Abstract A/O BAF system has been used in the treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus and other nutrients present in wastewater, This economical and effective way of nutrients removal uses different parameters in the actualization of desired objectives, one of them is the Reflux ratio, this research focuses on the influence and roles of Reflux, Sponge Iron and Manganese sand on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. The following experimental operational parameters was set up for the purpose of this experiment, Hydraulic load of 0.5 m3 / m2 • h., Air/Water ratio of 10:1 (0.42L/min) and reflux ratio of 100 and 200 percent. The experiment is divided into two main areas: The effects of reflux ratio presence and absences on removal efficiency of the BAF system. The reflux water was introduced into the anaerobic column and sometimes in aerobic column. The results were examined to note the extent to which reflux plays a part on the removal rate of the nutrients when introduced into the aerobic column instead of the anaerobic column and vice versa. sponge iron and manganese sand column were also introduced, and the results of the nitrifying bacteria shown it supports the removal efficiency observed in the BAF system. The results were all investigated, compared and the analysis showed that reflux helped more in the removal of nitrogen and ammonia, while sponge iron and manganese sand increased the removal efficiency of phosphorus from waste water Key Word: BAF: Biological Aeration Filter; Total Phosphorus; Total Nitrogen; Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD); Removal Efficiency;
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Deals with what is activated sludge, mechanisms and kinetics of treatment, design of activated sludge process, secondary clarifiers and their design and bulking sludge, raising sludge and foaming of ASP.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Deals with what is activated sludge, mechanisms and kinetics of treatment, design of activated sludge process, secondary clarifiers and their design and bulking sludge, raising sludge and foaming of ASP.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Bijay Thapa, Nawa Raj Khatiwada, Anish Ghimire and Bikash Adhikari . “Study of Pollutant Removal in Activated Sludge Process Using Lab Scale Plant by Intermittent Aeration” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 01-07.
ENA via Groundwater Circulation Well (IEG-GCW®)Eduard J. Alesi
First Pilot Test on the Integration of GCW (Groundwater
Circulation Well) with ENA (Enhanced Natural Attenuation) for
Chlorinated Solvents Source Remediation.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
Biological Treatment of Wastewater by Activated Sludge Process Vaibhav Kambale
Very important Secondary Treatment of Wastewater which is followed in the design of most of the types of conventional sewage treatment plant. Hence it is important to understand the basic principles of Activated Sludge Process
Industrial Water Treatment Optimization at Kelly Air Force Basenjcnews777
Co-precipitation gains ground as a popular cost-effective alternative to conventional
treatment of industrial wastewater (Parts 1 & II Environmental Technology
Journal, January to April 1999)
Wastewater from industrial processes such as electroplating, painting, degreasing, and
engine testing and maintenance activities typically contain heavy metals that must be
removed prior to discharge in order to meet NPDES requirements. Although several
technologies are available for heavy metals treatment, many of these systems employ
treatment techniques that are not cost effective. An innovative technology that uses a
process known as co-precipitation has been increasingly recognized as an alternative to
conventional treatment of industrial waste waters, resulting in significant cost benefits to
plant owners and operators.
Co-precipitation occurs when ferrous iron is added to metallic waste streams and
subsequently oxidized in an aerated reactor. The oxidized iron, which is insoluble,
precipitates along with other metallic contaminants present in the waste stream, thereby
enhancing metals removal. The precipitates can then be separated from the treated water
by chemical coagulation, flocculation and clarification processes. The clarified effluent
is subsequently filtered to remove any residual solids prior to discharge.
