This presentation covers trends in antebellum life that gave way to some of the sectional tensions, between the North and the South, that will factor into the emergence of the American Civil War. It is the second in a series of textbook/lecture substitutes designed for students in a college seminar on the Civil War and Reconstruction.
The early British colonies were established for economic reasons, with the first being Jamestown in 1607. Tobacco became a profitable crop in Virginia while indentured servitude provided labor. Self-governance emerged through entities like the Virginia House of Burgesses and Mayflower Compact. Puritans founded colonies like Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay to escape religious persecution in England. The 13 original colonies developed diverse economies while remaining tied to England through the Navigation Acts; however, they gained a growing spirit of self-determination.
The document provides an overview of antebellum southern society and the institution of slavery. It describes the southern economy as primarily based on agriculture, especially cotton production, with slavery as the main labor force. It discusses the demographics of the south, which had a population that was 40% enslaved black people. The summary also characterizes southern slavery as a "peculiar institution" and notes that slave resistance took various forms including sabotage, escape, and occasional rebellions.
The document summarizes key aspects of the abolition movement in the United States, including the harsh living conditions faced by slaves, Nat Turner's rebellion, and prominent abolitionist leaders and their efforts. It describes the daily hardships of slaves, such as living in poor conditions without rights. It also outlines Turner's rebellion in 1831 and the increased restrictions placed on slaves and free blacks afterwards. Furthermore, it profiles influential abolitionists like Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, Harriet Beecher Stowe, John Quincy Adams, and Harriet Tubman, and their roles in advocating for the end of slavery through newspapers, speeches, books, and aiding the Underground Railroad.
The document provides a high-level overview of the history of the United States, beginning with the discovery of America by the Vikings in 1000 and Christopher Columbus in 1492. It discusses the colonization of America by European powers like Spain, the Netherlands, France, and Britain in the 15th-16th centuries. This led to the introduction of slavery and the Columbian Exchange between the Old and New Worlds. The 13 original colonies established by the British in North America are also outlined. Key events like the Pilgrims' arrival on the Mayflower in 1620 and the American Revolution against Britain in the late 18th century that established the new nation are summarized at a high level.
1) Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare led to the sinking of American ships, outraging public opinion in the US.
2) The Zimmerman Telegram was intercepted, revealing a German plot to ally with Mexico against the US if it entered the war.
3) In April 1917, after these provocations, President Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany and the US joined World War I on the side of the Allies.
The American Revolution was caused by growing tensions between the American colonies and Britain following the French and Indian War. Britain imposed several taxes on the colonies to help pay the war debt from the French and Indian War, including the Stamp Act and Tea Act, angering colonists who were not represented in Parliament. In response, colonists organized boycotts of British goods and the Boston Tea Party. In 1774, Britain passed the Intolerable Acts to punish Boston and Massachusetts, further straining relations. Armed conflict began at Lexington and Concord in 1775, starting the Revolutionary War. With support from France, the colonies declared independence in 1776 and ultimately achieved victory and independence from Britain in 1783.
Brief presentation about the coming of the Civil War from 1856 - 1860. Including Lincoln-Douglas Debates, Dred Scott, Harpers Ferry, and the Election of 1860.
Columbus discovers America in 1492, and groups of English settlers establish colonies in the following centuries. Slavery becomes widespread by 1750, with 25% of the population enslaved. The American Revolutionary War begins in 1776 and ends in 1783, establishing the United States as an independent nation. However, tensions over slavery erupt into the Civil War from 1861-1865, which concludes with the Union's victory and the abolition of slavery. Key events and figures that follow include both World Wars, the Civil Rights Movement led by Martin Luther King Jr., and symbols of American ideals like the Statue of Liberty.
The early British colonies were established for economic reasons, with the first being Jamestown in 1607. Tobacco became a profitable crop in Virginia while indentured servitude provided labor. Self-governance emerged through entities like the Virginia House of Burgesses and Mayflower Compact. Puritans founded colonies like Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay to escape religious persecution in England. The 13 original colonies developed diverse economies while remaining tied to England through the Navigation Acts; however, they gained a growing spirit of self-determination.
The document provides an overview of antebellum southern society and the institution of slavery. It describes the southern economy as primarily based on agriculture, especially cotton production, with slavery as the main labor force. It discusses the demographics of the south, which had a population that was 40% enslaved black people. The summary also characterizes southern slavery as a "peculiar institution" and notes that slave resistance took various forms including sabotage, escape, and occasional rebellions.
The document summarizes key aspects of the abolition movement in the United States, including the harsh living conditions faced by slaves, Nat Turner's rebellion, and prominent abolitionist leaders and their efforts. It describes the daily hardships of slaves, such as living in poor conditions without rights. It also outlines Turner's rebellion in 1831 and the increased restrictions placed on slaves and free blacks afterwards. Furthermore, it profiles influential abolitionists like Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, Harriet Beecher Stowe, John Quincy Adams, and Harriet Tubman, and their roles in advocating for the end of slavery through newspapers, speeches, books, and aiding the Underground Railroad.
The document provides a high-level overview of the history of the United States, beginning with the discovery of America by the Vikings in 1000 and Christopher Columbus in 1492. It discusses the colonization of America by European powers like Spain, the Netherlands, France, and Britain in the 15th-16th centuries. This led to the introduction of slavery and the Columbian Exchange between the Old and New Worlds. The 13 original colonies established by the British in North America are also outlined. Key events like the Pilgrims' arrival on the Mayflower in 1620 and the American Revolution against Britain in the late 18th century that established the new nation are summarized at a high level.
1) Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare led to the sinking of American ships, outraging public opinion in the US.
2) The Zimmerman Telegram was intercepted, revealing a German plot to ally with Mexico against the US if it entered the war.
3) In April 1917, after these provocations, President Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany and the US joined World War I on the side of the Allies.
The American Revolution was caused by growing tensions between the American colonies and Britain following the French and Indian War. Britain imposed several taxes on the colonies to help pay the war debt from the French and Indian War, including the Stamp Act and Tea Act, angering colonists who were not represented in Parliament. In response, colonists organized boycotts of British goods and the Boston Tea Party. In 1774, Britain passed the Intolerable Acts to punish Boston and Massachusetts, further straining relations. Armed conflict began at Lexington and Concord in 1775, starting the Revolutionary War. With support from France, the colonies declared independence in 1776 and ultimately achieved victory and independence from Britain in 1783.
Brief presentation about the coming of the Civil War from 1856 - 1860. Including Lincoln-Douglas Debates, Dred Scott, Harpers Ferry, and the Election of 1860.
Columbus discovers America in 1492, and groups of English settlers establish colonies in the following centuries. Slavery becomes widespread by 1750, with 25% of the population enslaved. The American Revolutionary War begins in 1776 and ends in 1783, establishing the United States as an independent nation. However, tensions over slavery erupt into the Civil War from 1861-1865, which concludes with the Union's victory and the abolition of slavery. Key events and figures that follow include both World Wars, the Civil Rights Movement led by Martin Luther King Jr., and symbols of American ideals like the Statue of Liberty.
The document provides a brief history of the early colonial settlements in North America from the 16th through 18th centuries. It discusses the first Spanish and English colonies including the founding of St. Augustine in 1565, Jamestown in 1607, and the Plymouth colony in 1620. It also summarizes the establishment of other colonies including Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia. Tensions grew between the colonies and Britain as the colonies expanded throughout the 18th century.
The American Revolution began as a result of growing tensions between the American colonies and Great Britain. Key events led to the outbreak of war in 1775, including several Acts passed by the British Parliament that taxed the colonies without representation. In response, colonists organized protests and boycotts of British goods. The Declaration of Independence was issued in 1776, declaring the colonies independent states no longer under British rule. The American Revolutionary War ensued as the newly formed American forces fought the British for independence.
The American Revolution began as tensions grew between the 13 British colonies in North America and the colonial government representing the British crown from 1754 to 1783. Key events exacerbating tensions included the Proclamation of 1763, which angered colonists by restricting settlement west of the Appalachians, and subsequent taxation acts including the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts, which the colonists opposed under the principle of "no taxation without representation." Armed conflict began with the Battles of Lexington and Concord in 1775 and the Declaration of Independence was adopted in 1776, formally establishing the United States. The Revolutionary War ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1783, recognizing American independence.
The Gilded Age (1870-1900) was a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization following the Civil War. New factories and businesses transformed the U.S. economy and society. Wealthy industrialists and financiers accumulated vast fortunes while many workers faced difficult conditions. Political machines dominated cities and corruption was rampant. The era saw both conspicuous wealth and growing social tensions that would lead to reforms in the Progressive Era.
The Civil War was caused by several key factors that divided the North and South:
1. Sectionalism led to the country being divided along regional lines, with the North and South developing distinct economies and political interests.
2. The issue of slavery deeply divided the regions, as the South depended on it for its economy while the North opposed its expansion.
3. Other contributing causes included states' rights, as Southerners supported a state's autonomy over federal law, and tariffs, which Southerners felt unfairly taxed their exports.
4. Tensions came to a head after Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860, which prompted Southern states to secede and form the Confederacy.
The document summarizes the rise and growth of the British colonial empire from the 16th century until the late 19th century. It details how England established colonies in North America and exploited the slave trade to develop prosperous plantations. England also came to dominate trade in India, defeating French and Dutch rivals. At its peak, the British Empire spanned the globe and was the largest empire in world history.
This presentation provides a general history of American slavery (with greater emphasis on its development than on its antebellum incarnation) to give students some understanding of the institution. It is the fourth in a series of presentations designed for college students in a seminar on The Civil War and Reconstruction. Students will spend more time engaging antebellum slavery (the slavery that is more familiar to most Americans) in class.
The Revolutionary War began as tensions rose between the American colonies and Britain following the French and Indian War. Major events escalating the conflict included the Stamp Act and other taxes passed by Britain to raise revenue from the colonies without colonial consent or representation. Key battles included Lexington and Concord, Bunker Hill, Trenton, Saratoga, and Yorktown, culminating in American victory and independence from Britain as outlined in the 1783 Treaty of Paris.
This document discusses European imperialism from the 15th to early 20th centuries. It defines imperialism as the extension of rule or influence by one nation over another. Major motivations for European imperialism included nationalism, economic incentives like trade and resource extraction, and social justifications like the belief in European racial and cultural superiority. The document outlines different forms of colonial control employed by Europeans, patterns of colonial management, resistance movements against imperialism, negative consequences like loss of native independence and culture, and some potential "positive" consequences like reduced local warfare and infrastructure development.
Imperialism involved stronger nations dominating weaker countries politically, economically, and socially through colonialism, spheres of influence, and protectorates. There were several types and causes of imperialism in the 19th century, including seeking new markets and resources, civilizing missions, and Social Darwinism. European imperialism resulted in the colonization and exploitation of much of Asia and Africa during this period.
