conversion is not Function of Flow rate in This experiment
4. vent valve: It is opened when the reactants. reach The level needs to be closed.
5. The level adjust into another tank over Flow draining it.
6. when continuously adjusting level occurred Conductivity is read when It becomes constant in The conductivity meter.
10
Calculation:
11
Discussion:
Sntia louay
Discussion:
What is a continuous stirred tank reactor?
(CSTR) is a type of chemical reactor that is widely used in industrial processes to produce chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and other products.
Is concentration constant in a CSTR?
The essential idea involved in the operation of a CSTR is that, after the passage of sufficient time, the concentrations of the
000-Natural gas processing.pdf
Abstract A natural gas processing plant separates impurities, nonmethane hydrocarbons, and fluids to produce high-quality pipeline-quality dry natural gas, extracted from underground. Natural gas processing produces valuable byproducts like natural gas liquids (NGLs). The process involves four key steps: oil and condensate removal, water removal, separation of NGLs, and sulfur and carbon dioxide removal. The primary procedures include planning, extraction, separation, removal, and storage. Natural gas sweetening removes CO2 and H2S from natural gas. It involves an amine scrubbing procedure, ensuring H2S and CO2 concentrations are below tariff limits. offers reliable solutions for natural gas sweetening applications. Water is present in natural gas, either in liquid or vapor form. Safe gas processing requires reducing and controlling its water content. .
Natural Gas Processing
4 | P a g e
Introduction
A natural gas processing plant is a facility designed to provide clean raw natural gas by separating impurities, various nonmethane hydrocarbons and fluids to get high quality natural gas, what is known as pipeline-quality dry natural gas. (Speight, J. G.,2019)
Natural gas (or fossil gas) is hiding beneath the surface and extracted both from under the ocean and land. As shown in Figure 1. (Energy Insight, 2023)
Figure 1: Schematic geology of natural gas resources. (Energy Insight, 2023)
natural gas It typically includes heavier hydrocarbons like ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutane, etc. in addition to a significant amount of methane. Additionally, it frequently has a significant proportion of nonhydrocarbons in its raw form, including carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen. Such substances as helium, carbonyl sulfide, and other forms of mercaptan are present in tiny quantities. In generally, it is also saturated with water. Some examples of the analysis of different types of gas are provided in Table 1.
Table 1: Typical Raw Gas Composition. (Mohammed Hamzah Msaed,2021)
Natural Gas Processing
5 | P a g e
Methodology
Natural gas processing yields associated hydrocarbons, sometimes referred to as "natural gas liquids" (NGLs), which can be extremely valuable byproducts. Natural gasoline, propane, butane, isobutane, and ethane are examples of NGLs. These (NGLs) can be purchased individually and are used for a number of purposes, such as improving oil recovery in oil wells, supplying raw materials to petrochemical or oil refineries, and serving as energy sources.
Although the actual process of processing natural gas to pipeline dry gas quality standards might be highly complicated, there are typically four key steps involved in order to eliminate the different impurities: (U.S. Department of Transportation, 2017)
• Oil and Condensate Removal
• Water Removal
• Separation of Natural Gas Liquids
• Sulfur and Carbon Dioxide Removal
While there are several procedures involved in the processing of natural gas, separation, dehydration, removal of ca
chemical industries: water treatment flocculation tank
Introduction:
If river or lake water is not treated or sterilized beforehand, it is barely clean enough
for human consumption. To make groundwater suitable for drinking, it frequently
requires some sort of treatment. Preserving the community's health is the main goal of
water treatment. Naturally, chemicals and dangerous microbes must not be present in
potable water. The water should have almost little turbidity, be a transparent hue, and
have no flavor or odor that is undesirable. Water used for household purposes shouldn't
be caustic or leave unsightly stains and buildup on plumbing fittings.
Figure 1: water treatment process flow diagram.
Regarding Figure 1 For the purpose of cleaning sewage, water, and industrial wastes,
one crucial step is the development of suspended floes, which may be effectively
separated from the solution by settling or filtering. We refer to this process as
coagulation or flocculation. up to 1920, sanitation engineers had little knowledge of the
nature of the process and often confused it with mixing, which refers to the act of
releasing coagulating chemicals in a liquid to aid in the solution's creation. Since then,
it has been discovered that flocculation is a physical process that needs time and mild
disturbance. However, there hasn't been much advancement in the scientific
understanding of the underlying principles and their application to design.
water treatment: flocculation process
Page | 4
Coagulation and flocculation
flocculation involves adding a chemical coagulant to water, for the particles
to create bigger, easier-to-separate clumps.
suspended particles cannot be eliminated. Smaller and lighter particles settle out more
slowly in some cases not at all, whereas larger and heavier particles settle out more
quickly. For this reason, coagulation—a chemical process—usually occurs before it
reaches the sedimentation stage. To combine the non-settling particles into bigger,
heavier masses of solids known as floc, chemicals (coagulants) are introduced to the
water. The (coagulants) are added to the water to make the non-settling particles
together into bigger, heavier masses of solids called floc. Aluminum sulfate (alum) is a
commonly used coagulant for water purification and deep sanitizing Other chemicals,
such as ferric sulfate or sodium aluminate are also be used.
Figure 2: A coagulant is used to minimize electric charges on the particles, to make it
easier to form the particles into clumps. However, it is not enough to settle the particles
out of solution.
water treatment: flocculation process
Page | 5
Oil emulsions will float to the top while suspended particles will sink to the bottom.
The removal of these contaminants during filtration will depend on how they precipitate
out of solution.
Any flocculated particles in the treated water can now be filtered out in the scenario
depicted above in Figure 2. These flocculated particles have now settled to the bottom
of the sedimentation chamber.
These particles ne
countercurrent heat exchanger lab 2023.pdf
Aim:
To determine the heat loss in a double pipe heat exchanger counter-current flow
experiment.
Theory:
A double-pipe heat transfer exchanger consists of one or more pipes placed
concentrically inside another pipe of a larger diameter with appropriate fittings to direct
the flow from one section to the next. One fluid flows through the inner pipe (tube side)
in this experiment (hot water), and the other flows through the annular space (annulus)
(cold water).
The double-pipe heat exchanger is one of the basic kinds of exchangers with a very
flexible configuration. There are two types of counterflow or parallel flow for this type
that are the basis of design and calculation for determining pipe size, length, and
number of bends.
Double pipe heat exchanger counter current: heat is exchanged between two flowing
fluids at a different temperature that flows counter current in the heat exchanger double
pipe.
The efficiency is greater in counter-current than in parallel flow because the two fluids
(water) flow separately in counter-current flow when the high different temperatures
meet heat exchange rapidly due to the difference of temperatures, the hot water
becomes warm then cold as heat exchanges, and the cold water becomes warm the heat
exchange occurs till it reaches steady state. As it is explained in Figure 1.
Heat loss can be found by the equation below:
Q=ΔH=mCpΔT
Where: Q=ΔH is the amount of heat transferred to or from the system (J).
m: mass of the system (Kg)
Cp: constant pressure specific heat capacity of the system (J/g°C)
ΔT: difference in temperature of the system °C.
Experiment: Double pipe heat exchanger
4
Figure 1: concurrent and countercurrent respectively.
Procedure:
Double pipe heat exchanger: as shown in the figure-2:
1. Power switch: No.1
2. Temperature scale to select a temperature to heat the water in the tank [No.2] in
the figure.
3. Water tank a heating coil is used to heat the water [no.3].
4. Power pump to set a flow rate, the water is pumped through the double pipe heat
exchanger. [No.4]
5. A flow rate measurement is found in no.5
6. [No.6-7-8-9-10] The temperature measurements measure temperature
throughout the process.
7. Then the temperature and flow rate are collected in the temperature screen.
Experiment: Double pipe heat exchanger
5
Figure 2: double pipe heat exchanger.
Experiment: Double pipe heat exchanger
6
observation:
1. Turn on the device with the power switch.
2. The flow rate is set as 157 ml/s.
3. Heat water up to [40-50 Celsius] in this experiment: [44.4 Celsius] by the
heating coil in the water tank, set the desired temperature by the temperature
scale in the water tank.
4. Then water is pumped to the pipes by the power pump.
5. Adjust the valves so that the hot water and cold water flow countercurrent.
6. The hot water flows in the inner pipe in the double pipe through the pipe from
the pump to the heat exchanger
7. the cold water flows in the outer pipe counter current from the tank to the pipes
the valv
heat transfer in buildings.pdf
Abstract:
Introduction: The several ways that thermal energy is transferred from one place to another are referred to as the principle of heat transfer.
This process is known as radiation heat transfer.
