Class ppt

1. Bell Ringer
• Describe an example from history where
religion has influenced the attitude and/or
behavior of a group of people.

2. The Spirit of Reform
Essential Questions:
- How did social reformers change American life in the 1800’s?
- How did abolitionists change the American view on slavery?

3. Religion and Reform
• A new wave of religious
interest was sweeping through
the country
• This became the 2nd Great
Awakening
• Lots of reforms were taking
place throughout the country
(“reform”= change)
• Many reform communities
were aiming to form utopias
(ideal societies)

4. Religion and Reform Review
• 1. The source of the reform movement came
out of which period of religious revival?
• 2. What was the goal of many reformers?

5. Temperance Movement
• During this period of religious revival,
there was a push to ban alcohol
• Connecticut minister, Lyman
Beecher, was the leader of this
movement
• Beecher warned people of the
dangers of alcohol with lectures,
pamphlets, and revival-style rallies
• Some states outlawed the
manufacture and sale of alcohol, but
most of these laws would eventually
be repealed
• A person who abstained from alcohol
was called a “teetotaler”

6. Temperance Movement
Review
• 3. What is meant by the term “temperance?”
• 4. Who was the leader of the temperance
movement?
• 5. How did this leader warn people about the
dangers of alcohol?
• 6. Someone who abstains from alcohol was
known as a __________________.

8. Education Reform
• Reformers wanted to improve schools
• Many schools lacked money and many
teachers lacked proper training
• Parents would keep girls at home to learn
how to become a wife and mother
• African-Americans were denied the right to
attend school
• Horace Mann was the leader of the
educational reform movement
• His influence led to Massachusetts creating
the first state-supported “normal school” to
train teachers.
• Colleges and Universities were founded
during this period of educational reform

9. Education Reform Review
• 7. What challenges did many schools face
during the early 1800’s?
• 8. Prior to education reform, why were girls
kept out of school?
• 9. Who else was denied the right to go to
school?
• 10. How did Horace Mann influence education
reform?

10. Prison Reform
• Dorothea Dix began visiting prisons
and noticed prisoners chained to
walls in unheated cells with little or
no clothing
• She found out that many prisoners
were not guilty and many were
suffering from mental illness
• She made it her life’s work to
educate the public about poor
prison conditions for prisoners and
mental illness
• She created the first mental illness
institutions

11. Prison Reform Review
• 11. Who was the leader of the prison reform
movement?
• 12. What did she notice when she visited
prisons?
• 13. She made it her life’s work to educate the
public on ____________________ and
____________________.

12. The Start of the Abolition
Movement
• People had been talking about ending
slavery since before the Revolution
• Early anti-slavery societies believed the
system should end gradually
• They believed the South should have time
adjust to the loss of slave labor
• Slavery was debated at the Constitutional
Convention and the issue was left up to the
individual states
• Slavery would end in the North during the
early 1800’s but the rise of the Cotton
Kingdom increased the use of slaves in the
South
• Many anti-slavery groups came out of the
Quaker movement in PA

13. Abolitionism Review
• 14. How did early anti-slavery societies want to
deal with the issue of slavery?
• 15. What decision was made about slavery at
the Constitutional Convention?
• 16. Why did slavery increase in the South after
being banned in the North?
• 17. Which religious group formed many anti-
slavery groups?

14. The Colonization Plan
• Many whites, including some
abolitionists, did not like the idea of
having free slaves living in the
United States
• The American Colonization Society
raised money to send freed slaves to
Africa
• This African colony was called
“Liberia”
• This did not stop the growth of
slavery
• Most African-Americans wanted to
stay in America

15. Abolitionism Review
• 18. What was the goal of the American
Colonization Society?
• 19. What was the name of the African colony
designated for freed slaves?
• 20. How did many African Americans feel
about moving to this colony?