Slavery began in America in 1619 when the first Africans were brought to Jamestown, Virginia by Dutch traders who had seized them from a Spanish ship. Over the next few centuries, slavery grew significantly as slave ships transported Africans to America against their will to be sold at auctions and forced to work on plantations under inhumane conditions. Slaves faced brutal punishments if they disobeyed and had no rights. The Underground Railroad and abolitionists worked to help escaped slaves reach freedom. Ultimately, the Civil War from 1861 to 1865 led to the end of slavery with Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th Amendment.
Colonial America experienced rapid growth through royal proprietorships and joint-stock companies seeking to establish settlements and turn a profit. America offered cheap land and greater social mobility compared to Europe. Colonial charters protected basic rights and mirrored those of the Magna Carta. Colonial governments developed representative assemblies and constitutions with separation of powers between governors, councils, and elected legislatures. This set the stage for tensions to emerge with Britain and the road to revolution in the 1760s-1770s over taxation without representation.
The Boston Massacre began as a minor altercation between British soldiers and local colonists that escalated into violence. A British soldier struck a boy with his musket, angering locals who began throwing objects at the soldiers. As tensions mounted, the soldiers fired into the crowd, killing five colonists including Crispus Attucks, believed to be the first person killed. The trial of the soldiers further inflamed tensions and helped spark the American Revolutionary War.
The document summarizes the triangular trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that was central to the Atlantic slave trade. The Henrietta Marie, a slave ship from London, is used to illustrate a typical slave trading voyage. It would carry manufactured goods to Africa to trade for enslaved Africans, transporting them in horrific conditions to the Caribbean on the Middle Passage. There, the slaves were sold and the ship loaded with sugar and other goods to bring back profits to Europe, completing the triangle. The slave trade resulted in the forced migration and deaths of millions of Africans for European economic gain.
The American Civil War was fought between 1861 and 1865 over the issues of slavery and states' rights. The war began after Southern states seceded from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. It resulted in the end of slavery and the preservation of the United States as one country, though racial tensions and inequality continued long after the war ended, even with Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and assassination. Over 600,000 soldiers died in the war, making it one of the bloodiest in American history.
The War of 1812 began because Britain and France were attacking American ships and Britain was arming Native American tribes near Ohio. Though the US had few trained troops and untrained militia, and a small navy, it fought the more powerful British forces to a standstill over several years. Key events included failed invasions of Canada, naval victories by Oliver Perry and the USS Constitution, and the British burning of Washington DC. The war ended in 1815 with the Treaty of Ghent and American victory at the Battle of New Orleans, though territorial issues were unchanged.
The document summarizes key events of the American Revolutionary War between Britain and the colonies:
1) Growing tensions over new taxes like the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts led to protests like the Boston Tea Party and Intolerable Acts in response.
2) The First Continental Congress united the colonies in opposition to Britain and the Second Continental Congress established the Continental Army under George Washington.
3) A major turning point was the American victory over British forces at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777, which led France to form an alliance with the Americans against Britain.
The document discusses the growing sectionalism between the northern and southern states in the United States leading up to the Civil War. It describes how the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 intensified tensions over the issue of slavery and whether new states would be slave states or free states. The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 was the breaking point that led 11 southern states to secede and form the Confederate States of America. While the northern and southern states had economic and cultural differences, the dividing issue was ultimately slavery and the balance of power in Congress.
The English Civil War began in 1642 and was fought between the Royalists who supported King Charles I and the Parliamentarians. Charles I tried to establish absolute rule over England despite opposition from Parliament. This led to armed conflict between the two sides and Oliver Cromwell emerged as the leading Parliamentarian commander. Cromwell's forces defeated the Royalists in 1645 and Charles I was eventually captured and executed in 1649. England then became a republic led by Cromwell as Lord Protector, though his rule faced challenges. After Cromwell's death in 1658 the monarchy was restored, but Parliament's power had increased as a result of the civil war.
1. Imperialism refers to the policy of extending control over other countries or territories economically, politically, and socially.
2. Nations industrialized due to incentives like wealth, power, nationalism, and spreading culture. They required factors of production like land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship as well as political stability and transportation networks to trade.
3. European imperial powers colonized Africa in the late 19th century to gain access to resources and markets. They established systems of direct, indirect, and sphere of influence control over African peoples and territories.
The document summarizes the key events and issues during the Antebellum period in the United States leading up to the Civil War. It describes the different economic bases of the Northern and Southern states and their reliance on one another. It discusses the institution of slavery, slave codes, and resistance efforts including the Underground Railroad. Abolitionist movements spread and influential books like Uncle Tom's Cabin helped sway public opinion against slavery, while the government failed to take action to end the growing divide over the issue of expanding slavery into new territories.
The document summarizes several major developments in religion, education, reform movements, and culture in the United States during the 19th century. It notes the rise of liberal faiths like Deism and Unitarianism in the 1700s, as well as the Second Great Awakening and the creation of new religious sects. It discusses differences in religion along class lines and their role in the coming of the Civil War. Other topics covered include the Mormon faith, education reforms, penal system reforms, temperance movements, women's rights, utopian experiments, advances in science and the arts, and the rise of Transcendentalism.