The transfer of energy by thermal radiation, or electromagnetic waves, is known as radiant heat transfer.
A convection current is created when heated air rises and is replaced by colder air, transferring heat from the inner pane to the outside pane(s).
Heat is carried via the window frame in triple-glazing units; convection is minor in double-glazing units up to 20 mm, especially when argon gas is used, which is denser than air.
Heat transfer through buildings rooms and roofs: Even while convection often involves more variables than conduction, we are nevertheless able to characterize it and do some simple, accurate calculations to determine its effects.
Figure 7 illustrates each of the three heat transmission techniques in this portion of the attic.
This natural convection heating system, when correctly built, may be quite effective in heating a home evenly.
Environmental Heat Transfer
4
Introduction:
The several ways that thermal energy is transferred from one place to another are referred to as the principle of heat transfer. There are three main ways that heat travels through building assemblies: radiation, convection, and conduction. One or more of these mechanisms may be involved in a specific thermal energy transfer. Phase transitions also release or absorb heat through three processes: conduction, radiation, and convection. Examples of this include heat transfer from walls to rooms, from fluids to each other, between pipes, and from outside heat to dwellings. The types of heat transport are described in Figure 1. a (concept group LLC, 2023)
Figure 1: types of transferring heat. (energy saver, 2023)
Temperature and heat are not the same thing. Temperature is a measurement of the intensity of kinetic energy, which is what heat is. Consider two water containers, one holding 10 gallons and the other one holding 1 gallon, to demonstrate this. Both containers hold 50°F water. The bigger container retains ten times more heat than the smaller one, even if they are of the same temperature. Because it has a greater capacity, the larger container can hold more heat. (Clayton DeKorne, 2023)
Building heat transfer calculations are performed for different applications such as: (Kusuda T., 1977)
• heat transmission via the outer envelope, the basement walls, the slab-on-grade floor (to a semi-infinite zone),
• transmission, absorption, and reflection of short wavelengths (or solar heat) for openings.
• thermal storage in the external masses of structures.
Environmental Heat Transfer
5
• air leakage via outside envelopes as well as the interior partition walls, ceilings, and floors.
Interior environmental analyses-:
• radiant heat transfer between heat sinks or sources and interior surfaces,
• the transfer of heat convectively between interior surfaces an
chemical industries cement industry rotary Kiln.2023.pdf
Abstract:
The assignment describes the cement industry's processes. Cement is a fundamental
building and civil engineering material.
the stages of getting Portland cement is Crushing and grinding the raw materials,
combining the components in precise proportions, burning the prepared mix in a kiln,
grinding the burnt result, known as "clinker," a percentage of gypsum (to limit the
period of set of the cement).
Under high temperatures, a rotary kiln is a physically huge process unit used in cement
manufacturing where limestone is degraded into calcium oxide, which forms the base
of cement clinker particles.
Also, the Location of the control parameters and variables is discussed.
Industry of Cement: Rotary Kiln
4
Introduction:
the cement industry is directly tied to the economy of the construction, In 1995, the
European Union produced 172 million tonnes of cement, accounting for nearly 12% of
global output. (European Commission, 2001)
After mining, grinding, and homogenization of raw materials, the first phase in cement
production is the calcination of calcium carbonate, followed by high-temperature
burning of the resultant calcium oxide with silica, alumina, and ferrous oxide to
generate clinker. To make cement, the clinker is crushed or milled with gypsum and
other ingredients. (European Commission,2001)
It is worth noting that cement is one of the most essential building materials in the
world. It is mostly utilized in the production of concrete. Concrete is made up of inert
mineral aggregates like sand, gravel, broken stones, and cement. Cement consumption
and manufacturing are inextricably linked to the construction industry, and
consequently to overall economic activity. Cement is one of the most developed
products in the world, owing to its importance as a construction material and the
geographical availability of the key raw materials, namely limestone. The extensive
development is also attributed to the low cost and high density of cement. Because of
the comparatively high prices, ground transportation is reduced. Export commerce
(excluding plants grown across borders) is often restricted in comparison to global
output. (N. Martin, m. D. Levine, et al,1995)
Referred to Figure 1 process flow diagram of the cement industry is explained There
are four stages in the manufacture of Portland cement:
• crushing and grinding the raw materials
• blending the materials in the correct proportions
• burning the prepared mix in a kiln
• grinding the burned product, known as “clinker,”
• percent of gypsum (to control the time of set of the cement).
The three manufacturing techniques are known as the wet, dry, and semidry processes,
and are so named because the raw materials are ground wet and fed to the kiln as a
Industry of Cement: Rotary Kiln
5
slurry, ground dry and supplied as a dry powder, or ground dry and subsequently
moistened to form nodules that are fed to the kiln. (Thomas o. Mason 2023)
Figure 1: The cement-making process, from raw material
Chemical Reaction Engineering Catalysts in Chemical Reactor Designs
Chemical reaction engineering is a subset of chemical engineering, and it is often simply called reaction engineering. Its content can be roughly divided into reaction kinetics and reactor design and analysis.
Reaction kinetics is mainly concerned with the mechanism and the rate of chemical reactions.
The three classical generic chemical reactors are the batch reactor, the continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR), and the plug flow tubular reactor (PFR). Each of these reactor types has its own unique characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages.
Bed reactor is used to contact fluids with solids. It is one of the most widely used industrial reactors and may or may not be catalytic. The bed is usually a column with the actual dimensions influenced by temperature and pressure drop in addition to the reaction kinetics.
Catalytic reactions and reactors have widespread applications in producing chemicals in bulk, petroleum, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, specialty chemicals, etc.
These rigorous design efforts, firmly based on sound mathematical principles, triggered the development of several profitable catalytic processes.
types of catalyst
Fixed bed reactors.
Trickle-bed reactors.
Moving bed reactors.
Rotating bed reactors.
Fluidized bed reactors.
Slurry reactors.
Using catalysts leads to faster, more energy-efficient chemical reactions. Catalysts also have a key property called selectivity, by which they can direct a reaction to increase the amount of desired product and reduce the amount of unwanted byproducts.
Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Experiment
Aim of the experiment
“The aim of this experiment is to determine the amount of heat loss from hot water by
parallel flow current in the pipes of the heat exchanger.”
Double Pipe Heat Exchanger. 3
Chemical Engineering Department.
Stage III
Introduction to double pipe heat exchangers
A double pipe heat exchanger, also known as a hairpin heat exchanger, is a type of heat
exchanger used to transfer heat between two fluids. It consists of two concentric pipes,
one inside the other, forming a “U” or “hairpin” shape. One fluid flows through the inner
pipe, while the other flows through the annular space between the inner and outer pipes.
This design allows for efficient heat transfer between the two fluids, making it suitable for
various applications, such as cooling or heating processes in industrial systems.
Types of flows in double pipe heat exchangers
In a double pipe heat exchanger, there are two primary flow arrangements, each with its
variations, however, we’re are going to be focusing on two simple arrangements only, as
they would suffice to comprehend the basic ideas behind double pipe heat exchangers.
One flow arrangement is called “parallel flow” and the other is called “counter flow”.
The latter will be explained in our next experiment.
Parallel flow or uni-flow: in this type of flow, both the hot and cold fluids flow in the
same direction, entering one end of the inner pipe and exiting the other end. This
arrangement is simple but generally less efficient for heat transfer because the
temperature difference between the two fluids decreases along the length of the
exchanger.
Figure 1: simple parallel flow diagram.
By “Research Gate”
Double Pipe Heat Exchanger. 4
Chemical Engineering Department.
Stage III
However, when there’s a significant temperature difference between the two fluids at the
inlet, parallel flow heat exchangers can be more efficient for heat transfer. Both
arrangements have advantages and disadvantages and are used depending on the
system requirements.
Theoretical calculation for heat transfer in double pipe heat
exchangers
Heat Transfer: Heat transfer is the process of the exchange of thermal energy between
two objects or systems that are at different temperatures, and the heat energy always
flows from the high temperature object or system to the low ones because the entropy of
an isolated system can never decrease.
There are several ways to calculate the amount of heat added or lost by an object or a
system. However, in this experiment a relatively simple equation can be used to
determine the amount of heat lost from the hot water, which is equal to the amount of
heat added to the cold water.
When pressure is held constant throughout the process, the amount of heat transfer will
be equal to the change in enthalpy of the system and therefore can be calculated using
constant pressure enthalpy change equation.
Q=ΔH=mCpΔT
Where:
Q=ΔH is the amount of heat transferred to or from the system (J).
m: mass of the system (Kg)
Cp:
Bernoulli equation
Bernoulli equation fluid mechanics lab experiments lab report:
Aim:
The main purpose of this experiment is to investigate Bernoulli’s law.
