Eukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of RNA replica.- Source: Wikipedia
The details about Translational control. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
It can be helpful for the students of Biotechnology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Microbiology and othe Biology related courses.
If you've got any queries, you can directly mail me to pratimasingdan@gmail.com.
I hope this will help you a lot.
RNA Polymerase
Introduction
Purification
History
PRODUCTS OF RNAP
Messenger RNA
Non-coding RNA or "RNA genes
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Micro RNA
Catalytic RNA (Ribozyme)
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Transcription by RNA Polymerase
TYPES OF RNA POLYMERASE
Type I
Type II
Type III
Prokaryotic Transcription Unit
EXPRESSION OF A PROKARYOTIC GENE
Prokaryotic Polycistronic Message Codes for Several Different Proteins
Eukaryotic Transcription Unit
ENHANCERS AND SILENCERS
RESULT OF THE TRANSCRIPTION CYCLE
RNAP III TRANSCRIBES HUMAN MICRORNAS
RNAP I–specific subunits promotepolymerase clustering to enhance the rRNA genetranscription cycle
RNAP II–TFIIB STRUCTURE ANDMECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION
FIVE CHECKPOINTS MAINTAINING THE FIDELITY OFTRANSCRIPTION BY RNAP IN STRUCTURAL ANDENERGETIC DETAILS
Eukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of RNA replica.- Source: Wikipedia
The details about Translational control. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
It can be helpful for the students of Biotechnology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Microbiology and othe Biology related courses.
If you've got any queries, you can directly mail me to pratimasingdan@gmail.com.
I hope this will help you a lot.
RNA Polymerase
Introduction
Purification
History
PRODUCTS OF RNAP
Messenger RNA
Non-coding RNA or "RNA genes
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Micro RNA
Catalytic RNA (Ribozyme)
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Transcription by RNA Polymerase
TYPES OF RNA POLYMERASE
Type I
Type II
Type III
Prokaryotic Transcription Unit
EXPRESSION OF A PROKARYOTIC GENE
Prokaryotic Polycistronic Message Codes for Several Different Proteins
Eukaryotic Transcription Unit
ENHANCERS AND SILENCERS
RESULT OF THE TRANSCRIPTION CYCLE
RNAP III TRANSCRIBES HUMAN MICRORNAS
RNAP I–specific subunits promotepolymerase clustering to enhance the rRNA genetranscription cycle
RNAP II–TFIIB STRUCTURE ANDMECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION
FIVE CHECKPOINTS MAINTAINING THE FIDELITY OFTRANSCRIPTION BY RNAP IN STRUCTURAL ANDENERGETIC DETAILS
Gene regulation in eukaryotes in a nutshell covering all the important stages of gene regulation in eukaryotes at transcriptional level, translation level and post-translational level.
REGULATION OF
GENE EXPRESSION
IN PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES .
This presentation is enriched with lots of information of gene expression with many pictures so that anyone can understand gene expression easily.
Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a protein molecule.
Gene expression is explored through a study of protein structure and function, transcription and translation, differentiation and stem cells.
It is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA.
The process of gene expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)
Regulation of gene expression:
Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA).
Gene regulation is essential for viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes as it increases the versatility and adaptability of an organism by allowing the cell to express protein when needed.
CLASSIFICATION OF GENE WITH RESPECT TO THEIR EXPRESSION:
Constitutive ( house keeping) genes:
Are expressed at a fixed rate, irrespective to the cell condition.
Their structure is simpler.
Controllable genes:
Are expressed only as needed. Their amount may increase or decrease with respect to their basal level in different condition.
Their structure is relatively complicated with some response elements.
TYPES OF REGULATION OF GENE:
positive & negative regulation.
Steps involving gene regulation of prokaryotes & eukaryotes.
Operon-structure,classification of mechanisms- lac operon,tryptophan operon ,
and many things related to gene expression.
This is a video slide so anyone can understand this topic easily by seeing pictures included in this slide.
Transcription is the process in which a gene's DNA sequence is copied (transcribed) to make an RNA molecule.
RNA polymerase is the main transcription enzyme.
Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter sequence near the beginning of a gene (directly or through helper proteins).
RNA polymerase uses one of the DNA strands (the template strand) as a template to make a new, complementary RNA molecule.
Transcription ends in a process called termination. Termination depends on sequences in the RNA, which signal that the transcript is finished.
Gene regulation in eukaryotes in a nutshell covering all the important stages of gene regulation in eukaryotes at transcriptional level, translation level and post-translational level.
REGULATION OF
GENE EXPRESSION
IN PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES .
