The document provides an overview of social history related to women and African Americans in the United States from the colonial period through the mid-20th century. It discusses the roles of women and treatment of slaves and African Americans over time, including changes post-Revolution, during Reconstruction, and through the Civil Rights movement. Key events and figures related to the fight for women's rights and racial equality are also mentioned.

1. Social History Overview

2. In the beginning…were there women? Chesapeake- 1/4 of indentured servants were female Longer indentures for pregnancy New England- came as part of family units Anne Hutchinson: challenged role of women Daughters of Liberty: more public role with spinning bees and compliance to non-consumption Coverture- lack of political or economic identity (this identity is through their husbands/fathers) Loss of control of property, wages, etc “ Remember the Ladies”- Abigail Adams

3. Republican Motherhood Post Revolution idea- marriage not being ruled by a king-like husband, but is consensual and based on affection :Woman’s role: support republic by raising republican children 1790-1820: surge in ed for women with 400 academies open Change bc necessity of women in the Revolution era- D of L Women got a taste of rights and political action with the Revolution, even though men weren’t ready for women rights Still Coverture: wages of young unmarried women to fathers! Illusion of Republican Motherhood: increasingly public/political role, but that role is within the confines of the traditional mother and wife sphere Men influence in the public sphere, women in the private sphere Cult of Domesticity- clearly defined roles: idealized women as moral leaders and educators

4. Reform Movements Great Awakening speaks to women as the spiritual guardians of husbands Republican Motherhood/Cult of Domesticity helps! Work in public sphere to gain acceptance for reform Temperance Movement- must fix the sin of their husbands! Dorothea Dix- mental illness Grimke Sisters (Abolition) Seneca Falls- Stanton, Mott Resentment of being left out of abolition movement Declaration of Sentiments Equal voting, property and legal rights

5. Post-Civil War Roles Growth of educational institutions for women leads to generation of politically active women Oberlin College is first to admit women Women’s Christian Temperance Union-Frances Willard Political action grows with involvement! Jane Addams and settlement houses Greater support of suffrage movement post Civil War with 15th Amendment passed Radical theories on women’s roles also during this era of the politically active white, middle class woman Emma Goldman- Russian Anarchist Immigrant who challenged marriage in general (Deported in Red Scare) Charlotte Perkins Gilman- Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relations Between Men and Woman as a Factor in Social Evolution (1898) women should not be happy with being reliant on men!

6. Suffrage Movement 15th Amendment- protection of male voting rights Western States are the first!! Jeanette Rankin (elected 1916)- Montana National American Women’s Suffrage Association Carrie Catt, Susan B. Anthony- work within the confines A vote/action protects the home, which is the role of the woman, empower women National Women’s Party- constitutional amendment from Congress Alice Paul- more radical 19th Amendment- women’s role in WWI

7. World War I through WWII Right to vote did little to change condition for women- adopted views of men in family ERA does not pass, traditional roles stay, lower pay in mostly service jobs Flapper movement Sanger- sexual freedom/ revolution in morals Francis Perkins- first female cabinet member Women’s roles in war Lower pay than men Rosie the Riveter

8. 1950’s/Rise of Women’s Liberation Women’s Roles perpetuated by Culture Conformity to middle class ideal Presidential Commission on the Status of Women report on gender discrim. in employment opps and wages Presidential order to eliminate gender discrim. in federal civil service system Equal Pay Act of 1963- federal crime to pay women lower Betty Friedan, Feminine Mystique National Organization of Women Ms. Magazine- Gloria Steinem (1972) New Feminism- focus on child-care, parenting, abortion by young white women who participated in CR’s/anti-war movement ERA- 1972 Roe v. Wade- 1973

9. Anti-Feminism Phylis Schafly New Right Anti-Abortion, traditional gender roles ERA- passage blocked Reagan’s cabinet: three women appointed Sandra Day O’Connor

10. African Arrival 1619: Arrival as indentured servants Slavery moved to in Chesapeake with slowing of European IS’s, Bacon’s Rebellion Interaction between races until slavery-Katherine Watkins Slavery present in Southern colonies from the beginning- Carolinas Slaves from Barbados Always not enough labor for the amount of land to work! Effect: slave system is embedded in culture of the Chesapeake and Southern colonies

11. Defacto to Dejure Defacto: In Practice Punishments are for life Anthony in “Africans in America” Dejure: In Law By 1680’s, law across Chesapeake and Southern colonies of slavery for Africans Push for conformity in systems between Chesa and Southern colonies Slavery grows very quickly post Bacon’s Rebellion!