Theory:
Bernoulli’s principle states that the total mechanical energy of the moving fluid comprising the gravitational potential energy of elevation, the energy associated with the fluid pressure, and the kinetic energy of the fluid motion, remains constant.
The HM 150.07 experimental unit is used to demonstrate Bernoulli’s principle. includes a pipe section with a transparent Venturi nozzle and a movable Pitot tube for measuring the total pressure. The Pitot tube is located within the Venturi nozzle and is displaced axially. The position of the Pitot tube can be observed through the Venturi nozzle’s transparent front panel.
The Venturi nozzle is equipped with pressure measuring points to determine the static pressures. The pressures are displayed on the six-tube manometers. The total pressure is measured by the Pitot tube and displayed on another single-tube manometer. Bernoulli’s law is expressed as:
Where: •P= static pressure of the fluid at the cross-section • 𝜌= density of flowing fluid
•g= acceleration due to gravity •v= mean velocity of fluid flow at the cross-section
•h= elevation head of the center of the cross-section with respect to a datum.
Figure-1: Venturi meter: It is a device based on Bernoulli’s theorem and is used for measuring the flow rate of liquid flow through the pipes.
Bernoulli equation
4
Procedure:
Equipment: HM-150
Figure-1: 1 diagram, 2 tube manometers (static pressures), 3 water supply, 4 valve, 5 Venturi nozzle, 6 water outlet, 7 valve for water outlet, 8 Pitot tube, 9 single tube manometer (total pressure)
Specification:
1. familiarization with Bernoulli’s principle
2. Venturi nozzle with a transparent front panel and measuring points for measuring the static pressures
3. axially movable Pitot tube for determining the total pressure at various points within the Venturi nozzle
4. 6 tube manometers for displaying the static pressures
5. single tube manometer for displaying the total pressure
6. flow rate determined by HM 150 base module
7. water supply using HM 150 base module or via laboratory supply
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Similar to deadweight piston gauge
Fluid flow lab3-Dead –Weight piston gauge dec 2015
Dead-Weight pressure Gauge is used for checking and adjusting pressure gauges. The pressure is applied via weights which are placed on a weight support. The latter has a piston which acts on hydraulic oil in a pipe system, so that a pressure gauge which is also connected to the system should indicate certain pressures.
The device contains a Bourdon gauge with a transparent dial. The display mechanism and the various adjustment opportunities are therefore clearly identifiable.
Hydraulic oil is used to transfer pressure.
Similar to deadweight piston gauge (9)
Jcb 1 t 1 high tip dumper service repair manual (sn 2561001 and up)
Jcb 1 t 1 high tip dumper service repair manual (sn 2561001 and up)
Jcb 1 t 1 high tip dumper service repair manual (sn 2561001 and up)
Jcb 1 t 1 high tip dumper service repair manual (sn 2561001 and up)
Jcb 1 t 1 high tip dumper service repair manual (sn 2561001 and up)
Jcb 1 t 1 high tip dumper service repair manual (sn 2561001 and up)
Jcb 1 t 1 high tip dumper service repair manual (sn 2561001 and up)
Jcb 1 t 1 high tip dumper service repair manual (sn 2561001 and up)
Fluid flow lab3-Dead –Weight piston gauge dec 2015
Fluid flow lab3-Dead –Weight piston gauge dec 2015
More from DimaJawhar
reactor lab single CSTR reactor.pdf
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to determine the conversion of our reactants by using conductivity meter in the reactor which the reaction takes place which is a CSTR reactor.
Introduction:
In our experiment a reaction takes place between two reactants in a CSTR reactor, first reactant is the strong base (NaOH) and second reactant is the weak Acid which is (CH3CO2CH2CH3) to produce (CH3COONa) and (CH3CH2OH) and water.
But since one of reactant is weak (CH3CO2CH2CH3) this means our reactants won't fully react and convert into our product which means we don't have a 100% conversion like we have between two strong reactants.
So, in order to find conversion, we have to divide the concentration of the reactants reacted by the concentration of the reactant in our reactor as the term of conversion suggests.
In order to find concentration, we use conductivity meter which measures the amount of free ions in our reactor.
This way can find conductivity to find concentration which gives us the key to find conversion.
4
Tools:
o CSTR reactor:
Our CSTR reactor is continuous and we add the reactants together continuously. Before the reactants run out, we read the (λ) ،And we read the (T) . Our reactor has a capacity of one liter ، and has a thermometer ، and has a vent valve.
5
o Conductivity meter:
Is a tool to measure the amount of free ions in a liquid or solution which uses a small amount of electricity to use how much ions will carry the charge.
6
o service unit:
Our service unit for this experience holds the both of the tanks of both reactants, and the pumps which is needed for each tank to the inlet of the reactor.
7
o Control unit:
For this experiment the control unit provides power and electricity to our reactor But not the conductivity meter because it works on its own.
o Tank:
The tank provide store service to our reactant before being added to our reactor, which is located in unit service.
8
o Pumps:
The pumps are our helpful tool which add our reactants to the reactor, which is located in unit service but is controlled in and turned on and off in control unit.
9
Procedure:
1.Temperature sensor Ts.4/on T=18: reaction Dane isothermally.
2. stirrer A A1 on
3. Flow rate: on both reactants should inter in The reactor at The same Flow rate Conversion is not Function of Flow rate in This experiment
4. vent valve: It is opened when the reactants. reach The level needs to be closed.
5. The level adjust into another tank over Flow draining it.
6. when continuously adjusting level occurred Conductivity is read when It becomes constant in The conductivity meter.
double pip heat exchanger lab
Aim of the experiment
“The aim of this experiment is to determine the amount of heat loss from hot water by
parallel flow current in the pipes of the heat exchanger.”
Double Pipe Heat Exchanger. 3
Chemical Engineering Department.
Stage III
Introduction to double pipe heat exchangers
A double pipe heat exchanger, also known as a hairpin heat exchanger, is a type of heat
exchanger used to transfer heat between two fluids. It consists of two concentric pipes,
one inside the other, forming a “U” or “hairpin” shape. One fluid flows through the inner
pipe, while the other flows through the annular space between the inner and outer pipes.
This design allows for efficient heat transfer between the two fluids, making it suitable for
various applications, such as cooling or heating processes in industrial systems.
Types of flows in double pipe heat exchangers
In a double pipe heat exchanger, there are two primary flow arrangements, each with its
variations, however, we are going to be focusing on two simple arrangements only, as
they would suffice to comprehend the basic ideas behind double pipe heat exchangers.
One flow arrangement is called “parallel flow” and the other is called “counter flow”.
The latter will be explained in our next experiment.
Parallel flow or uni-flow: in this type of flow, both the hot and cold fluids flow in the
same direction, entering one end of the inner pipe and exiting the other end. This
arrangement is simple but generally less efficient for heat transfer because the
temperature difference between the two fluids decreases along the length of the
exchanger.
Figure 1: simple parallel flow diagram.
By “Research Gate”
Double Pipe Heat Exchanger. 4
Chemical Engineering Department.
Stage III
However, when there’s a significant temperature difference between the two fluids at the
inlet, parallel flow heat exchangers can be more efficient for heat transfer. Both
arrangements have advantages and disadvantages and are used depending on the
system requirements.
Theoretical calculation for heat transfer in double pipe heat
exchangers
Heat Transfer: Heat transfer is the process of the exchange of thermal energy between
two objects or systems that are at different temperatures, and the heat energy always
flows from the high temperature object or system to the low ones because the entropy of
an isolated system can never decrease.
There are several ways to calculate the amount of heat added or lost by an object or a
system. However, in this experiment a relatively simple equation can be used to
determine the amount of heat lost from the hot water, which is equal to the amount of
heat added to the cold water.
When pressure is held constant throughout the process, the amount of heat transfer will
be equal to the change in enthalpy of the system and therefore can be calculated using
constant pressure enthalpy change equation.
Q=ΔH=mCpΔT
Where:
Q=ΔH is the amount of heat transferred to or from the system (J).
m: mass of the system (Kg)
Cp: cons
reactor design batch reactor
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to determine the conversion of our reactants by using conductivity meter in the reactor which the reaction takes place which is a batch reactor
Introduction:
In our experiment a reaction takes place between two reactants in a batch reactor, first reactant is the strong base (NaOH) and second reactant is the weak Acid which is (CH3COOH) to produce (CH3COONA) and water.
But since one of reactant is weak ( CH3COOH ) this means our reactants won’t fully react and convert into our product which means we don’t have a 100% conversion like we have between two strong reactants.