The document provides a brief history of the early colonial settlements in North America from the 16th through 18th centuries. It discusses the first Spanish and English colonies including the founding of St. Augustine in 1565, Jamestown in 1607, and the Plymouth colony in 1620. It also summarizes the establishment of other colonies including Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia. Tensions grew between the colonies and Britain as the colonies expanded throughout the 18th century.
The American Revolution began as a result of growing tensions between the American colonies and Great Britain. Key events led to the outbreak of war in 1775, including several Acts passed by the British Parliament that taxed the colonies without representation. In response, colonists organized protests and boycotts of British goods. The Declaration of Independence was issued in 1776, declaring the colonies independent states no longer under British rule. The American Revolutionary War ensued as the newly formed American forces fought the British for independence.
The American Revolution began as tensions grew between the 13 British colonies in North America and the colonial government representing the British crown from 1754 to 1783. Key events exacerbating tensions included the Proclamation of 1763, which angered colonists by restricting settlement west of the Appalachians, and subsequent taxation acts including the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts, which the colonists opposed under the principle of "no taxation without representation." Armed conflict began with the Battles of Lexington and Concord in 1775 and the Declaration of Independence was adopted in 1776, formally establishing the United States. The Revolutionary War ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1783, recognizing American independence.
The Gilded Age (1870-1900) was a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization following the Civil War. New factories and businesses transformed the U.S. economy and society. Wealthy industrialists and financiers accumulated vast fortunes while many workers faced difficult conditions. Political machines dominated cities and corruption was rampant. The era saw both conspicuous wealth and growing social tensions that would lead to reforms in the Progressive Era.
The Civil War was caused by several key factors that divided the North and South:
1. Sectionalism led to the country being divided along regional lines, with the North and South developing distinct economies and political interests.
2. The issue of slavery deeply divided the regions, as the South depended on it for its economy while the North opposed its expansion.
3. Other contributing causes included states' rights, as Southerners supported a state's autonomy over federal law, and tariffs, which Southerners felt unfairly taxed their exports.
4. Tensions came to a head after Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860, which prompted Southern states to secede and form the Confederacy.
The document summarizes the rise and growth of the British colonial empire from the 16th century until the late 19th century. It details how England established colonies in North America and exploited the slave trade to develop prosperous plantations. England also came to dominate trade in India, defeating French and Dutch rivals. At its peak, the British Empire spanned the globe and was the largest empire in world history.
This presentation provides a general history of American slavery (with greater emphasis on its development than on its antebellum incarnation) to give students some understanding of the institution. It is the fourth in a series of presentations designed for college students in a seminar on The Civil War and Reconstruction. Students will spend more time engaging antebellum slavery (the slavery that is more familiar to most Americans) in class.
The Revolutionary War began as tensions rose between the American colonies and Britain following the French and Indian War. Major events escalating the conflict included the Stamp Act and other taxes passed by Britain to raise revenue from the colonies without colonial consent or representation. Key battles included Lexington and Concord, Bunker Hill, Trenton, Saratoga, and Yorktown, culminating in American victory and independence from Britain as outlined in the 1783 Treaty of Paris.
This document discusses European imperialism from the 15th to early 20th centuries. It defines imperialism as the extension of rule or influence by one nation over another. Major motivations for European imperialism included nationalism, economic incentives like trade and resource extraction, and social justifications like the belief in European racial and cultural superiority. The document outlines different forms of colonial control employed by Europeans, patterns of colonial management, resistance movements against imperialism, negative consequences like loss of native independence and culture, and some potential "positive" consequences like reduced local warfare and infrastructure development.
Imperialism involved stronger nations dominating weaker countries politically, economically, and socially through colonialism, spheres of influence, and protectorates. There were several types and causes of imperialism in the 19th century, including seeking new markets and resources, civilizing missions, and Social Darwinism. European imperialism resulted in the colonization and exploitation of much of Asia and Africa during this period.
Slavery began in America in 1619 when the first Africans were brought to Jamestown, Virginia by Dutch traders who had seized them from a Spanish ship. Over the next few centuries, slavery grew significantly as slave ships transported Africans to America against their will to be sold at auctions and forced to work on plantations under inhumane conditions. Slaves faced brutal punishments if they disobeyed and had no rights. The Underground Railroad and abolitionists worked to help escaped slaves reach freedom. Ultimately, the Civil War from 1861 to 1865 led to the end of slavery with Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th Amendment.
Colonial America experienced rapid growth through royal proprietorships and joint-stock companies seeking to establish settlements and turn a profit. America offered cheap land and greater social mobility compared to Europe. Colonial charters protected basic rights and mirrored those of the Magna Carta. Colonial governments developed representative assemblies and constitutions with separation of powers between governors, councils, and elected legislatures. This set the stage for tensions to emerge with Britain and the road to revolution in the 1760s-1770s over taxation without representation.
The Boston Massacre began as a minor altercation between British soldiers and local colonists that escalated into violence. A British soldier struck a boy with his musket, angering locals who began throwing objects at the soldiers. As tensions mounted, the soldiers fired into the crowd, killing five colonists including Crispus Attucks, believed to be the first person killed. The trial of the soldiers further inflamed tensions and helped spark the American Revolutionary War.
The document summarizes the triangular trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that was central to the Atlantic slave trade. The Henrietta Marie, a slave ship from London, is used to illustrate a typical slave trading voyage. It would carry manufactured goods to Africa to trade for enslaved Africans, transporting them in horrific conditions to the Caribbean on the Middle Passage. There, the slaves were sold and the ship loaded with sugar and other goods to bring back profits to Europe, completing the triangle. The slave trade resulted in the forced migration and deaths of millions of Africans for European economic gain.