Improvement of quality of service parameters using reinvented fsmac protocol ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Now-a-days Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been used in a various applications including military and security monitoring, industrial control, health monitoring, home automation, intelligent agriculture and environmental sensing. The shared and easy to access medium is undoubtedly the biggest advantage of wireless networks. The shared nature of the medium in wireless Sensor Networks makes it easy for an attacker to launch a Denial of Service (DoS) attack. These attacks are happening to stop the legitimate node from accessing resources. There are many occasions where the attack can be much easier for an attacker. For example, in carrier sensing based networks (a) the transmissions at the sender are deferred because the medium is sensed to be busy, and/or (b) the reception at the receiver is interfered with due to the jamming signals. Both these effects degrade the wireless network performance significantly. As a result causes degradation in Quality-of-Service (QoS) of a sensor network. In proposed paper, Fuzzy Logic Secure Media Access Control (FSMAC) Protocol is reinvented using new intrusion detection parameter. These two parameters are Number of time channel sensed free and variation in Channel sensed period. Performance characteristics are measured in terms of successful data transmission rate and throughput of the network. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Denial-of-Service Attack, Quality of Service, Reinvented FSMAC Protocol.
Phonm penh changing urban fabric with demography – past and futureeSAT Journals
Abstract The fabric of a city flows and weaves itself from the people. Essentially, people make the city and so, their culture, traditions and practices create the spaces in a city/town. The rich relation between man and his cities can be seen in a number of modern day examples, such as Paris, Barcelona, Bangkok and many more. These cities show the myriad beauty in the mix of architecture in the urban fabric and how the natural development, with proper design can give rise to complex, yet organized developments. Phonm Penh, as a riverfront city and the capital city of Cambodia, offers fascinating architecture, vistas of mixed architectural styles and great scope for future architectural development. This paper is an attempt to understand and study the changing urban fabric of a city that has been the glorious historical epicenter of the Khmer kingdom, an ally, victim and refuge during the Vietnam War, a colony of the French and a genocide killing field. This paper is an effort to study factors affecting its urban fabric in the past and present and future scenarios and how this can be used in other mixed socio-cultural settings with a rich and diverse history. Key Words: Urban fabric, architecture, History, development, socio-economy, future
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Bijay Thapa, Nawa Raj Khatiwada, Anish Ghimire and Bikash Adhikari . “Study of Pollutant Removal in Activated Sludge Process Using Lab Scale Plant by Intermittent Aeration” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 01-07.
ENA via Groundwater Circulation Well (IEG-GCW®)Eduard J. Alesi
First Pilot Test on the Integration of GCW (Groundwater
Circulation Well) with ENA (Enhanced Natural Attenuation) for
Chlorinated Solvents Source Remediation.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
Biological Treatment of Wastewater by Activated Sludge Process Vaibhav Kambale
Very important Secondary Treatment of Wastewater which is followed in the design of most of the types of conventional sewage treatment plant. Hence it is important to understand the basic principles of Activated Sludge Process
Industrial Water Treatment Optimization at Kelly Air Force Basenjcnews777
Co-precipitation gains ground as a popular cost-effective alternative to conventional
treatment of industrial wastewater (Parts 1 & II Environmental Technology
Journal, January to April 1999)
Wastewater from industrial processes such as electroplating, painting, degreasing, and
engine testing and maintenance activities typically contain heavy metals that must be
removed prior to discharge in order to meet NPDES requirements. Although several
technologies are available for heavy metals treatment, many of these systems employ
treatment techniques that are not cost effective. An innovative technology that uses a
process known as co-precipitation has been increasingly recognized as an alternative to
conventional treatment of industrial waste waters, resulting in significant cost benefits to
plant owners and operators.
Co-precipitation occurs when ferrous iron is added to metallic waste streams and
subsequently oxidized in an aerated reactor. The oxidized iron, which is insoluble,
precipitates along with other metallic contaminants present in the waste stream, thereby
enhancing metals removal. The precipitates can then be separated from the treated water
by chemical coagulation, flocculation and clarification processes. The clarified effluent
is subsequently filtered to remove any residual solids prior to discharge.