12. Bacon’s Rebellion Social conflict between the classes Piedmont v. Tidewater Grandees need permanent labor force to cut down on class conflict Former IS’s are discontented Turns conflict into race conflict Now low class has someone below them Common ground with grandees

13. Comparison of Regions Slavery in New England/Middle Shift from IS to slave Educated to work in stores or on docks Religion leads to better treatment (no slaves for Quakers) Slavery in Chesapeake Shift from indentured servant to slaves 1 of every 8 people is a slave Work plantations Slavery in Southern Imported to colonies as slaves Slaves outnumber whites Work plantations

14. Africans in the Revolutionary War Abolition of slavery/trade left out of Declaration of Independence Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation: Promised freedom if they join British fight by in VA Causes VA to move in favor of independence 5,000 fight for Colonists Mostly freedmen from North William Lee- Washington’s aid on battle trail Promised freedom after war

15. Slavery Post-Revolutionary War Emancipation-1777 in Vermont, NH 1783, 1783 in Mass Gradual Emancipation- Penn 1780, RI, Conn in 1784, NY 1799, NJ 1804 Slave issue silenced in Congress by tabling of slavery petitions at start of each session-Post Missouri Comp Cotton is King: Cotton Gin invention by Eli Whitney in 1793 Slavery is essential to cash crop of the century AJ bans anti-slavery literature from being sent in US Mail Will not annex Texas: Attempting to keep slavery from becoming a bigger issue

16. Slave Revolts! 1738-Stono Rebellion 1800- Gabriel Prosser 1822- Denmark Vessey 1831- Nat Turner Effect: stricter controls on slaves in Chesapeake!

17. Abolition Movements Created and grew in the 1830’s and 40’s American Colonization Society Back to Africa Liberia founded by American slaves American Anti-Slavery Society- Radical William Lloyd Garrison- The Liberator Immediate abolition Liberty Party Political action: James Birney as Pres in 1840, 1844 Freedmen work for abolition! Sojouner Truth, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman Free-Soilers- slavery can remain but not expand

18. Justifications Paternalism- slaves are children who need strict controls Makes slaves seem well cared for and loved Economic- helps all regions Slaves have it better than wage laborers in free labor system of North! Northerners fear loss of jobs to former slaves if abolished Religious- justified in the Bible

19. Emancipation Why not sooner? Need to keep border states, Northern public opinion in favor of slavery Effects on Civil War? Frees slaves only in states in rebellion GB will not support Confederacy Does not free the slaves immediately 13th Amendment Higher purpose for the Union (immediate!)

20. Reconstruction 14th Amend: All persons born or naturalized are citizens, states must provide equal protection of laws and due process 15th Amend: Vote cannot be denied bc of race, color or previous condition of servitude Increase of AA Legislators (moderate, educated property holders) in South (help of Reconstruction Acts 1867) Freedman’s Bureau CR Act 1866: All AA’s are citizens CR Act of 1875: equal accomodations in public places, AA cannot be excluded from Juries KKK: Response to rise of AA in Southern political life Black Codes- State laws to keep formers slave in condition of servitude Slaughterhouse Cases- Enforcement of laws goes to states Few protections to AA’s from Reconstruction are upheld!

