Renal failure is defined as the kidneys' inability to concentrate urine. It can be caused by pre-renal factors like decreased blood flow to the kidneys, renal factors such as direct kidney injury from toxins or ischemia, or post-renal factors involving obstruction of urine outflow. Risk factors include conditions that decrease blood volume or cause kidney damage. Diagnosis involves lab tests of kidney function. There are different types including acute or chronic. Effects can include complications if not treated and clinical signs are more prominent in chronic versus acute renal failure.

1. RENAL FAILURE
By: Muhammad Halmii
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2. • DEFINE
• CAUSE (Etiology)
• RISK FACTORS
• DIAGNOSIS
• TYPES
• PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• EFFECT & COMPLICATIONS
• CLINICAL MENIFESTATIONS (SIGNS & SYMPTOMS)

3. DEFINE
‘First manifestation of kidney failure is that they cannot concentrate urine’ – Prof.
Khatiza {Countercurrent Lecture}

5. ETIOLOGY

8. ETIOLOGY (PRE-RENAL)
• Shunting of blood from kidney
• Dehydration
Hypovolemia

9. ETIOLOGY (RENAL)
• Kidney injury resulting in necrosis of the
{glomeruli/tubules ← f(x) unit of the kidney}
• Transplant rejection
• Toxin/Poison
• Decompensated ischemia
Assault to the renal
parenchyma

10. Your text here

11. ETIOLOGY (POST-RENAL)
• Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
• Tumor
• Calculus
Obstruction which
may cause
Hydronephrosis

17. MORPHOLOGY (GROSS)

18. MORPHOLOGY (MICROSCOPY)

19. EFFECTS &
COMPLICATIONS
CLINICAL SEQUELE
Markedly Seen In Chronic Renal Failure Rather Than
Acute