This presentation is enriched with lots of information of gene expression with many pictures so that anyone can understand gene expression easily.
Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a protein molecule.
Gene expression is explored through a study of protein structure and function, transcription and translation, differentiation and stem cells.
It is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA.
The process of gene expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)
Regulation of gene expression:
Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA).
Gene regulation is essential for viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes as it increases the versatility and adaptability of an organism by allowing the cell to express protein when needed.
CLASSIFICATION OF GENE WITH RESPECT TO THEIR EXPRESSION:
Constitutive ( house keeping) genes:
Are expressed at a fixed rate, irrespective to the cell condition.
Their structure is simpler.
Controllable genes:
Are expressed only as needed. Their amount may increase or decrease with respect to their basal level in different condition.
Their structure is relatively complicated with some response elements.
TYPES OF REGULATION OF GENE:
positive & negative regulation.
Steps involving gene regulation of prokaryotes & eukaryotes.
Operon-structure,classification of mechanisms- lac operon,tryptophan operon ,
and many things related to gene expression.
This is a video slide so anyone can understand this topic easily by seeing pictures included in this slide.
Transcription is the process in which a gene's DNA sequence is copied (transcribed) to make an RNA molecule.
RNA polymerase is the main transcription enzyme.
Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter sequence near the beginning of a gene (directly or through helper proteins).
RNA polymerase uses one of the DNA strands (the template strand) as a template to make a new, complementary RNA molecule.
Transcription ends in a process called termination. Termination depends on sequences in the RNA, which signal that the transcript is finished.
Nobel prize in medicine and physiology 2017Binyamin Butt
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017 was awarded jointly to Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm".
it gives information about the nucleus which is the major cell component and its various parts like nuclear pores,nucleolus etc. it helps in the replication of DNA which contain genetic material.
This Presentation is made for S.Y.Bsc. Students. This presentation includes the structure of nucliec acids DNA, RNA and biological significance of nucliec acids.
It is a short overview of not-so-famous researcher, who would have been a Nobel Prize recipient on seminal contribution to biology , especially to DNA replication and " Okazaki" fragment was named at his honour
Covid-19, commonly known as Coronavirus, is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. It is a known fact that RNA-duplex and RNA-DNA duplex is thermodynamically more stable than ds-DNA which in turn is more stable than ss-RNA i.e. it requires more harsh conditions (Like higher temperature) to denature ds-RNA than ds-DNA. So, injecting a modified anti-sense RNA would effectively arrest RNA proliferation by forming a near-neutral duplex (i.e. this Duplex can't be proofread stopping the retrosynthesis) in a Corona-affected patient, which is the key idea of my project.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. REIJI OKAZAKI
✿ Reiji Okazaki was a pioneer japanese molecular
biologist.
✿ Discovered okazaki particles.
✿ Married to Tsuniki Okazaki, discoverer of RNA
primer
3. OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS
What are the Okazaki Fragments?
Okazaki fragments allow for the
replication of 3'-5' strand, known as
lagging strand
The 5'-3' strand, also known as the
leading strand, is replication in one
continuous piece
These exist because DNA replication
occurs in the 5'-3' direction because DNA
polymerase acts on the 3'-OH of the
existing strand for adding free
nucleotides
4. OKAZAKI'S LIFE
✿ Okazaki was born on 8th october 1930, Hiroshima,Japan
✿ He also had expertise in engineering but he chose to make career in
biology
✿ He married his fellow scientist Tsuneke Okazaki in 1958
✿ His first discovery of the novel nucleotide bought him an opportunity
to work under Kornberg's Laboratory in U.S.A
✿ Ms.Sakabe played an important role in the discovery of okazaki
fragments
6. AWARDS AND HONORS
✿ Tsuneko and Reiji Okazaki Award is given annually to an early
career scientist who has made significant biological
contributions in honor of the spirit and legacy of Professors
Okazaki
✿ Had he been alive,he would have been awarded a Nobel Prize
7. IMPLICATIONS OF HIS RESEARCH
✿ Okazaki fragments form on the lagging strand of DNA during transcription,because it helps
reduce strain put on the lagging strand.
✿ If they were all in one big chunk, it would make it more difficult for the transcription bubble to
stay open, as the strands would keep wanting to stiffen and stick to each other.
Conventionally, it was believed that there were two different enzymes, one elongating the strand
from the 5' to 3' direction and another elongating the strand from the 3' to 5' direction. However, in
fact, there was only one enzyme that elongates the strand from the 5' to 3' direction. So we
attempted to explain how two strands were oriented in the double helix with only one enzyme.-
Prof.Okazaki