So, in order to find conversion we have to divide the concentration of the reactants reacted by the concentration of the reactant in our reactor as the term of conversion suggests.
In order to find concentration, we use conductivity meter which measures the amount of free ions in our reactor.
This way can find conductivity to find concentration which gives us the key to find conversion.
4
Tools:
Batch reactor
The reactor is not continuous we add the reactants and wait for the reaction to accrue, our reactor has 1L capacity
The batch reactor has other parts to its like thermometer which is plugged and can be dead from service unit
Conductivity meter
Is a tool to measure the amount of free ions in a liquid or solution which uses a small amount of electricity to use how much ions will carry the charge
5
Service unit
Our service unit for this experience holds the both of the tanks of both reactants, and the pumps which is needed for each tank to the inlet of the reactor
6
Control unit
For this experiment the control unit provides power and electricity to our reactor
But not the conductivity meter because it works on its own
Tank
The tank provide store service to our reactant before being added to our reactor, which is located in unit service.
7
Pumps
The pumps are our helpful tool which add our reactants to the reactor, which is located in unit service but is controlled in and turned on and off in control unit.
8
Procedure:
Before experiment: We make sure our units are ready
1 service unit
-the tanks for each reactant are filled with half a liter of its reactant so it gives us the concentration of 0.05M and 1 Liter of solution in the reactor
-The tubes must be connected well from tank to pump and to the reactor correctly and there isn’t any leak.
2 control unit
-the wire of the reactor must be plugged into its main power source on the control box as well as its temperature sensor to its right power source
-making sure both the temperature of the room is stable because heat will affect the reactor and cause inaccuracies
-making sure the conductivity meter is connected to our reactor.
During the experiment
-Switch on the control unit main power switch
-which on the conductivity meter
-switch on the pump of the base reactant and wait till the pump sends all the reactant into the reactor then we stop the first pump
-we switch on the second pump which is t
reactor design lab continuous stirred tank reactor
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to determine the conversion of our reactants by using conductivity meter in the reactor which the reaction takes place which is a CSTR reactor.
Introduction:
In our experiment a reaction takes place between two reactants in a CSTR reactor, first reactant is the strong base (NaOH) and second reactant is the weak Acid which is (CH3CO2CH2CH3) to produce (CH3COONa) and (CH3CH2OH) and water.
But since one of reactant is weak (CH3CO2CH2CH3) this means our reactants won't fully react and convert into our product which means we don't have a 100% conversion like we have between two strong reactants.
So, in order to find conversion, we have to divide the concentration of the reactants reacted by the concentration of the reactant in our reactor as the term of conversion suggests.
In order to find concentration, we use conductivity meter which measures the amount of free ions in our reactor.
This way can find conductivity to find concentration which gives us the key to find conversion.
4
Tools:
o CSTR reactor:
Our CSTR reactor is continuous and we add the reactants together continuously. Before the reactants run out, we read the (λ) ،And we read the (T) . Our reactor has a capacity of one liter ، and has a thermometer ، and has a vent valve.
5
o Conductivity meter:
Is a tool to measure the amount of free ions in a liquid or solution which uses a small amount of electricity to use how much ions will carry the charge.
6
o service unit:
Our service unit for this experience holds the both of the tanks of both reactants, and the pumps which is needed for each tank to the inlet of the reactor.
7
o Control unit:
For this experiment the control unit provides power and electricity to our reactor But not the conductivity meter because it works on its own.
o Tank:
The tank provide store service to our reactant before being added to our reactor, which is located in unit service.
8
o Pumps:
The pumps are our helpful tool which add our reactants to the reactor, which is located in unit service but is controlled in and turned on and off in control unit.
9
Procedure:
1.Temperature sensor Ts.4/on T=18: reaction Dane isothermally.
2. stirrer A A1 on
3. Flow rate: on both reactants should inter in The reactor at The same Flow rate Conversion is not Function of Flow rate in This experiment
4. vent valve: It is opened when the reactants. reach The level needs to be closed.
5. The level adjust into another tank over Flow draining it.
6. when continuously adjusting level occurred Conductivity is read when It becomes constant in The conductivity meter.
10
Calculation:
11
Discussion:
Sntia louay
Discussion:
What is a continuous stirred tank reactor?
(CSTR) is a type of chemical reactor that is widely used in industrial processes to produce chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and other products.
Is concentration constant in a CSTR?
The essential idea involved in the operation of a CSTR is that, after the passage of sufficient time, the concentrations of the
000-Natural gas processing.pdf
Abstract A natural gas processing plant separates impurities, nonmethane hydrocarbons, and fluids to produce high-quality pipeline-quality dry natural gas, extracted from underground. Natural gas processing produces valuable byproducts like natural gas liquids (NGLs). The process involves four key steps: oil and condensate removal, water removal, separation of NGLs, and sulfur and carbon dioxide removal. The primary procedures include planning, extraction, separation, removal, and storage. Natural gas sweetening removes CO2 and H2S from natural gas. It involves an amine scrubbing procedure, ensuring H2S and CO2 concentrations are below tariff limits. offers reliable solutions for natural gas sweetening applications. Water is present in natural gas, either in liquid or vapor form. Safe gas processing requires reducing and controlling its water content. .
Natural Gas Processing
4 | P a g e
Introduction
A natural gas processing plant is a facility designed to provide clean raw natural gas by separating impurities, various nonmethane hydrocarbons and fluids to get high quality natural gas, what is known as pipeline-quality dry natural gas. (Speight, J. G.,2019)
Natural gas (or fossil gas) is hiding beneath the surface and extracted both from under the ocean and land. As shown in Figure 1. (Energy Insight, 2023)
Figure 1: Schematic geology of natural gas resources. (Energy Insight, 2023)
natural gas It typically includes heavier hydrocarbons like ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutane, etc. in addition to a significant amount of methane. Additionally, it frequently has a significant proportion of nonhydrocarbons in its raw form, including carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen. Such substances as helium, carbonyl sulfide, and other forms of mercaptan are present in tiny quantities. In generally, it is also saturated with water. Some examples of the analysis of different types of gas are provided in Table 1.
Table 1: Typical Raw Gas Composition. (Mohammed Hamzah Msaed,2021)
Natural Gas Processing
5 | P a g e
Methodology
Natural gas processing yields associated hydrocarbons, sometimes referred to as "natural gas liquids" (NGLs), which can be extremely valuable byproducts. Natural gasoline, propane, butane, isobutane, and ethane are examples of NGLs. These (NGLs) can be purchased individually and are used for a number of purposes, such as improving oil recovery in oil wells, supplying raw materials to petrochemical or oil refineries, and serving as energy sources.
Although the actual process of processing natural gas to pipeline dry gas quality standards might be highly complicated, there are typically four key steps involved in order to eliminate the different impurities: (U.S. Department of Transportation, 2017)
• Oil and Condensate Removal
• Water Removal
• Separation of Natural Gas Liquids
• Sulfur and Carbon Dioxide Removal
While there are several procedures involved in the processing of natural gas, separation, dehydration, removal of ca
chemical industries: water treatment flocculation tank
Introduction:
If river or lake water is not treated or sterilized beforehand, it is barely clean enough
for human consumption. To make groundwater suitable for drinking, it frequently
requires some sort of treatment. Preserving the community's health is the main goal of
water treatment. Naturally, chemicals and dangerous microbes must not be present in
potable water. The water should have almost little turbidity, be a transparent hue, and
have no flavor or odor that is undesirable. Water used for household purposes shouldn't
be caustic or leave unsightly stains and buildup on plumbing fittings.
Figure 1: water treatment process flow diagram.
Regarding Figure 1 For the purpose of cleaning sewage, water, and industrial wastes,
one crucial step is the development of suspended floes, which may be effectively
separated from the solution by settling or filtering. We refer to this process as
coagulation or flocculation. up to 1920, sanitation engineers had little knowledge of the
nature of the process and often confused it with mixing, which refers to the act of
releasing coagulating chemicals in a liquid to aid in the solution's creation. Since then,
it has been discovered that flocculation is a physical process that needs time and mild
disturbance. However, there hasn't been much advancement in the scientific
understanding of the underlying principles and their application to design.
water treatment: flocculation process
Page | 4
Coagulation and flocculation
flocculation involves adding a chemical coagulant to water, for the particles
to create bigger, easier-to-separate clumps.
suspended particles cannot be eliminated. Smaller and lighter particles settle out more
slowly in some cases not at all, whereas larger and heavier particles settle out more
quickly. For this reason, coagulation—a chemical process—usually occurs before it
reaches the sedimentation stage. To combine the non-settling particles into bigger,
heavier masses of solids known as floc, chemicals (coagulants) are introduced to the
water. The (coagulants) are added to the water to make the non-settling particles
together into bigger, heavier masses of solids called floc. Aluminum sulfate (alum) is a
commonly used coagulant for water purification and deep sanitizing Other chemicals,
such as ferric sulfate or sodium aluminate are also be used.