The American Civil War was fought between 1861 and 1865 over the issues of slavery and states' rights. The war began after Southern states seceded from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. It resulted in the end of slavery and the preservation of the United States as one country, though racial tensions and inequality continued long after the war ended, even with Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and assassination. Over 600,000 soldiers died in the war, making it one of the bloodiest in American history.
The War of 1812 began because Britain and France were attacking American ships and Britain was arming Native American tribes near Ohio. Though the US had few trained troops and untrained militia, and a small navy, it fought the more powerful British forces to a standstill over several years. Key events included failed invasions of Canada, naval victories by Oliver Perry and the USS Constitution, and the British burning of Washington DC. The war ended in 1815 with the Treaty of Ghent and American victory at the Battle of New Orleans, though territorial issues were unchanged.
The document summarizes key events of the American Revolutionary War between Britain and the colonies:
1) Growing tensions over new taxes like the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts led to protests like the Boston Tea Party and Intolerable Acts in response.
2) The First Continental Congress united the colonies in opposition to Britain and the Second Continental Congress established the Continental Army under George Washington.
3) A major turning point was the American victory over British forces at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777, which led France to form an alliance with the Americans against Britain.
The document discusses the growing sectionalism between the northern and southern states in the United States leading up to the Civil War. It describes how the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 intensified tensions over the issue of slavery and whether new states would be slave states or free states. The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 was the breaking point that led 11 southern states to secede and form the Confederate States of America. While the northern and southern states had economic and cultural differences, the dividing issue was ultimately slavery and the balance of power in Congress.
The English Civil War began in 1642 and was fought between the Royalists who supported King Charles I and the Parliamentarians. Charles I tried to establish absolute rule over England despite opposition from Parliament. This led to armed conflict between the two sides and Oliver Cromwell emerged as the leading Parliamentarian commander. Cromwell's forces defeated the Royalists in 1645 and Charles I was eventually captured and executed in 1649. England then became a republic led by Cromwell as Lord Protector, though his rule faced challenges. After Cromwell's death in 1658 the monarchy was restored, but Parliament's power had increased as a result of the civil war.
1. Imperialism refers to the policy of extending control over other countries or territories economically, politically, and socially.
2. Nations industrialized due to incentives like wealth, power, nationalism, and spreading culture. They required factors of production like land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship as well as political stability and transportation networks to trade.
3. European imperial powers colonized Africa in the late 19th century to gain access to resources and markets. They established systems of direct, indirect, and sphere of influence control over African peoples and territories.
The document summarizes the key events and issues during the Antebellum period in the United States leading up to the Civil War. It describes the different economic bases of the Northern and Southern states and their reliance on one another. It discusses the institution of slavery, slave codes, and resistance efforts including the Underground Railroad. Abolitionist movements spread and influential books like Uncle Tom's Cabin helped sway public opinion against slavery, while the government failed to take action to end the growing divide over the issue of expanding slavery into new territories.
The document summarizes several major developments in religion, education, reform movements, and culture in the United States during the 19th century. It notes the rise of liberal faiths like Deism and Unitarianism in the 1700s, as well as the Second Great Awakening and the creation of new religious sects. It discusses differences in religion along class lines and their role in the coming of the Civil War. Other topics covered include the Mormon faith, education reforms, penal system reforms, temperance movements, women's rights, utopian experiments, advances in science and the arts, and the rise of Transcendentalism.
The document summarizes various social reforms and reformers in the United States during the 19th century. The Second Great Awakening led to religious reforms and new denominations. Transcendentalists emphasized individualism and a connection to nature. Utopian societies experimented with perfect communities. Educational, prison, women's, and temperance reforms aimed to improve conditions. Notable reformers included Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Dorothea Dix, and leaders of the abolitionist and women's suffrage movements.
The Second Great Awakening led to many religious and social reform movements in the early to mid-1800s in America. These included prison reform, temperance movements, education reform, and women's rights. Education reformers like Horace Mann and Noah Webster advocated for expanded and standardized public education. The temperance movement aimed to curb excessive drinking through temperance societies and prohibition laws. Women's rights advocates like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott began organizing conventions calling for women's suffrage in the late 1840s.
The document discusses slavery and the antebellum South. It describes how the South was mainly agricultural with little industry and how power shifted to the Lower South as cotton became very profitable due to the invention of the cotton gin. Slavery was integral to the Southern economy and way of life, with over 4 million slaves by 1860 producing most of the world's cotton. Abolitionists like Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman advocated for ending slavery, but the South strongly defended the institution of slavery. This set the stage for the future clash over the issue of slavery that would lead to the Civil War.
Union & Confederate Homefronts & the Collapse of the ConfederacyOnthemellow
This presentation covers the Confederate and Union Home Fronts during the Civil War. It is one in a series of presentations designed for a college level seminar on the Civil War and Reconstruction wherein students watch the presentation to get general knowledge that will prepare them for the discussion of recent scholarship.
This lecture covers the period in the American Civil War from the Union's establishment of the Emancipation Proclamation as a measure to win the war to Sherman's March to the Sea.
It is one in a series of textbook/lecture substitutes designed for students in a college seminar on the Civil War and Reconstruction.