16. William Lloyd Garrison
• Wrote The Liberator,
calling for an immediate
end to slavery
• Rejected the idea of a
slow, gradual, end to
slavery
• Formed the New England
Anti-Slavery Society

17. Abolitionism Review
• 21. What publication was written by famous
abolitionist, William Lloyd Garrison?
• 22. What made Garrison unique about his
approach to ending slavery?
• 23. What abolitionist group was formed by
Garrison?

18. Sarah and Angelina Grimke
• Born in SC to a slave-holding
family
• Moved to Philadelphia and
began speaking out for abolition
and women’s rights
• Convinced their mother to give
them their inheritance early.
Instead of money, they wanted
to free several of the family’s
slaves
• Wrote American Slavery As It Is
detailing first-hand stories of life
under slavery

19. Abolitionism Review
• 24. Why did the Grimke sisters ask for their
inheritance early?
• 25. Which publication by the Grimke sisters
detailed first-hand stories about the slave
experience?

20. Elihu Embree (TN)
• Iron manufacturer in
Tennessee
• Organized local anti-
slavery organizations
• Started The Emancipator,
the first publication
devoted solely to the anti-
slavery cause.
(“emancipate”= to free)

21. Virginia Hill (TN)
• Daughter of a wealthy North
Carolina farmer
• Bought 2,000 isolated acres
in the upper Cumberland
area
• She freed her slaves and
turned the property over to
them
• The property, named “Free
Hill,” became a community
for freed slaves

22. Francis “Fanny” Wright
• Formed the Nashoba
Commune
• This community was to
prepare slaves for their
eventual emancipation
• Located near Memphis,
TN

23. Abolitionism Review
• 26. Which iron manufacturer from Tennessee
published The Emancipator?
• 27. What was the significance of The
Emancipator?
• 28. Which abolitionist from Tennessee
developed “Free Hill” as a community for freed
slaves?
• 29. Which abolitionist from Tennessee formed
the Nashoba community to prepare slaves for
freedom?

24. Frederick Douglass
• America’s best-known abolitionist
• Born as a slave in Maryland but escaped
in 1838
• Joined the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery
Society
• Traveled all over the world to speak about
ending slavery
• Became the editor of the North Star, an
antislavery newspaper
• Insisted that African Americans receive
not just freedom, but full equality with
whites
• In 1847, friends helped him officially buy
his freedom from his slaveowner in
Maryland

25. Abolitionism Review
• 30. After escaping, why did Frederick
Douglass travel the country?
• 31. What was the name of Douglass’ anti-
slavery newspaper?
• 32. What did Douglass ask for in addition to
freedom for slaves?

26. Sojourner Truth
• Born Isabella Baumfree, a slave in
Ulster Country, New York
• Escaped slavery in 1826 and
officially became free in 1827
when New York banned slavery
• Chose the name because she felt
it was her job to declare the truth
to the people
• Traveled throughout the country
speaking out against slavery and
in support of the women’s rights
movement

27. Abolitionism Review
• 33. Why did Isabella Baumfree choose the
name of “Sojourner Truth?”
• 34. In addition to speaking out against slavery,
Truth spoke out in support of
________________________.

28. The Underground Railroad
• The Underground Railroad was a network
of escape routes
• “Passengers” traveled on at night and
often on foot
• “Stations” along the underground railroad
included barns, basements, and attics
• “Conductors” were whites and African
Americans who led slaves to the North
and Canada
• Harriet Tubman was the most famous
conductor
• As many as 100,000 slaves reached
freedom on the Underground Railroad

29. Abolitionism Review
• 35. What was the “Underground Railroad?”
• 36. Describe some characteristics of “stations”
along the Underground Railroad.
• 37. People who led the way along the
Underground Railroad were called
_____________.
• 38. Who was the most famous conductor?