Figure 2: A coagulant is used to minimize electric charges on the particles, to make it
easier to form the particles into clumps. However, it is not enough to settle the particles
out of solution.
water treatment: flocculation process
Page | 5
Oil emulsions will float to the top while suspended particles will sink to the bottom.
The removal of these contaminants during filtration will depend on how they precipitate
out of solution.
Any flocculated particles in the treated water can now be filtered out in the scenario
depicted above in Figure 2. These flocculated particles have now settled to the bottom
of the sedimentation chamber.
These particles ne
countercurrent heat exchanger lab 2023.pdf
Aim:
To determine the heat loss in a double pipe heat exchanger counter-current flow
experiment.
Theory:
A double-pipe heat transfer exchanger consists of one or more pipes placed
concentrically inside another pipe of a larger diameter with appropriate fittings to direct
the flow from one section to the next. One fluid flows through the inner pipe (tube side)
in this experiment (hot water), and the other flows through the annular space (annulus)
(cold water).
The double-pipe heat exchanger is one of the basic kinds of exchangers with a very
flexible configuration. There are two types of counterflow or parallel flow for this type
that are the basis of design and calculation for determining pipe size, length, and
number of bends.
Double pipe heat exchanger counter current: heat is exchanged between two flowing
fluids at a different temperature that flows counter current in the heat exchanger double
pipe.
The efficiency is greater in counter-current than in parallel flow because the two fluids
(water) flow separately in counter-current flow when the high different temperatures
meet heat exchange rapidly due to the difference of temperatures, the hot water
becomes warm then cold as heat exchanges, and the cold water becomes warm the heat
exchange occurs till it reaches steady state. As it is explained in Figure 1.
Heat loss can be found by the equation below:
Q=ΔH=mCpΔT
Where: Q=ΔH is the amount of heat transferred to or from the system (J).
m: mass of the system (Kg)
Cp: constant pressure specific heat capacity of the system (J/g°C)
ΔT: difference in temperature of the system °C.
Experiment: Double pipe heat exchanger
4
Figure 1: concurrent and countercurrent respectively.
Procedure:
Double pipe heat exchanger: as shown in the figure-2:
1. Power switch: No.1
2. Temperature scale to select a temperature to heat the water in the tank [No.2] in
the figure.
3. Water tank a heating coil is used to heat the water [no.3].
4. Power pump to set a flow rate, the water is pumped through the double pipe heat
exchanger. [No.4]
5. A flow rate measurement is found in no.5
6. [No.6-7-8-9-10] The temperature measurements measure temperature
throughout the process.
7. Then the temperature and flow rate are collected in the temperature screen.
Experiment: Double pipe heat exchanger
5
Figure 2: double pipe heat exchanger.
Experiment: Double pipe heat exchanger
6
observation:
1. Turn on the device with the power switch.
2. The flow rate is set as 157 ml/s.
3. Heat water up to [40-50 Celsius] in this experiment: [44.4 Celsius] by the
heating coil in the water tank, set the desired temperature by the temperature
scale in the water tank.
4. Then water is pumped to the pipes by the power pump.
5. Adjust the valves so that the hot water and cold water flow countercurrent.
6. The hot water flows in the inner pipe in the double pipe through the pipe from
the pump to the heat exchanger
7. the cold water flows in the outer pipe counter current from the tank to the pipes
the valv
heat transfer in buildings.pdf
Abstract:
Introduction: The several ways that thermal energy is transferred from one place to another are referred to as the principle of heat transfer.
This process is known as radiation heat transfer.
The transfer of energy by thermal radiation, or electromagnetic waves, is known as radiant heat transfer.
A convection current is created when heated air rises and is replaced by colder air, transferring heat from the inner pane to the outside pane(s).
Heat is carried via the window frame in triple-glazing units; convection is minor in double-glazing units up to 20 mm, especially when argon gas is used, which is denser than air.
Heat transfer through buildings rooms and roofs: Even while convection often involves more variables than conduction, we are nevertheless able to characterize it and do some simple, accurate calculations to determine its effects.
Figure 7 illustrates each of the three heat transmission techniques in this portion of the attic.
This natural convection heating system, when correctly built, may be quite effective in heating a home evenly.
Environmental Heat Transfer
4
Introduction:
The several ways that thermal energy is transferred from one place to another are referred to as the principle of heat transfer. There are three main ways that heat travels through building assemblies: radiation, convection, and conduction. One or more of these mechanisms may be involved in a specific thermal energy transfer. Phase transitions also release or absorb heat through three processes: conduction, radiation, and convection. Examples of this include heat transfer from walls to rooms, from fluids to each other, between pipes, and from outside heat to dwellings. The types of heat transport are described in Figure 1. a (concept group LLC, 2023)
Figure 1: types of transferring heat. (energy saver, 2023)
Temperature and heat are not the same thing. Temperature is a measurement of the intensity of kinetic energy, which is what heat is. Consider two water containers, one holding 10 gallons and the other one holding 1 gallon, to demonstrate this. Both containers hold 50°F water. The bigger container retains ten times more heat than the smaller one, even if they are of the same temperature. Because it has a greater capacity, the larger container can hold more heat. (Clayton DeKorne, 2023)
Building heat transfer calculations are performed for different applications such as: (Kusuda T., 1977)
• heat transmission via the outer envelope, the basement walls, the slab-on-grade floor (to a semi-infinite zone),
• transmission, absorption, and reflection of short wavelengths (or solar heat) for openings.
• thermal storage in the external masses of structures.
Environmental Heat Transfer
5
• air leakage via outside envelopes as well as the interior partition walls, ceilings, and floors.
Interior environmental analyses-:
• radiant heat transfer between heat sinks or sources and interior surfaces,
• the transfer of heat convectively between interior surfaces an
chemical industries cement industry rotary Kiln.2023.pdf
Abstract:
The assignment describes the cement industry's processes. Cement is a fundamental
building and civil engineering material.
the stages of getting Portland cement is Crushing and grinding the raw materials,
combining the components in precise proportions, burning the prepared mix in a kiln,
grinding the burnt result, known as "clinker," a percentage of gypsum (to limit the
period of set of the cement).
Under high temperatures, a rotary kiln is a physically huge process unit used in cement
manufacturing where limestone is degraded into calcium oxide, which forms the base
of cement clinker particles.
Also, the Location of the control parameters and variables is discussed.
Industry of Cement: Rotary Kiln
4
Introduction:
the cement industry is directly tied to the economy of the construction, In 1995, the
European Union produced 172 million tonnes of cement, accounting for nearly 12% of
global output. (European Commission, 2001)
After mining, grinding, and homogenization of raw materials, the first phase in cement
production is the calcination of calcium carbonate, followed by high-temperature
burning of the resultant calcium oxide with silica, alumina, and ferrous oxide to
generate clinker. To make cement, the clinker is crushed or milled with gypsum and
other ingredients. (European Commission,2001)
It is worth noting that cement is one of the most essential building materials in the
world. It is mostly utilized in the production of concrete. Concrete is made up of inert
mineral aggregates like sand, gravel, broken stones, and cement. Cement consumption
and manufacturing are inextricably linked to the construction industry, and
consequently to overall economic activity. Cement is one of the most developed
products in the world, owing to its importance as a construction material and the
geographical availability of the key raw materials, namely limestone. The extensive
development is also attributed to the low cost and high density of cement. Because of
the comparatively high prices, ground transportation is reduced. Export commerce
(excluding plants grown across borders) is often restricted in comparison to global
output. (N. Martin, m. D. Levine, et al,1995)
Referred to Figure 1 process flow diagram of the cement industry is explained There
are four stages in the manufacture of Portland cement:
• crushing and grinding the raw materials
• blending the materials in the correct proportions
• burning the prepared mix in a kiln
• grinding the burned product, known as “clinker,”
• percent of gypsum (to control the time of set of the cement).
The three manufacturing techniques are known as the wet, dry, and semidry processes,
and are so named because the raw materials are ground wet and fed to the kiln as a
Industry of Cement: Rotary Kiln
5
slurry, ground dry and supplied as a dry powder, or ground dry and subsequently
moistened to form nodules that are fed to the kiln. (Thomas o. Mason 2023)
Figure 1: The cement-making process, from raw material
Chemical Reaction Engineering Catalysts in Chemical Reactor Designs
Chemical reaction engineering is a subset of chemical engineering, and it is often simply called reaction engineering. Its content can be roughly divided into reaction kinetics and reactor design and analysis.