Confederate Ascendancy to the Eve of EmancipationOnthemellow
This presentation covers the rise of the Confederacy (its initial victories) and the Union's slight recoveries in 1862. It is one is a series of textbook/lecture substitutes for student in a seminar on the Civil War and Reconstruction.
This presentation is of the sectional crises over states' rights and slavery's westward expansion that gave way to American Civil War. It is the fourth in a series of textbook/lecture substitutes designed for students in a college seminar on the Civil War and Reconstruction.
This presentation covers the 1860 election, the secession winter, and the Firing on Fort Sumter to illuminate the history leading up to the beginning of the Civil War. It is the fifth in a series of textbook/lecture substitutes designed for students in a college seminar on the Civil War and Reconstruction.
Civil War & Reconstruction: An overviewOnthemellow
The document provides an overview of the key events and debates around slavery leading up to the Civil War. It discusses how the Founders made compromises over slavery at the Constitutional Convention to ensure the nation's formation, but left the issue unresolved. Tensions increased as northern states abolished slavery while southern states strengthened laws protecting the institution. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 temporarily settled debates over the westward expansion of slavery. However, the nation continued debating states' rights and the future of slavery until the Civil War could no longer be avoided.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. Understand the rapid changes in American life &
culture during the antebellum period.
FYI-antebellum simply means before war.
Historians debate the origins of the period butfor our
purposes, it spans the period from roughly 1800-1860.
Understand the sectional identifies, differences, &
tensions that divide Americans.
Get a preview of how debates over slavery’s expansion
into the western territories and the collapse of the
second party system will exacerbate the sectional
differences that lead to civil war.
3. Historians have identified changes in American society
during the 1830s-1850s as triggering some of the sectional
strife that became the catalyst to civil war.
The advanced modernization of the northern states
marked by immigration, industrialization, and
urbanization and the continued agricultural focus of the
southern states marked by slavery, historians
argue, created not only very different ways of life but also
very distinct regional identifications.
As we will see, this regional identification would manifest
itself most in discussions about westward
expansion, slavery, political parties, and the future of the
country.
4. Geographic Expansion
From 880,000 square miles (1783) to 3 million square miles
(1860)
Demographic Boom
From 23 million to 31 million
Higher birthrates
Immigration from Europe & Asia increases
Urbanization
New towns, new cities
Industrialization
New technology &better transportation
The First Emancipations
A growing free black population
5. At the beginning of this period, the Northern States’ abolition of
slavery will differentiate this region from the South.
Ira Berlin describes northern emancipation as a “slow and
tortuous process” because they
Enacted Gradual Emancipation Laws whereby enslaved people who
were born after a specific date were held to service for a period of
time (18-25 years) and then freed.
People born into bondage before the date would remain enslaved for
life.
Some states established apprenticeship riders to these laws which
allowed masters to keep these people in bondage after they reached the
age specified in the law.
Replaced slavery with other racialized hardships, reflecting anti-
black racism, including
Rigid racial discrimination in employment.
Denial of equal rights-(disfranchisement, segregation, property rights,
lack of due process, etc.).
Sometimes free blacks are banned from entering newly established
northern states like Indiana and Illinois.
6. The Abolition of Slavery in the North
1777 Vermont prohibits slavery via constitutional convention
1780 Pennsylvania begins to abolish slavery gradually
1783 Massachusetts Supreme Court abolishes slavery
1784 Connecticut and Rhode Island pass gradual abolition
legislation
1785 New Jersey and New York legislatures defeat efforts to
pass gradual abolition laws
1799 New York legislature passes gradual abolition bill
1804 New Jersey enacts gradual abolition
7. Mostly from Germany, British Isles (Scotland), Ireland,
Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), & China.
More than 3 million arrive, most live in the Northeast,
the Midwest, and the West with few going to the
South.
Ethnic & racial stereotypes arose as native-born
Americans grew anxious over economic & political
competition from new arrivals and from changes they
made to the nation’s social and religious landscape.
New arrivals are blamed for the ills of the new society.
8. Westward Expansion as nation acquires more land
from Great Britain and Mexico.
Acceleration in crop production provides more food
stuff & generates more wealth.
Farms, especially those with access to trading centers,
become specialized enterprises participating in the
national marketplace.
Other farms, those in isolated spaces, continue self-
sufficient production.
Advances in technology increase production.
9. Railroads grow, connecting the nation, speeding the
movement of people, information, and goods.
8,500 miles of railroad in 1850, 30,000 miles in 1860
Maritime advancements occur
Water transportation is accelerated by discovery of new
waterways, shipbuilding, and development of steam-
boat technology
Atlantic Cable
Telegraph wire escalates communication
Southerners will also get this technology but they will
embrace it much later and at a slower pace than their
northern counterparts.
10.
11.
12.
13. Manufacturing Boom
Work becomes more centralized and mechanized.
Growth in cotton textiles, glass, paper, machine
tools, woodworking, etc.
Americans’ & Europeans’ innovation increase
manufacturing.
Factories grow in number and in size.
Greater demand for manufactured goods.
The South will see a much slower manufacturing
boom. Southerners quickly integrate slavery into their
industrialization. For example, they will put enslaved
people to work in tobacco and chemical factories and
in salt mines.
14. Expansion of industry & transportation support the
growth of cities.
Cities spring up around trade and access to
transportation (by land or by sea).
Jobs bring people to the cities to work and to
live, severing social ties of agrarian world.
Low wages, limited opportunity, crime, disease, etc.
trigger chaos.