21. Post-Reconstruction Civil Rights Cases-1883: Congress cannot make laws against discrimination by individuals (private businesses) Jim Crow Laws- segregation Migration North to get away from discrimination and economic opportunity Loss of Civil Rights- Literacy test, poll tax, grandfather clause Booker- economic advancement Tuskegee Institute- job training Atlanta Compromise- Stay socially separate, focus on economic benefits first- Plessy v. Ferguson DuBois- CR are needed before economic advancement Niagra Movement- planned program of protest NAACP- gain rights/integration through political and legal action! Creation of National Association of Colored Women-Ida B. Wells

22. 1920’s, 1930’s and 1940’s Growth of pride in culture, still public officials will not guarantee rights or anti-lynching Marcus Garvey- Black nationalism/separation United Negro Improvement Assoc.- Pride!! Back-to-Africa movement- critized by DuBois Great Migration- 500,000 from 1915-1920 20% live in Northern cities Discrimination in cities on the rise! Harlem Renaissance- cultural rebirth (artists/literary) Jazz- Bessie Smith, Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong Writers- Langston Hughes, Nora Hurston Zeale Great Depression- little help, white males hired first Cabinet Members: Mary McLoud Bethume World War II- Double-V Campaign!

23. Civil Rights Movement Desegregation of Armed Forces by Truman Brown v. Board: separate is inherently unequal Montegomery Bus Boycott 1955 MIA Created-headed by MLK, Jr. Passive resistance and non-violence SCLC Little Rock 1957: Ike used national guard to uphold federal power (not bc he wanted CR’s!) Sit-ins 1960: SNCC- Movement goes to the students! Gaining greater momentum and visibility March on Washington 1963- “I Have A Dream” CR Act 1964, Voting Rights Act 1965 Rise of Black Nationalism/Splintering of movement Malcolm X and Black Muslims Stokley Carmichael and Black Power Huey Newton and Black Panther Party for Self-Defense

24. Native American Comparisons 1/3 of NA population was on East Coast Permanent settlements, farm, fish, hunt Algonquin, Cherokee, Iroquois, Seneca 1/4 of NA population was in Great Plains Buffalo, nomadic, warriors Sioux, Cheyenne Generalizations: Great Spirit, land was not for owning, trading routes, etc. What problems might these differences cause in the 1800’s?

25. Initial Contact Decimation of NA’s by European Contact Columbian Exchange No unified response by very different tribes Animosity in Chesapeake Competition over land and supremacy Expectation that NA’s will be workers Truce with Powhatan means coexistence Help in NE Taught Separatists farming principles Generalization: NA’s and British settlers were at odds because of a lack of cultural understanding, superiority complex, land use, attempted forced servitude

26. NA Revolts NA revolts leads to growth of distrust and animosity between NA’s and whites Opech 1622- attack by warlike brother after death of Powhatan 1/3 of settlers killed (surprise attack) English retaliate, become more powerful than NA’s for first time NA’s viewed as perpetual enemy King Phillip’s War 1675-1676- attack after continual encroachment on tribal lands 13 settlements completely destroyed in Mass Counterattack and scorched earth end NA attack Distrust, hatred and destroyed land

27. During Colonial Wars Distrust continues to grow as NA’s continually side against colonists in wars NA’s joined the side they believe would give them the most rights to land French during F and I War British during Rev War Pontiac’s Rebellion- attack by Ottawa chief which kills 3,000 settlers as they rush into newly won Ohio River Valley Went with British during Rev War because the colonists were the ones trying to take land! Proclamation Line 1763

28. Early NA Policy British supplying NA with supplies for attack on American frontier Battle of Fallen Timbers-1794 Defeated by “Mad” Anthony Wayne Treaty of Greenville: NA gave up claims to Ohio Terr Natives side with British in pre War of 1812 conflict Tecumseh- unified tribes to keep settlers out of IL, IN Prophet-revival of tribal culture! Falls after death of Tecumseh at Battle of Thames 1813 Assimilation so they work on less land and move into American society Commerce Clause sees them as distinguishable from foreign nations Treaties to annex land to US

29. Removal Despite the “civilization” of tribes, esp. Cherokee, NA policy shifts to removal Sequoyah- Cherokee alphabet Indian Removal Act 1830: forced resettlement Cherokee Nation v. Georgia: NA’s are not foreign nation (commerce clause) and cannot sue (to stay on tribal lands)! Worchester v. Georgia- laws of Georgia have no authority in Cherokee lands (victory for NA’s?) States v. Fed govt: AJ does not enforce SC decision! Treaty of New Echota- final removal of NA’s 1836: Bureau of Indian Affairs was created to help Trail of Tears- 15,000 forced West, 4,000 died!