Reaction kinetics is mainly concerned with the mechanism and the rate of chemical reactions.
The three classical generic chemical reactors are the batch reactor, the continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR), and the plug flow tubular reactor (PFR). Each of these reactor types has its own unique characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages.
Bed reactor is used to contact fluids with solids. It is one of the most widely used industrial reactors and may or may not be catalytic. The bed is usually a column with the actual dimensions influenced by temperature and pressure drop in addition to the reaction kinetics.
Catalytic reactions and reactors have widespread applications in producing chemicals in bulk, petroleum, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, specialty chemicals, etc.
These rigorous design efforts, firmly based on sound mathematical principles, triggered the development of several profitable catalytic processes.
types of catalyst
Fixed bed reactors.
Trickle-bed reactors.
Moving bed reactors.
Rotating bed reactors.
Fluidized bed reactors.
Slurry reactors.
Using catalysts leads to faster, more energy-efficient chemical reactions. Catalysts also have a key property called selectivity, by which they can direct a reaction to increase the amount of desired product and reduce the amount of unwanted byproducts.
Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Experiment
Aim of the experiment
“The aim of this experiment is to determine the amount of heat loss from hot water by
parallel flow current in the pipes of the heat exchanger.”
Double Pipe Heat Exchanger. 3
Chemical Engineering Department.
Stage III
Introduction to double pipe heat exchangers
A double pipe heat exchanger, also known as a hairpin heat exchanger, is a type of heat
exchanger used to transfer heat between two fluids. It consists of two concentric pipes,
one inside the other, forming a “U” or “hairpin” shape. One fluid flows through the inner
pipe, while the other flows through the annular space between the inner and outer pipes.
This design allows for efficient heat transfer between the two fluids, making it suitable for
various applications, such as cooling or heating processes in industrial systems.
Types of flows in double pipe heat exchangers
In a double pipe heat exchanger, there are two primary flow arrangements, each with its
variations, however, we’re are going to be focusing on two simple arrangements only, as
they would suffice to comprehend the basic ideas behind double pipe heat exchangers.
One flow arrangement is called “parallel flow” and the other is called “counter flow”.
The latter will be explained in our next experiment.
Parallel flow or uni-flow: in this type of flow, both the hot and cold fluids flow in the
same direction, entering one end of the inner pipe and exiting the other end. This
arrangement is simple but generally less efficient for heat transfer because the
temperature difference between the two fluids decreases along the length of the
exchanger.
Figure 1: simple parallel flow diagram.
By “Research Gate”
Double Pipe Heat Exchanger. 4
Chemical Engineering Department.
Stage III
However, when there’s a significant temperature difference between the two fluids at the
inlet, parallel flow heat exchangers can be more efficient for heat transfer. Both
arrangements have advantages and disadvantages and are used depending on the
system requirements.
Theoretical calculation for heat transfer in double pipe heat
exchangers
Heat Transfer: Heat transfer is the process of the exchange of thermal energy between
two objects or systems that are at different temperatures, and the heat energy always
flows from the high temperature object or system to the low ones because the entropy of
an isolated system can never decrease.
There are several ways to calculate the amount of heat added or lost by an object or a
system. However, in this experiment a relatively simple equation can be used to
determine the amount of heat lost from the hot water, which is equal to the amount of
heat added to the cold water.
When pressure is held constant throughout the process, the amount of heat transfer will
be equal to the change in enthalpy of the system and therefore can be calculated using
constant pressure enthalpy change equation.
Q=ΔH=mCpΔT
Where:
Q=ΔH is the amount of heat transferred to or from the system (J).
m: mass of the system (Kg)
Cp:
Bernoulli equation
Bernoulli equation fluid mechanics lab experiments lab report:
Aim:
The main purpose of this experiment is to investigate Bernoulli’s law.
Theory:
Bernoulli’s principle states that the total mechanical energy of the moving fluid comprising the gravitational potential energy of elevation, the energy associated with the fluid pressure, and the kinetic energy of the fluid motion, remains constant.
The HM 150.07 experimental unit is used to demonstrate Bernoulli’s principle. includes a pipe section with a transparent Venturi nozzle and a movable Pitot tube for measuring the total pressure. The Pitot tube is located within the Venturi nozzle and is displaced axially. The position of the Pitot tube can be observed through the Venturi nozzle’s transparent front panel.
The Venturi nozzle is equipped with pressure measuring points to determine the static pressures. The pressures are displayed on the six-tube manometers. The total pressure is measured by the Pitot tube and displayed on another single-tube manometer. Bernoulli’s law is expressed as:
Where: •P= static pressure of the fluid at the cross-section • 𝜌= density of flowing fluid
•g= acceleration due to gravity •v= mean velocity of fluid flow at the cross-section
•h= elevation head of the center of the cross-section with respect to a datum.
Figure-1: Venturi meter: It is a device based on Bernoulli’s theorem and is used for measuring the flow rate of liquid flow through the pipes.
Bernoulli equation
4
Procedure:
Equipment: HM-150
Figure-1: 1 diagram, 2 tube manometers (static pressures), 3 water supply, 4 valve, 5 Venturi nozzle, 6 water outlet, 7 valve for water outlet, 8 Pitot tube, 9 single tube manometer (total pressure)
Specification:
1. familiarization with Bernoulli’s principle
2. Venturi nozzle with a transparent front panel and measuring points for measuring the static pressures
3. axially movable Pitot tube for determining the total pressure at various points within the Venturi nozzle
4. 6 tube manometers for displaying the static pressures
5. single tube manometer for displaying the total pressure
6. flow rate determined by HM 150 base module
7. water supply using HM 150 base module or via laboratory supply
sulfur content
sulfur content petroleum and gas lab report experement
Aim:
This test method covers the determination of total sulfur in petroleum and petroleum products
that are liquid at ambient conditions. These materials can include diesel fuel, jet fuel,
kerosene, other distillate oil, naphtha, residual oil, lubricating base oil, hydraulic oil, crude
oil, unleaded gasoline, gasoline ethanol blends, and similar petroleum products.
Introduction
This test method provides rapid and precise measurement of total sulfur in petroleum and
petroleum products with a minimum of sample preparation. A typical analysis time is 1 min
to 5 min.
In this experiment the model (RX-360SH) determines total sulfur in petroleum products, such as
gas oil, fuel oil, crude oil and naphtha, using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF)
method, which is an accurate, non-destructive, economical and yet quick method prescribed
per sample.
The quality of petroleum products is determined by the amount of sulfur present. It is
necessary to know sulfur concentration for processing purposes. There are also regulations
promulgated in federal, state, and local agencies that restrict the amount of sulfur present in
some fuels.
This method provides the determining whether the sulfur content of petroleum or a petroleum
product meets specification or regulatory limits.
Figure-1: RX-360SH.
4
Procedure : Total sulfur analyzer for petroleum products by energy dispersive
X-ray fluorescence method :
1. RX-360SH
2. A prepared sample cup and it’s supplies
3. Sample volume: 3-5ml
4. Measuring range: 0-6.00wt%
Required equipment’s is shown in figure-2 as the numbers follow the tools :
1. two-way-open cylinder (1). 2. plastic-sheet’s (2). 3. Plastic ring. 4. Lid
5. two-way-open cylinder. 6. Removing the sample ring. 7. stand.
temperature measurement
temperature measurement thermodynamics lab experement lab report
Aim:
Measuring the temperature by different methods and draw the calibration curve with the
thermometer
Introduction
Recording temperature is one of the basic tasks in process and manufacturing automation.
The WL 202 experimentation set-up covers the full range of temperature measurement
methods. As well as non-electrical measuring methods, such as gas- and liquid-filled
thermometers and bimetallic thermometers, all typical electronic measuring methods are
covered in the experiments. The electronically measured temperatures are displayed directly
on programmable digital displays. A temperature-proportionate output voltage signal
(0...10V) is accessible from lab jacks, enabling temperature characteristics to be recorded
with, for example, a plotter. A digital mustimeter with precision resistors is used to calibrate
the electrical measuring devices. Various heat sources or storage units (immersion heater,
vacuum flask and laboratory heater) permit relevant temperature ranges to be achieved for the
sensors being tested. A plastic casing houses the sensors, cables, temperature measuring
strips and immersion heater. The well-structured instructional material sets out the
fundamentals and provides a step-by-step guide through the experiments.
1. power-regulated socket.
2. vacuum flask.