The South certainly has booming cities in
Charleston, New Orleans, Mobile, Richmond, and
Atlanta but there were fewer major cities in the region
than there were in the North.
15. Class divisions widen as a result of economic
development.
More working class women enter the workplace.
More working class workers (men and women) form
associations to protect their interests.
Rise of cities exposes more Americans to hardship &
triggers rise of an underclass.
Economic crisis of 1857 reveals the limitations of the
advances in technology and transportation.
All of this triggers a series of reform movements
designed to address the social ills.
16. Education
Seen as a way to
level the
socioeconomic
playing field.
Also viewed as a
way to train the
workforce.
Primary and
Secondary Schools
increase.
Seminaries for
women open.
19. Anti-slavery
Movement
Anti-slavery
societies spring up-
support gradual
abolition of slavery
and colonization.
Rise of
abolitionism-
support immediate
abolition.
Antislavery in some
circles comes to
mean anti-southern.
The painting of the 1840 Anti-Slavery Convention at
Exeter Hall.
20. Newspapers and journals
Increased from 1200 in 1835 to 2,526 in 1850.
Increased power of the press to shape opinion and policy.
Connects Americans and reduces the space between
individuals, ideals, political beliefs, and events,which some
historians argue will factor significantly into the hostility that
we see leading up to the war.
Literary Writers
Longfellow, Whitman, Melville, Thoreau, Emerson capture
the concerns of the time.
New women writers, like Stowe, capture concerns affecting
the family and women’s oppression.
The South will have similar cultural developments but they
will be slower in their advancement & smaller in their
numbers.
21. Modern.
Industrious.
Support for tariffs, ship subsidies, and internal
improvement bills that supported railroads, public
education, etc.
More reform minded to address the ills of society.
More supportive of industry and urbanization.
Some are opposed to slavery for moral, economic, and
political reasons but most believe that blacks and certain
immigrants are inferior.
Believed the U.S. was a place where every man could
succeed.
22. The South experienced many of same changes as the
North.
It had a very diverse population; it experienced great
new settlement; some parts of the South were booming
(inland) while some were in decline (seaboard).
It started to catch up to the North in terms of modern
innovation—factories, cities, newspapers, telegraphs,
and political machines.
The South, however, was very different.
It remained mostly agricultural and rural; it had a
smaller white population; it was dominated by a planter
aristocracy; its family arrangements gave men more
patriarchal authority.
23. Production of agricultural cash crops (hemp, tobacco, rice,
cotton, sugar, indigo, wheat) at the center of southern economy
and life.
In the Chesapeake region (DL, MD, D.C., VA), selling surplus slaves
into the Deep South (AL, LA, MS, KY, MO, etc.) was a booming
business.
The slaveholding plantation is the ideal life for most whites.
The hierarchy of white southern males involved planters,
yeomen farmers, and landless whites.
30-50% of white farmers owned no land and no slaves-- they were
renters, tenant farmers, and day laborers who scratched out an
existence.
Of the slaveholders, the majority owned less than 20 slaves.
The dream of many of these men was to become wealthy by owning
slaves.
The dominance of planters and slavery varied by region even
within the same state.
24. By 1860 there were only 393,967 slaveholders out of a total
U.S. white population of 8 million.
¾ of southern families owned no slaves.
Owners of more than 50 slaves numbered fewer than 8,000
(only 3% of the population).
In other words, only 35% of the population owned a slight
majority of all of the enslaved people.
Median slaveholding in the antebellum period was 4-6
slaves/master.
Only a very small portion of slaveholders were black and
most of these people bought their relatives out of slavery
and could only legally free them if the laws of their states
permitted them to do so.
25.
26. Cotton Gin was created by Eli
Whitney and patented in 1793.
The gin freed enslaved laborers
to pick the cotton and use the
gin to separate the seeds. Cotton
is easier to produce in massive
amounts as a result of this
invention.
Short staple cotton (with a
shorter growing season)
becomes “king” among the
antebellum cash crops produced
by enslaved people.
Though other crops (sugar in
LMV) and industries (mining,
factories, lumber) use slave
labor, cotton becomes the
foundation of antebellum
slavery.
27. Sugar cane cultivation in
Louisiana region grows.
Refugees from Saint-
Domingue (Haiti) bring
skills and desire to rebuild.
Sugar becomes a major
cash crop.
Intensifies demand for
slave labor in the region
and pushes it from a
“society with slaves” to a
“slave society.”
28.
29. As Americans move
west, so does slavery.
Northern and
Chesapeake slaveholders
sell surplus slaves further
south and west, creating
a new “cash crop” of
people.
According to Walter
Johnson, more than 1.5
million people
transported in the
domestic slave trade.
30. Pro-slavery, some even supported re-opening the
transatlantic slave trade;
Farmers were mostly Democrats; urban commercial &
banking interests were Whigs; planters had been Whigs
but they became Democrats in the mid-1830s;
Opposed the federal government’s tariffs, ship
subsidies, and internal improvement bills;
Rise of southern nationalism comes in the 1830s;
Cult of chivalry; public honor; loyalty to kin; white racial
superiority;
Self-conscious identification with “southern way of life.”
31. Nation starts to grow in Size and in Population with
birth rates, influx of African slaves and European
immigrants.
Urban North urbanized and modernized by
technological advances in transportation & rise of
factories.
Americans start migrating across the continent.
Rural South remains static with less
modernization, beyond those that support slavery’s
advancement.
