The document provides information about various reform movements that occurred during the 19th century in the United States, known as the Reform Era. It discusses the Second Great Awakening religious revival movement and how it helped spark other reforms. Specifically, it outlines the Temperance movement which aimed to reduce alcohol consumption due to social problems it caused; the Education reform movement led by Horace Mann to establish public schools; the Women's Rights movement which began with the Seneca Falls Convention; reforms to prison and asylum systems to better treat prisoners and the mentally ill; and the Abolitionist movement against slavery.

1. LEARNING ABOUT THE
REFORM ERA – UNIT 8
DO NOW – 4/10/2017
Take out a sheet of paper and copy down LTs
3.1, 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4 from the Unit 8: Social
Issues and Reform scale.

2. Reform Era: Temperance, Education,
Women’s Suffrage, Prisons and Care for
the Mentally Ill, Abolitionism

3. A Spirit of Revival
 Second Great Awakening:
1790’s-early 1800’s
 Revival of religious feeling
 Differed from the 1st
by
introducing the idea that
everyone could be forgiven
for their sin
 Doing good deeds could
help you gain salvation
 Helped jump start reform
movement
 Americans believed they
could act to make things
better
 Transcendentalism: the belief
that the spiritual world is more
important than the physical
 People can find truth within
themselves through feelings
and intuition
 Thoreau was a pivotal figure
 Civil Disobedience: urged
people to peacefully refuse
laws they considered unjust

4.  Organized because
consumption of alcohol
significantly increased &
caused social problems
 Goal was to encourage
moderation in the consumption
of alcohol
 Some groups pressed for
complete abstinence
 Heavy drinking led to many
social problems
 Movement was led by
churches and religious groups
 Propaganda focused on the
sufferings of innocent mothers
and their children
Temperance MovementTemperance Movement

5. Temperance UnionsTemperance Unions
 Groups that pushed for total
prohibition
 Considered drinking to be
morally wrong
 Believed it should be
prohibited by law
 Their demands led to
experiments with more strict
laws
 The Civil War stalled the
movement
 Temperance was later
revisited during the 1890’s-
1920’s Woman's Christian Temperance UnionWoman's Christian Temperance Union
(1874)(1874)

6. Annual Consumption of
Alcohol 1720-1930
QUICK CHECK
#1:
Use the graph to answer
the following question.
How effective was the
pre-Civil War
Temperance Movement?

7. QUICK CHECK #1
 Use the following words to write 3-4 sentences
that summarize what you learned:
 Second Great Awakening, good deeds, Transcendentalism, Thoreau,
Temperance, Alcohol, Social Issues

8. Education
Reform Early Schools
 Short-term schools from
the colonial era
 10-12 weeks per year
 Provided basic
instruction
 Charged a fee along
 Schooling was costly and
religiously based
 Parents were considered
primary educators
 Families relied on each other
and churches for additional
learning

9. Horace Mann and “Common Schools”
 Reformers argued that INFORMED CITIZENS were
needed for our republican GOVERNMENT TO THRIVE
 Workers wanted their children to have a chance to
pursue the “American dream”
 Horace Mann promoted PUBLIC SCHOOLS as the only
way to EQUALIZE SOCIETY
 He argued that it was impossible that educated people
could remain permanently poor
 Mann worked for manyMann worked for many
reforms in public education:reforms in public education:
 Paid for and run by the publicPaid for and run by the public
 Inclusive of children fromInclusive of children from
different backgroundsdifferent backgrounds
 Taught by well-trainedTaught by well-trained
professional teachersprofessional teachers

10. Early Public Schools Despite reformers
efforts, public school
conditions were poor:
 Lacked funding,
books, and
equipment
 Teachers were poorly
paid and often poorly
prepared
 Kids that went
beyond the
elementary grades
went to private
academies
 Public schools did not
become well
established until
AFTER the Civil War
1800’s Georgia school house

11. QUICK CHECK
#2
What did Horace
Mann believe was
the only way to
equally educate
and inform all
citizens of the
United States?
1800’s Georgia school house

12. Women’s Rights
 The Industrial Revolution
changed the economy
 People separated from homes
 Home became a refuge
 Different roles (jobs) for men and
women
 STATUS of women remained
similar to what it had been
during the colonial era
 Could not go to college, vote or
hold most professional jobs
 Had no control over their children
or property
 Needed husband’s permission to
make a will, sign a contract, or file
a lawsuit
 BUT they were able to work
out of the home

13. Organizing the Movement
 Many northern women were
involved in the Abolitionist
Movement
 Their involvement in suffrage
reform increased after the
World Anti-Slavery
Convention of 1840
 Women were excluded from
speaking and were forced to
listen from behind a curtain
 Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth
Cady Stanton decided it
was time to stand up for
women’s rights
 They planned their own
convention when they returned
home
Admission ticket to the Convention

