This document discusses different types and classifications of columns. It defines a column as a vertical structural member primarily designed to carry axial compression loads. Columns can be classified based on their shape, reinforcement, and type of loading. Common shapes include square, rectangular, circular, L-shaped, and T-shaped sections. Reinforcement types include tied columns with ties, spiral columns with helical reinforcement, and composite columns with encased steel. Columns are either concentrically loaded with forces through the centroid, or eccentrically loaded off-center. The document also covers column capacity calculations, resistance factors, and provides an example problem.
information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
Design and Detailing of RC Deep beams as per IS 456-2000VVIETCIVIL
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1. DEEP BEAM DEFINITION - IS 456
2. DEEP BEAM APPLICATION
3. DEEP BEAM TYPES
4. BEHAVIOUR OF DEEP BEAMS
5. LEVER ARM
6. COMPRESSIVE FORCE PATH CONCEPT
7. ARCH AND TIE ACTION
8. DEEP BEAM BEHAVIOUR AT ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE
9. REBAR DETAILING
10. EXAMPLE 1 – SIMPLY SUPPORTED DEEP BEAM
11. EXAMPLE 2 – SIMPLY SUPPORTED DEEP BEAM; M20, FE415
12. EXAMPLE 3: FIXED ENDS AND CONTINUOUS DEEP BEAM
13. EXAMPLE 4 : FIXED ENDS AND CONTINUOUS DEEP BEAM
good for engineering students
to get deep knowledge about design of singly reinforced beam by working stress method.
see and learn about rcc structure....................................................
Introduction-Plastic hinge concept-plastic section modulus-shape factor-redistribution of moments-collapse mechanism.
Theorems of plastic analysis - Static/lower bound theorem; Kinematic/upper bound theorem-Plastic analysis of beams and portal frames by equilibrium and mechanism methods.
information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
Design and Detailing of RC Deep beams as per IS 456-2000VVIETCIVIL
Visit : https://teacherinneed.wordpress.com/
1. DEEP BEAM DEFINITION - IS 456
2. DEEP BEAM APPLICATION
3. DEEP BEAM TYPES
4. BEHAVIOUR OF DEEP BEAMS
5. LEVER ARM
6. COMPRESSIVE FORCE PATH CONCEPT
7. ARCH AND TIE ACTION
8. DEEP BEAM BEHAVIOUR AT ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE
9. REBAR DETAILING
10. EXAMPLE 1 – SIMPLY SUPPORTED DEEP BEAM
11. EXAMPLE 2 – SIMPLY SUPPORTED DEEP BEAM; M20, FE415
12. EXAMPLE 3: FIXED ENDS AND CONTINUOUS DEEP BEAM
13. EXAMPLE 4 : FIXED ENDS AND CONTINUOUS DEEP BEAM
good for engineering students
to get deep knowledge about design of singly reinforced beam by working stress method.
see and learn about rcc structure....................................................
Introduction-Plastic hinge concept-plastic section modulus-shape factor-redistribution of moments-collapse mechanism.
Theorems of plastic analysis - Static/lower bound theorem; Kinematic/upper bound theorem-Plastic analysis of beams and portal frames by equilibrium and mechanism methods.
Steel column design plays a crucial role in the construction industry, ensuring the structural integrity and safety of buildings and infrastructure projects. Columns are vertical load-bearing members that support the weight of the structure and transmit it to the foundation. This brief presentation provides an overview of steel column design, highlighting key considerations, design principles, and the importance of adherence to codes and standards.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
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Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
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An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
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The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
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COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
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A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
1. Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., CED) Columns
LECTURE # 1
1. COLUMN:
It is a vertical member which is primarily subjected to axial compression in which
major deformation is shortening.
2. TYPES OF COLUMNS:
i. Classification on the Basis of Shape:
• Square section.
• Rectangular section.
• Circular section.
• L-section.
• T-section.
Fig.1 Classification on the Basis of Shape
1
2. Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., CED) Columns
ii. Classification on the Basis of Reinforcement:
• Tied Columns:
These columns have the bars braced or tied at close intervals by close
loops called ties.
• Spiral Columns:
These columns have the bars and the core concrete wrapped with a closely
spaced helix.
• Composite Columns:
These columns consists of a structural steel or cast iron column encased in
concrete reinforced with both longitudinal and transverse reinforcements.
• Pipe Columns or Concrete Filled Steel Tubes:
These columns are circular, rectangular or square hollow sections filled
with concrete without any additional reinforcement.
Fig.2(a) Classification on the Basis of Reinforcement
2
3. Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., CED) Columns
Fig.2(b) Classification on the Basis of Reinforcement
iii. Classification on the Basis of Type of Loading:
• Concentrically Loaded Columns:
When the resultant of the load coincides
with the centroid of the cross-section, the column
is said to be concentrically loaded column. Fig. 3
shows a concentrically loaded column.