Improvement of quality of service parameters using reinvented fsmac protocol ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Now-a-days Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been used in a various applications including military and security monitoring, industrial control, health monitoring, home automation, intelligent agriculture and environmental sensing. The shared and easy to access medium is undoubtedly the biggest advantage of wireless networks. The shared nature of the medium in wireless Sensor Networks makes it easy for an attacker to launch a Denial of Service (DoS) attack. These attacks are happening to stop the legitimate node from accessing resources. There are many occasions where the attack can be much easier for an attacker. For example, in carrier sensing based networks (a) the transmissions at the sender are deferred because the medium is sensed to be busy, and/or (b) the reception at the receiver is interfered with due to the jamming signals. Both these effects degrade the wireless network performance significantly. As a result causes degradation in Quality-of-Service (QoS) of a sensor network. In proposed paper, Fuzzy Logic Secure Media Access Control (FSMAC) Protocol is reinvented using new intrusion detection parameter. These two parameters are Number of time channel sensed free and variation in Channel sensed period. Performance characteristics are measured in terms of successful data transmission rate and throughput of the network. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Denial-of-Service Attack, Quality of Service, Reinvented FSMAC Protocol.
Phonm penh changing urban fabric with demography – past and futureeSAT Journals
Abstract The fabric of a city flows and weaves itself from the people. Essentially, people make the city and so, their culture, traditions and practices create the spaces in a city/town. The rich relation between man and his cities can be seen in a number of modern day examples, such as Paris, Barcelona, Bangkok and many more. These cities show the myriad beauty in the mix of architecture in the urban fabric and how the natural development, with proper design can give rise to complex, yet organized developments. Phonm Penh, as a riverfront city and the capital city of Cambodia, offers fascinating architecture, vistas of mixed architectural styles and great scope for future architectural development. This paper is an attempt to understand and study the changing urban fabric of a city that has been the glorious historical epicenter of the Khmer kingdom, an ally, victim and refuge during the Vietnam War, a colony of the French and a genocide killing field. This paper is an effort to study factors affecting its urban fabric in the past and present and future scenarios and how this can be used in other mixed socio-cultural settings with a rich and diverse history. Key Words: Urban fabric, architecture, History, development, socio-economy, future
A review on signature detection and signature based document image retrievaleSAT Journals
Abstract
Gelcoat are widely used to provide exterior protection for the finished part of fiber reinforced composite material. It is a primary focus to achieve proper gelcoat film thickness because it is a critical control point for crack prevention which is able to increase mechanical strength and withstand harsh environment. The interface between the gelcoat and laminate composite is similarly imperative in deciding the mechanical performance of the composite by controls the reintroduction of stress into component. There are no specified standard to verified that how much gel-coat thickness required to produce certain product since mostly research only focus on the enhancement of composite orientation and fiber combination. The aim of this review is to gain an in depth understanding of exactly the effect of gel-coat thickness on laminate composite structure and strength
Keywords: Gelcoat, Thickness, Protection, Laminated, Composite.
Study on the performance of cfrp strengthened circular hollow steel sectionseSAT Journals
Abstract Compared to conventional steel sections, the Steel Hollow Sections have better structural performance due to excellent properties of the tubular shape with regard to loading in compression, torsion and bending in all directions. In many structural engineering applications Hollow Sections are widely used such as airport terminal buildings, railway stations, industrial structures, etc. Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) strengthening of structures has been with success applied to concrete structures, and additionally it applied to steel structures recently. In hollow section, Steel-CFRP composite combine the benefits of the high strength to weight ratio and more ductile. This paper presents an experimental investigation carried out with two different matrix layouts of carbon fibres on the axial capacity and crushing behaviour of CFRP strengthened Circular Hollow Section (CHS). With and without CFRP wrapping the experiments were conducted on short steel columns. From the experimental studies It has been inferred that the application of CFRP to short column sections increases ductility of the section and also increases axial load carrying capacity of the section. To improve the performance of existing structures, Carbon fibre could also be with success externally bonded to metal CHS, and such application could also be provided. Keywords: Steel Hollow Sections, Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer, axial capacity, short steel columns, ductility
Adsorption behaviour of dextrin onto activated oyster shelleSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of initial dextrin concentration, contact time, pH, temperature and added calcium ion on the adsorption behaviour of dextrin onto oyster shell is investigated. The results obtained show that increase in concentration and temperature below the boiling point of dextrin enhances the adsorption process. It was found in this study that adsorption density varies with pH and is maximum within the range of 2 to 7. The plot of amount of dextrin adsorbed against the concentration of the adsorbate was hyperbolic which conforms to Legmir isotherm. The free energy of dextrin oyster shell adsorption system was found to be 13.23kg/mol and the specific area of the oyster shell for this work was 70.8m 2/g.