14. The Seneca Falls Women’s Rights
Convention, 1848

15. The first signatures on the
Declaration of Sentiments.
“. . . The history of mankind is a history of repeated
injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward
woman, having in direct object the establishment of
an absolute tyranny over her. . . . He has never
permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the
elective franchise. He has compelled her to submit
to laws, in the formation of which she has no
voice. . .”
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, The Declaration of
Sentiments
Seneca Falls Convention and Declaration
 The women wrote a document modeled after the
Declaration of Independence
 It went over a list of complaints and ended with a demand
for rights
 The movement was ridiculed and women did not gain
suffrage until 1920
 BUT women did gain more rights when it came to property
and wages

16. Legacy of the Movement
 Seneca Falls helped create
an organized campaign for
women’s rights
 Reformers made slow progress
 New York gave women control
over property and wages
 Massachusetts and Indiana
passed more liberal divorce
laws
 Some women began their own
businesses
 However, women’s suffrage
took decades
 19th
Amendment passed in 1920
 Only one woman present at
the convention lived to vote

17. QUICK CHECK #3
Which of the following is an example of Republicanism?
A. the president’s ability to veto a bill passed by Congress
B. the passing of the Bill of Rights
C. voting for your state representatives
D. a government official being impeached for embezzling
QUICK CHECK #4
In your opinion, which reform movement, Education
or Women’s Rights, was most effective and why?

18. From Prison to Penitentiary
 Colonial prisons were used as
holding places
 Reformers argued that
society would benefit more
from rehabilitating prisoners
than punishing them
 Would also help our economy
because prisons could double
as workshops for profit
 By 1850, most states had
adopted the penitentiary
system
 Penitentiary: prisons used for
housing prisoners as punishment
and rehabilitation

19. Prisons and the Mentally Ill
 Before the 1800’s, the
mentally ill were kept at
home or imprisoned
 By 1815, asylums appeared
that separated the mentally
ill from prisoners
 Dorothea Dix led the reform
movement for the mentally ill
 Boston school teacher who
was asked to teach Sunday
school at the East Cambridge
House of Correction in 1841
 Found a room full of mentally
ill women neglected and left
without heat during the New
England winter
Tranquilizing Chair

20. Dorothea Dix and Reform
 After her experience, Dix
spent two years investigating
jails and asylums
 Keepers of the institutions
called her charges
“slanderous lies” but she won
support
 20 states adopted laws to
improve conditions
 32 new hospitals were built due
to her efforts
“the present state of insane persons
confined within the Commonwealth, in
cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens!
Chained naked beaten with rods, and
lashed into obedience!”

21. QUICK CHECK #5
What led to Dorothea Dix
discovering the conditions
inside prisons?
A. She was a prison guard
B. She was a teacher who
taught prisoners how to
read
C. She was teaching Sunday
school in a prison
D. She heard about it from a
friend

22. OROR
??

23. Abolitionist Movement
 Reformers began asking “how can
America, ‘the land of the free’, still
allow slavery”
 The Atlantic Slave trade was outlawed
in 1808 BUT the Industrial Revolution
and the invention of the cotton gin
made both the North and the South
dependent on slavery
 Abolitionists were people who
wanted to end slavery regardless
of this economic dependence
 Both whites and African Americans were
abolitionists

24. Famous Abolitionists
 Although the North profited
from plantation systems and
slavery, some white Northerners
joined the Abolitionist
Movement
 William Lloyd Garrison: began to
publish an abolitionist newspaper,
The Liberator
 Even more rare were Southern
abolitionists
 Grimke Sisters (Sarah and
Angelina): Grew up on a
plantation but believed slavery was
immoral
 Moved north and joined the movement
 Spoke out against slavery publically

25. Famous Abolitionists
 Some brave abolitionists
helped slaves escape to
freedom
 Harriet Tubman- one of the
most famous conductors on
the Underground Railroad
 an above ground series of escape
routes from the South to the North
 Made 19 dangerous journeys
to free enslaved people
 Slave owners offered $40,000
for her capture, but she was
never captured, nor did she
lose a “passenger”

26. Famous Abolitionists
 Some escaped slaves also joined the
movement
 Frederick Douglass: became a lecturer for
the Mass. Anti-Slavery Society
 People who heard him considered him to be too
educated and well-spoken to have ever been a
slave
 We wrote an autobiography that was an instant best-
seller
 Started his own newspaper North Star
 Sojourner Truth: fled her owners and lived
with Quakers who set her free
 Drew huge crowds throughout the North as she
spoke for abolition
 Both were able to change the way
Northerners viewed slavery
 BUT slavery continued for another 30
years

27. QUICK CHECK #6
Why did the practice of slavery continue
despite significant opposition and even
after the Atlantic slave trade was
outlawed?
A. Because many people preferred not to talk
or worry about slavery.
B. Because during the Industrial Revolution,
both Northern and Southern economies
became even more dependent on slavery
than before.
C. Because the number of Southern slave-
owners outnumbered the amount of
abolitionists in the North.
D. Because slaves weren’t allowed to vote
against slavery.