Concerns, anxiety about changes & new political
paranoia.
A lot of the rhetoric bears signs of not only sectional
difference but also sectional strife.
32. Proslavery southerners & Democrats decried what
they called the “money power conspiracy.”
Argued northern bankers, businessmen, and
industrialists controlled the credit were trying to rob
“ordinary Americans” of their wealth & rob slaveholders
of their human chattel so they could replace slaves with
free white laborers.
Freedom couldn’t be extended to all men at once, so
slavery or personal servitude allows for greater economic
freedom for some.
Black slave labor preferable to “exploitable” white free
labor.
Slavery paves the way toward progress for “all”.
33. Anti-slavery northerners, Federalists, Whigs, and
Republicans decried the “slave power conspiracy”
Argued southern slaveholders and wannabe slaveholders
used their wealth to rob access to the land, depress
wages of free laborers; were backwards and anti-
progress.
South lagged behind the North and the Western world
because of a single minded focus on slavery.
Decaying towns, roads, infrastructure, sky high illiteracy
rates (excluding blacks), higher poverty rates (excluding
slaveholding apparatus), less productive economy
(slaveholders gobbled wealth and kept it for themselves),
backwards—failure to urbanize.
Argued slaveholders wanted to “infect” the entire nation
with slavery.
34. Democrats Whigs
Supported limited government. Supported more expansive
Opposed national policies limiting government to improve nation &
local control and subverting the grow economy.
individual authority of whites. Supported more religious influence
Advocated states’ rights over on politics.
national or federal rights. Opposed slavery’s expansion into
Supported the territorial expansion the West.
of slavery. Were more tolerant of women’s
Advocated patriarchy. rights.
It was a national party with support Became a mostly northern party.
in both regions. Will be divided by Know-Nothings
Support Native American removal. & Free Soilers and then supplanted
by the Republican Party.
Figures—Andrew Jackson, John C.
Calhoun, Stephen A. Douglas Figures—John Q. Adams, Henry
Clay, Abraham Lincoln.
35. Although the narrative of a modernizing North and a
slaveholding South is simple and therefore easy to
follow and remember, it is important to understand
that these differences alone did not lead to civil war.
It would take other factors—namely tensions about
such constitutional questions as where slavery can and
cannot exist and how much power the national
government has v. that of states, as well as political
questions of which party dominates the government—
to ignite the American civil war.
37. David Herbert Donald, et al eds., The Civil War and Reconstruction
Jeremy Atack& Fred Bateman, To Their Own Soil
Richard Brown, Modernization
Victoria Bynum, Unruly Women
Catherine Clinton, Plantation Mistress
Paul Finkelman, Slavery and the Founders
Walter Licht, Industrializing America
Patricia Limerick, Legacy of Conquest
Stephanie McCurry, Masters of Small Worlds
James Oakes, The Ruling Race
Adam Rothman, Slave Country
Betram Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honors
David Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought
David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis
Charles Dew, Apostles of Disunion
38. American Slavery
The Transatlantic Slave Trade;
The “terrible transformation” to lifelong, hereditary,
race-based slavery;
The growth of slavery as an American institution;
Northern v. Southern slavery
Rural v. Urban v. Industrial slavery
Enslaved people’s lives and resistance to bondage;
The North’s abolition of slavery & the South’s expansion
of it; and
The domestic slave trade
Editor's Notes
The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Civil War and Reconstruction
Statistics from Donald, et al eds, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 1-4. The Civil War and Reconstruction
HIS 5040/7040: Civil War and Reconstruction
Donald, et al eds, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 4-5. The Civil War and Reconstruction
Donald, et al eds, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 6-9. The Civil War and Reconstruction
Donald, et al eds, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 9-12. The Civil War and Reconstruction
http://www.listoid.com/image/219/list_479_219_20120401_200550_740.jpg. The Civil War and Reconstruction
http://www.listoid.com/image/219/list_479_219_20120401_200550_740.jpg. Date accessed: 6/7/2012. The Civil War and Reconstruction
http://atlantic-cable.com/Maps/index.htm. The Civil War and Reconstruction
Donald, et al eds, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 10-12. The Civil War and Reconstruction
Donald, et al eds, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 14-16. The Civil War and Reconstruction
Donald, et al eds, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 12-14. The Civil War and Reconstruction
Image from http://www.ait.net/technos/tq_09/2eakin.php Date accessed 6/1. Donald, et al eds, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 16-18. The Civil War and Reconstruction
Image from http://www1.assumption.edu/whw/old/narrativeguide.html. Date accessed 6/1.Donald, et al eds, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 18-19. The Civil War and Reconstruction
Image from http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/images/vc006195.jpg. Date accessed 6/1/12. Donald, et al eds, The Civil War and Reconstruction. The Civil War and Reconstruction
Image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Slavery_Society. Date accessed 6/1/2012. Donald, et al eds, The Civil War and Reconstruction, The Civil War and Reconstruction
Donald, et al eds, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 23-26The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Civil War and Reconstruction
Donald, et al eds, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 27-36.The Civil War and Reconstruction
Donald, et al eds, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 35-The Civil War and Reconstruction
Donald, et al eds, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 61.The Civil War and Reconstruction
http://www.printsoldandrare.com/louisiana/159la.jpg. The Civil War and Reconstruction
http://readinganthro.wordpress.com/. The Civil War and Reconstruction
Donald, et al eds, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 45-47. The Civil War and Reconstruction