3. immersion heater.
4. laboratory heater for water and sand.
Measuring temperature experiment by WL-202
4
5. multimeter.
6. temperature sensors.
7. temperature measuring strips.
8. mercury thermometer.
9. bimetal thermometer.
10. gas pressure thermometer.
11. psychrometer to determine air humidity.
12. digital display of temperature sensors.
1. Immersion
lifting force
lifting force fluid mechanics lab report Aim of this Experiment:
Finding lifting force for a solid object when thrown into fluid (H2O).
Introduction
The lift force, lifting force or simply lift is a mechanical force generated by solid objects as they move through a fluid. In general, the lift is an upward-acting force on an aircraft wing or airfoil. There are several ways to explain how an airfoil generates lift.
Lift is generated when an object turns a fluid away from its direction of flow. When the object and fluid move relative to each other, the object turns the fluid flow in a direction perpendicular to that flow, and the force required to do this creates an equal and opposite force that is lift. The object may be moving through a stationary fluid, or the fluid may be flowing past a stationary object— these two are effectively identical as, in principle, it is only the frame of reference of the viewer which differs.
In the case of an aircraft wing, pressure regions turn the passing flow of air downward towards the ground. These pressure regions exert an equal and opposite force on the wing, called lift, that supports the aircraft in the air.
a floating object from sinking. When the object is immersed in water (or any other liquid), its weight pulls it downwards. Buoyancy opposes that weight and has a magnitude directly proportional to the volume of fluid that would otherwise occupy the space taken by the object – in other words, to the volume of the displaced liquid.
The theory of lifting force can be expressed:
FA=P*g*Vdisplaced
FGwater=FG-FA
Where:
(fa=lifting force ,p=density of fluid, V=volume displacement, & g=gravity)
Equipment and tools :
1. Stand
2. Beaker 350ml.
3. Beaker 100ml.
4. Over flow beaker
5. Sample experiment: ( brass (CU) , ployoxymethelene, aluminum )
6. Spring balance.
7. Graduated cylinder.
Figure-1 : tools and equipments for lifting force experement.
Procedure :
1. Weight each sample experiment ( brass (CU) , polyoxymethylene, aluminum ) by the spring balance, The mass is hung on the end of a spring and the deflection of the spring due to the downwards gravitational force on the mass is measured against a scale. Fg measuring unite N before putting it into water:
• Take an iron stand and suspend a spring balance to it.
• Study the spring balance, its scale and its least count.
• Record your observations.
2. Find the weight of the samples in air:
• Take the samples ( brass (CU) , polyoxymethylene, aluminum ), tie thread to it and suspend on the hook of the spring balance.
• Record the weight of the samples in air. Let this weight be FGAir
3. Find the weight of the samples immersed in tap water and record the apparent loss in (mL) :
Take an overflow can, fill it with water such that its water level touches the spout of the overflow can.
Keep an overflow can under the spring balance such that the sample gets fully immersed in the water of the overflow can.
Keep a beaker whose volume (mL) is recorded, at the mouth of
Dew point
thermodynamics dew point lab report Generally, hygrometers, or cooled mirrors, have been the conventional air measurement tools used for precise dew point measurement. The device is considered to be a humidity transfer standard. The process entails cooling a mirror until water vapor begins to condense on the surface. The temperature of the mirror is measured. This projects the dew point of the air. This process is generally used in laboratory practices.
A dew-point hygrometer was invented in 1751. For this instrument, cold water was added to water in a vessel until dew formed on the vessel, and the temperature of the vessel, the dew point, provided a direct index of humidity.
In this experiment acetone is used even though the sample is not necessary to be acetone nor the amount of volume matters that becomes vapor so that the temperature (dew point) is measured until the metal mirror starts to condense.
.
Relative Humidity Relative humidity (RH) is the ratio between saturated humidity over absolute humidity at a given temperature. Relative humidity depends on temperature and the pressure of the system of interest. It requires less water vapor to attain high relative humidity at low temperatures; more water vapor is required to attain high relative humidity in warm or hot air. Relative humidity is normally expressed as a percentage ; a higher percentage means that the air water mixture is more humid ; a lower percentage means that the air-water mixture is less humid.
Relative Humidity (%RH) =𝑭𝑺𝐅𝐀∗%𝟏𝟎𝟎
Absolute humidity is the total mass of water vapor present in a given volume of air. It does not take temperature into consideration. Absolute humidity in the atmosphere ranges from near zero to roughly 30 grams per cubic meter when the air is saturated at 30 °C (86 °F).
Finding Dew point by hygrometer
4
Absolute humidity is the mass of the water vapor divided by the volume of the air and water vapor The absolute humidity changes as air temperature or pressure changes.
The saturation humidity (Hs or FA) is the maximum quantity of water vapor that air can contain at a given temperature, without phase separation. The relative humidity (φ or RH) is the ratio (as percentage) of the partial pressure of water vapor in air, to the vapor pressure of liquid water at the same temperature.
phase change occurs at dew point temperature when the temperature of a gas is the temperature at which the water vapor or low-boiling hydrocarbon derivatives contained in the gas is transformed into the liquid state.
The boiling point of a liquid varies according to the applied pressure; the normal boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the standard sea-level atmospheric pressure (760 mm [29.92 inches] of mercury). At sea level, water boils at 100° C (212° F).
Finding Dew point by hygrometer
5
Physical bases of the Measurement Procedure:
At room temperature ether is close to its boiling point. Rapid evaporation is already taking place
flash point
flash point petroleum and gas lab experiment report, The flash point is the lowest temperature at which there will be enough flammable vapor to induce ignition when an ignition source is applied.Flash points are determined experimentally by heating the liquid in a container (cup) and then introducing a small flame just above the liquid surface. The temperature at which there is a flash/ignition is recorded as the flash point. The closed-cup test PMA 5 contains any vapors
produced and essentially simulates the situation
in which a potential source of ignition is
accidentally introduced into a container. In this
test a test specimen is introduced into a cup and
a close-fitting lid is fitted to the top of the cup.
The cup and test specimen is heated.
Subsequently, apertures are opened in the lid to
allow air into the cup and the ignition source to
be dipped into the vapors to test for a flash.
The closed cup is mostly used in product specifications and regulations due to
its better precision. The following table shows the comparative flash points
measured in open and closed cup apparatus for some common pure liquids.
boyle's law
boyle's law thermodynamics lab Boyle’s law, also called Mariotte’s law, a relation concerning the compression and expansion of a gas at constant temperature. This empirical relation, formulated by the physicist Robert Boyle in 1662, states that the pressure (p) of a given quantity of gas varies inversely with its volume (v) at constant temperature; i.e., in equation form, pv = k, a constant. The relationship was also discovered by the French physicist Edme Mariotte (1676). ake a large piston or sealed syringe and stand it on end, then place an increasing number of objects on top. As the pressure grows, the volume of the air inside will decrease—these quantities are inversely proportional. However, the standard international unit for pressure is the Pascal. The English scientist Robert Boyle performed a series of experiments involving pressure and, in 1662, arrived at a general law—that the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure.