30. John Brown and The Armed
Resistance
• Abolitionist who believed
that the only way to stop
slavery was to use
weapons and violence
• Led the attack on
Harper’s Ferry (we will
learn more about this
later)

31. Abolitionism Review
• 39. How did John Brown differ from other
abolitionists?

32. Opposition to Abolition
• The South was almost 100% against
abolition
• In the North, only a few people
supported abolition
• Most whites believed freed African
Americans would never blend into
society
• Southerners claimed slavery was
essential to their economy and way of
life
• The South argued that being a slave
was better than working in Northern
factories
• The South argued that slaves were
better off under white care than on their
own

33. Opposition to Abolitionism
Review
• 40. How did people in the North and South
feel about abolitionism
• 41. How did most whites feel about freed
slaves blending in to society?
• 42. List some arguments that the South made
for keeping slavery.

34. Reform for Women- Lucretia
Mott
• Lucretia Mott believed that
abolition and women’s rights
were linked
• Mott enjoyed rights and an
unusual amount of equality
because she was a Quaker
• Mott organized the Philadelphia
Female Anti-Slavery Society
• At an antislavery convention in
London, she met someone with
similar interests, Elizabeth Cady
Stanton

35. Reform for Women Review
• 43. Which reformer believed abolitionism and
women’s rights were linked?
• 44. Why did Mott enjoy an unusual amount of
rights and freedom as a woman?
• 45. Which reform group was formed by Mott?

36. Seneca Falls Convention
• The first women’s rights convention
took place in Seneca Falls, NY
• 300 people, including 40 men
attended
• Debated over a Declaration of
Sentiments and Resolutions- these
called for an end to laws that
discriminated against women
• They demanded that women be
allowed to have the same jobs and
opportunities as men
• The most controversial issue was
suffrage (the right to vote)

37. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• The most outspoken member of
the convention
• Demanded a resolution for
women’s suffrage
• Some delegates believed she was
too radical
• Frederick Douglass agreed with
Stanton about women’s suffrage
• After much debate, the convention
agreed to include a demand for
suffrage in the resolution

38. The Seneca Falls
Declaration
• Modeled after the
Declaration of
Independence
• “We hold these truths to
be self-evident that all
men and women are
created equal…”
• Called for an end to laws
that discriminated against
women

39. Reform for Women- Review
• 46. Where did the first women’s rights convention take
place?
• 47. Which document, written at the convention,
demanded an end to discriminatory laws against
women?
• 48. What was the most controversial issue at the
convention?
• 49. Which outspoken reformer at the convention
eventually succeeded in getting suffrage included in the
resolution?
• 50. The resolution passed at the convention was based
on ________________________.

40. Susan B. Anthony
• Joined the cause for women’s rights
after Seneca Falls
• Daughter of a Quaker abolitionist
• Called for equal pay and college
training for women
• Called for coeducation (males and
females going to school together)
• Started the first women’s temperance
organization
• Met Elizabeth Cady Stanton at a
temperance meeting where they
became partners and lifelong friends

41. Reform for Women Review
• 51. Which reformer called for equal pay and
education for women?
• 52. How did Anthony contribute to the
temperance movement?

42. Marriage and The Family
• Prior to the mid-1800’s women had very
few rights
• Property went to the husband when
women were married
• Women had few options if she was in an
unhappy or abusive relationship
• By the mid-1800’s women in many states
were giving the right to own property
• Some states passed laws allowing
women to share custody of children
• Indiana became the first state to allow
women to seek divorce if the husband
abused alcohol

43. Marriage and The Family
Review
• 53. How did marriage rights change for
women after during the 1800’s?

44. Breaking Barriers
• In the early 1800’s women had few career
choices
• They could become elementary school
teachers (paid less than male teachers)
• Women struggled to become doctors or work in
the ministry
• Elizabeth Blackwell was one of the first to be
accepted into medical school at Geneva
College in NY. She graduated first in her class
• Maria Mitchell became the first person to
discover a comet with a telescope and the first
woman elected to the American Academy of
Art and Sciences
• Even though women were making great gains,
they were still limited by social customs and
expectations

45. Breaking Barriers Review
• 54. Describe some of the career barriers that
were broken by women during the 1800’s?