• Eccentrically Loaded Columns:
When the resultant of the load does Fig.3 Concentrically Loaded
not coincide with the centroid of the Column
cross-section, the column is said to be
eccentrically loaded column. There are two
types of eccentrically loaded columns;
1. Uni-axially eccentrically loaded columns. (Fig. 4(a))
2. Bi-axially eccentrically loaded columns. (Fig. 4(b))
3
4. Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., CED) Columns
Fig.4 Eccentrically Loaded Columns
• Sources of Eccentricity in Columns:
Eccentricity is due to following three reasons;
1. Eccentric loading. (Fig. 5(a))
2. Initial crookedness. (Fig. 5(b))
3. Out-of-plumbness. (Fig. 5(c))
Fig.5 Sources of Eccentricity in Columns
4
5. Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., CED) Columns
3. CLASSIFICATION OF COLUMNS ACCORDING TO ACI CODE:
• Short Column:
In short columns there are no 2nd
order effects and the failure is due to
crushing of concrete without any instability. Moment magnification chances are
very less in such columns because radius of gyration is more and length is small.
2
1
1234
M
M
r
lK u
−≤
Where,
K = Effective length factor taken from alignment charts.
M1 = Magnitude of smaller end moment with sign.
M2 = Magnitude of larger end moment with sign.
2
1
M
M
= 0, for concentrically loaded columns.
2
1
M
M
= +ve, when member is bent in single curvature.
2
1
M
M
= −ve, when member is bent in reverse curvature.
• Slender Columns:
These columns fail due to buckling, instability
or 2nd
order effect. The failure load is less than that of
a short column. As length of column increases, the
probability of failure due to buckling increases.
4. TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT IN COLUMNS:
• Longitudinal Steel:
It is that steel which is present along the length of the column. Following
are the various purposes of longitudinal reinforcement;
1. The main function of longitudinal reinforcement is to prevent creep and
shrinkage in concrete.
5
6. Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., CED) Columns
2. It provides resistance against lateral bending, cracking and reduction of
moment of inertia value.
3. It reduces the size of the column.
• Transverse Steel:
1. It provides confinement to the inner concrete or core concrete i.e. the concrete
which is present inside the longitudinal reinforcement. Confinement provides
ductility and it also increases the strength of the concrete.
2. Transverse steel reduces the chances of buckling of longitudinal steel.
3. It holds the longitudinal steel in position during casting
4. Transverse steel provides resistance against shear.
5. TYPES OF TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT:
• Ties or Transverse Ties:
Lateral ties are used in the columns because of lesser construction cost and
ease of placement.
• Spiral Reinforcement:
Spiral columns are used where we need more ductility i.e., in earthquake
zones. Spirals are mostly provided in circular columns. Spiral columns sustain
maximum load at excessive deformation and thus prevent the complete collapse
of the structure before the total redistribution of moments and stresses is
complete. The disadvantage of spiral reinforcement is that it is very difficult to
place in the field, so, due to this reason its use is practically limited.
6. CAPACITY OF CONCENTRICALLY LOADED SHORT COLUMNS:
Steel always yields first because it is lesser in amount and due to pure
compression it is yielded.
εcu = 0.003 (Strain at which concrete crushes)
εy = 0.0015 or 0.0021 (Strain at which steel yields)
6
7. Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., CED) Columns
After yielding of steel, load is taken by concrete alone and the resistance is
provided by the concrete only. A stage comes when concrete crushes while steel is
already yielded (final stage).
If the bond between concrete and steel is perfect then they equally shorten.
εc = c
c
E
f
and εs = s
s
E
f
εc = εs
c
c
E
f
= s
s
E
f
Modular Ratio, c
s
E
E
n =
fs = n fc
Now,
Ag = Ast + Ac
Pn = Pc + Ps
Pn = Ac fc + Ast fs
Pn = fc ( Ag − Ast ) + Ast (n fc )
Pn = fc [Ag + ( n −1 )Ast ] (within elastic range, service loads)
7. PROBLEM:
A R.C. concentrically loaded short column has a cross-sectional area 450 x 450
mm2
and is reinforced by Grade 420, 8 # 19 bars. If at any stage, concrete stress fc = 10
MPa ( fc’ = 20 MPa), what will be corresponding load carrying capacity of the column.
Solution:
fc << fc’
Therefore, material is within elastic range.
Ec = 4700 'cf = 4700 20 = 21019 MPa
n =
21019
200000
=
c
s
E
E
≈ 10
Now using,
7
8. Engr. Ayaz Waseem ( Lecturer/Lab Engr., CED) Columns
Pn = fc [Ag + ( n −1 )Ast ] Ast = 8 # 19 = 8 x
( )
4
19
2
π
Pn = 10 [ (450 x 450) + ( 10 −1 )2268] Ast = 2268 mm2
Pn = 2229.12 kN
8. RESISTANCE FACTOR AT ULTIMATE STAGE:
When we go to the ultimate stage then the first thing which we have to decide is
the value of ‘φ’ and to do that we must know whether the section of column is tension
controlled or compression controlled.
Section of concentrically loaded column is always compression controlled.
For tied columns, φ = 0.65
For spiral columns, φ = 0.70
As there is always some eccentricity in a column, some additional safety factor is
applied to φ factor,
Additional F.O.S. for tied columns = 0.80
Additional F.O.S. for spiral columns = 0.85
Therefore, total resistance factor for tied and spiral columns are;
For tied columns = 0.80 x 0.65
For spiral columns = 0.85 x 0.70
8