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deadweight piston gauge
- 1. Koya university faculty of engineering Chemical engineering department Dead-weight piston gouge 2022-2023 Prepared by : supervised by: Dima Jawhar Mustafa Ms. Lameha A. ali Srwa Tahir Mr. daban luqman Rayan hawez Sntia louay Sba Danya amir Experiment date :(30-Nov.-2022) Submitting date: (7-Dec.-2022)
- 2. 2 Table of Contents Aim of this experiment : ...............................................................................................................................3 introduction...................................................................................................................................................3 Table of Reading :.........................................................................................................................................8 Calculations : ............................................................................................................................................8 Table of calculations :...................................................................................................................................9 Discussions ...................................................................................................................................................9 References :................................................................................................................................................10
- 3. 3 Aim of this experiment : Calibrating the bourdon gauge. which is used to measure gauge Pressure. introduction The deadweight piston gauge (Bell and Howell) is used is to measure pressure in terms of fundamental units - force and area. A piston is inserted into a close fitting cylinder. Weights are placed on one end of the piston and are supported by fluid pressure applied to the other end. For absolute pressure measurements the assembly is placed inside an evacuated bell jar. Pressure measurements take into account a number of parameters affecting the instrument and its environment. The pressure is applied via weights which are placed on a weight support. The latter has a piston which acts on hydraulic oil in a pipe system, so that a manometer which is also connected to the system should indicate certain pressures. The device contains a Bourdon spring manometer with a transparent dial. The display mechanism and the various adjustment opportunities are therefore clearly identifiable. Hydraulic oil is used to transfer pressure. Figure-1: Layout HM 150.02 Instructions : 1. Bourdon tube pressure gauge for pressure measurement 2. transparent dial face with a view of the spring mechanism 3. accurately fitting piston and cylinder of the piston manometer without seals 4. hydraulic oil for transfer of the force hydraulic pump with storage tank and bleed mechanism The device for calibrating pressure gauges
- 4. 4 essentially consists of two units: 1. The pressure gauge unit This is where the manometer to be calibrated is screwed in 2. The load unit The load unit consists of several weights and a cylinder with a piston. An increase in the load results in an increase in pressure. The load unit is connected to the pressure gauge unit via an oil-filled line, enabling the manometer to display the increase in pressure. The following sectional drawing shows how the load unit and pressure gauge unit are connected: Figure-4: Hydraulic connections. both units are connected by means of a pipeline. When the support is loaded with weights, the oil pressure in the system increases. The seal between the piston and the cylinder is metallic, with no other sealing elements. The fit has been very carefully designed to ensure that the piston operates almost entirely without friction, and with minimal oil leakage. The weights are designed in such a way that pressure increments of 0,5bar are possible. Place the small weight on the weight support first. A guide pin is provided for this purpose. The other weights would lie askew on the plunger, and would corrupt the measurements due to different levels of friction. The unit is also equipped with a drain and filling plug in order to drain or fill the oil. The compensation cylinder can be used to raise and lower the weight load on the oil cushion of the hydraulic oil. For the measurements, the load must be kept on the oil cushion so that the pressure is applied in the hydraulic system. After unscrewing the pressure relief knob, the weight load can
- 5. 5 be brought down until it is supported. The hydraulic is then relieved of the load. In addition, the compensation cylinder can be used to easily check the oil level and top it up if required. NOTICE : Do not replace the pressure gauge. Oil can only be refilled using a vacuum. Remove and Insert Transport Cap The transport cap is held in the cylinder by an O-ring, not by a thread. Figure-6: Remove transport cap: • Push the compensation cylinder hand lever until the pressure increases. Hold the transport cap securely and push the hand lever further until the transport cap is loose and can be removed. NOTICE : Pressurized oil may squirt out of the opening. Insert transport cap: • Place transport cap in place. • Unscrew the pressure relief knob then press on the transport cap. Screw the pressure relief knob back in. Procedure: • If necessary, top up oil and check zero balance. Push the hand lever down until the cylinder is filled up to the brim. Insert the piston. Zero Balance To check the zero point of the manometer, proceed as follows: • Push the hand lever down so that the piston is pushed out of the cylinder. Remove the piston and weight support. Adjust the oil level in the open cylinder until the cylinder is filled up to the edge.
- 6. 6 Figure-7: Insert transport cap. • The manometer being tested should now indicate zero, as it is only subject to ambient pressure. If this is not the case, the pointer on the pressure gauge can be adjusted with a small screwdriver. For this, remove the front glass by turning the front ring. NOTICE : The transparent dial of the spring-tube pressure gauge are made of glass and can break. Figure-8: Oil level (A). Topping up the Hydraulic Oil If despite repeatedly operating the hand lever the oil does not reach the brim of the cylinder, the oil must be topped up. For this purpose, proceed as follows: 1. remove the piston with a weight support. 2. Pull hand lever to its highest position 3. Unscrew pressure relief knob 4. Top up oil to the first ledge 5. Fit piston with weight support
- 7. 7 6. Push down piston with weight support 7. Screw in pressure relief knob 8. Perform zero balance in accordance with Changing the Oil Remove the drain and filling plug .Drain the old oil, bleed if necessary. Make an additional screwed connection between the three-way valve and vacuum pump. NOTICE : A vacuum pump and a three-way valve are not included in the content of supply. Open the three-way valve so that the vacuum pump generates a vacuum. Reverse the three-way valve to allow oil into the system. Then shut off the hydraulic system. NOTICE: Do not replace the pressure gauge. Oil can only be refilled using a vacuum. Figure-9: changing oil level. Theory: p : Pressure m : Mass of load unit g : Gravity constant
- 8. 8 Preparation of Experiment Remove the transport cap. Top up with oil if necessary and check the zero signal. Performing the Experiment Read off the zero signal on the pressure gauge, check it and make a note of it. Set the weight carrier to 0,334bar by inserting the piston in the load unit cylinder. To do this: 1. Unscrew pressure relief knob 2. Press down weight support 3. Screw in pressure relief knob. Press down the hand lever, thereby slowly lifting the piston with weight support until it just floats on the oil with sufficient guidance. To avoid sticking due to static friction, gently twist the weight carrier as it sinks. Note the pressure signal on the pressure gauge. Place the load ring for 0,166bar on the weight carrier. When so doing, make sure that the weight carrier floats freely on the oil. To minimize sticking due to static friction whilst performing this measurement, gently twist the weight carrier. Note the pressure signal on the pressure gauge. Add each of the other four load rings for 0,5bar in turn, repeating the action described above and noting the pressure values. Table of Reading : Mass (g) Pressure (bar) 578 0.5 578(2) 0.96 578(3) 1.47 578(4) 2 578(5) 2.5 Calculations : Mass= 198 + 380 =578 g P= 𝑭 𝑨 = 𝒎𝒈 𝝅 𝟒 𝑹^𝟐 = 𝟎.𝟓𝟕𝟖∗𝟗.𝟖𝟏 𝝅 𝟒 (𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟐)^𝟐 =50000 Pa= 50000*10-5 = 0.5Bar P= 𝑭 𝑨 = 𝒎𝒈 𝝅 𝟒 𝑹^𝟐 = 𝟐∗𝟎.𝟓𝟕𝟖∗𝟗.𝟖𝟏 𝝅 𝟒 (𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟐)^𝟐 =100000Pa= 100000*10-5 = 1.0032Bar P= 𝑭 𝑨 = 𝒎𝒈 𝝅 𝟒 𝑹^𝟐 = 𝟑∗𝟎.𝟓𝟕𝟖∗𝟗.𝟖𝟏 𝝅 𝟒 (𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟐)^𝟐 =150482Pa= 150482*10-5 = 1.50482Bar
- 9. 9 P= 𝑭 𝑨 = 𝒎𝒈 𝝅 𝟒 𝑹^𝟐 = 𝟒∗𝟎.𝟓𝟕𝟖∗𝟗.𝟖𝟏 𝝅 𝟒 (𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟐)^𝟐 = 200643Pa=200643*10-5 = 2.0064Bar P= 𝑭 𝑨 = 𝒎𝒈 𝝅 𝟒 𝑹^𝟐 = 𝟓∗𝟎.𝟓𝟕𝟖∗𝟗.𝟖𝟏 𝝅 𝟒 (𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟐)^𝟐 =250804 Pa= 250804*10-5 = 2.50804Bar Table of calculations : Pressure(Pm) Pressure (Pact) 0.5 0.5 0.96 1.0032 1.47 1.50482 2 2.0064 2.5 2.50804 Discussions 1. Define the calibrating curve and explain the purpose of it. 2. Draw the calibrating curve between Pm & Pact. then discuss it.
- 10. 10 References : 1. G.U.N.T. Gerätebau ,(2021) GmbH, Hanskampring 15-17, D-22885 Barsbüttel.[e.book]. available : https://www.gunt.de/images/datasheet/549/HM-150.02-Calibration-of- pressure-gauges-gunt-549-pdf_1_en-GB.pdf [accessed : 30/dec./2022] 2. imamu(2016), Dead-weight piston gouge experiment instructions.[online]. Available : https://units.imamu.edu.sa/colleges/en/Engineering/studyprograms/Documents/ME%20L ab%20Manuals/Lab%20Equipment%20info/Thermo-fluids%20Lab/HM150_02e%20- %20V0.2_Dead_weight_piston_gauge.pdf [accessed : 30/dec./2022] 3. archive.eol,(2018), Dead Weight Piston Gauge.[online]. Available : https://archive.eol.ucar.edu/docs/isf/facilities/callab/deadweight.html?fbclid=IwAR2LDD cObCTs3tjEymzDs27j6lKUNwBGs6nsdyjmjdHMMd3kmxjsF5awRmQ#:~:text=The%2 0deadweight%20piston%20gauge%20 [accessed : 30/dec./2022] 4. aree S.( May. 09, 2014), Dead Weight Piston Gauge.[online]. Available : https://www.slideshare.net/areesalah/deadweight-piston- gauge?fbclid=IwAR0oTlEdqS_ajhLBOSbAuxKcXPBz3XeFZ0Sl1v1YptN4IujmaYl95y TDjag [accessed : 30/dec./2022]