30. Indian Wars Timeline Treaty of Laramie 1851-reservation system adopted- boundaries not adhered to by NA’s Indian Wars: Sand Creek Massacre, Sioux Wars, Little Big Horn Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, Chief Joseph led resistance to reservations Destruction of Buffalo destroys way of life by 1880’s Assimilation- A Century of Dishonor by Helen H. Jackson Carlise School- teach white culture to assimilate Dawes Severalty Act 1887-Divided tribal land into plots, broke up tribal orgs that kept NA’s from being assimilated, US citizenship if on land for 25 years and become “civilized” Ghost Dance- Wovoka’s promise of a return of the day of the buffalo and white man’s inventions would be removed Sitting Bull killed Wounded Knee- end of Ghost Dance and Native American resistance

31. 1920’s through 1940’s 1924: citizenship to all NA’s, whether or not they complied with Dawes Act Indian Reorganization Act-1934 Promoted reorganization of tribal lands and culture Back to reservations! Compensation- settle outstanding claims from govt taking land 285 claims worth $800 million Termination-end of special relationship with NA’s Power to deal with NA’s goes to state and local govts No more reservations, health care, education Relocation-1948: paid for ticket, provided relocation centers for NA’s to move to cities New form of assimilation Urban lifestyle leads to growth of movement of 60’s

32. 1960’s Rise of NA movement- because of movement to the cities, identity formed across tribal lines, protect culture Indian Youth Council- 1961: more militant discontent with older generation’s leadership Rejected assimilation American Indian Movement 1968- to help the problems facing urban Native Americans Successes: end of termination, relocation, restored some tribal lands, compensation, tribal sovereignty, protection of NA religion

33. Push Pull Factors Push Religious Persecution Economic factors Political upheaval Pull Land Rich, Labor poor Economic Opportunity Religious Freedom Middle Colonies especially!!

34. Colonial Immigration Population grows ten times from 1700-1770 England- by 1770, less than 1/2 of colonists of of English ancestry Scots-Irish- Mostly came as indentured servants Settled on Piedmont Militant Preysbeterians German- largest group- 85,000 by 1770 Peaceful, mostly Lutheran, Mennonites or Amish Settled as farmers in Middle Colonies

35. Early 1800’s immigration 85% of all immigrants pre-1880 are from West and North Europe Germans-skilled craftsmen Irish- poor, unskilled Potato Famine- largest immigrant group pre-Civil War Racism- between immigrant groups and freed blacks Irish and Chinese NYC Riots Nativism: Know-Nothing Party Classic Conflict- wages and jobs!!!

36. “ New” Immigrants Southern and Eastern Germany 80% of all immigrants by 1896 Jewish- escaping Russia came as families Asia- work on rr’s in west (90%), hard-working, willing to work for less 1882- Chinese Exclusion Act 1907- Gentleman’s Agreement 2/3 settle in cities as poor, unskilled workers Chicago- 75% immigrants, NYC- 80%, Boston- 66% Racism- different language, culture, radical thought, religion, willingness to work for low wages Quotas 1924- based on 1890 immigration

37. Post WWII Immigration McCarren-Walter Act 1952- ends ban on Asian immigration, maintained Quota System Immigration and Nationality Act 1965 Abolished quota system!!

38. “ Slavery was the dominating reality of all Southern Life.” Assess the Validity for 2 of the following aspects of southern life: political, economic, social and intellectual life How do you account for the failure of Reconstruction to bring social and economic equality to the former slaves?

39. How were the lives of the Plains Indians in the second half of the nineteenth century affected by technological developments and govt actions? “ Throughout its historyt he US has been a land of refuge and opp for immigrants”. Assess the validity for two: Scots Irish on the 1700’s appalachian frontier, irish in 19th century urban NE, Chinese in 19th century West