Keywords: Adsorption, dextrin, oyster shell, behaviour, crushing, drying
Route optimization of community solid waste management in selected wards of b...eSAT Journals
Abstract Community solid waste management is an important issue in India due to the inherent challenge it is posing as urbanization is on the rise. Currently in India as well as in many urban cities and its activities the population growth has resulted in an increased community solid waste generation rate. Bangalore is the largest city and business capital of Karnataka state. The population of the city as per the 2011 census is 8,443,675 with the total number of houses 2,101,831 A part from infrastructural development going on for sustainable development MSW management should also be taken care off. In the present study community solid waste management collection, transportation and disposal cost plays an important role about 65-75% of total cost. Hence, in Bangalore city four wards were selected to study the community solid waste management system and also optimizations of routing system, collection procedure, transport and transfer activities. Geographical Information System is a device introduced to plan for waste management and also quickly implemented to overcome community solid waste management limitation. This paper attempts to analyze the existing status of transportation of location of municipal waste along with the various secondary routes followed for the solid waste collection of selected wards of Bangalore under BBMP. In the present study, using Arc GIS, a proper optimizing the waste transportation routes and segregation of waste for efficiency in distance travelled and time taken. The clusters are made by taking the time into account, which may be plus or minus the total working hours for the day. In addition, a simple optimal routing system is proposed to achieve the minimum cost/distance/time efficient collection and transport path for community solid waste management as well as social and environmental implications. Key words: community solid waste management, GIS, route optimization, transportation.
Soundness & feasibility of additional floor on existing rc building with ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Many RC structures are influenced by different adverse conditions, where the serviceability and structural capacity may be decreased. Some structural disorders may be observed due to inadequacy of reinforcement provided, strength of concrete or the difference in grade of concrete used during construction. This requires the application of strengthening measures. Hence the structure is thoroughly investigated for quality, strength of concrete and other design aspects. A major part of the investigation also involves the feasibility of one additional floor over the existing RC structure where the deficiency of reinforcement is analyzed for the proposed additional load. The appropriate strengthening measures for the deficient RC members are presented based on the analysis of the structure and also considering the different site constraints. Keywords - RC structure, structural disorder, feasibility, strengthening measures
Automatic registration, integration and enhancement of india's chandrayaan 1 ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Chandrayaan-1 was India's first mission in deep space exploration to the moon. Its Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) sent images of about 50% of total lunar surface in its limited lifetime and covered polar areas almost completely at a high resolution of 5m/pixel and 10m/pixel. This image dataset has been processed and put in public domain as individual strips of images categorized according to the orbits. The authors have already developed a Lunar GIS including a set of utilities like 3-D vision and exploration, crater detection and search using datasets from NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Wide Angle Camera (WAC) which are of lower resolution than CH1. The objective of this paper is to normalize and register the Chandrayaan-1 images to existing processed data so that all these utilities can be transparently applied to high resolution Chandrayaan-1 datasets. Registration process consists of identification of features in source and target images and estimating appropriate correction for offset, rotation and scaling parameters. Furthermore, due to the low altitude orbit of satellite, the acquired images have displacement of pixels from actual nadir position, which need non-linear correction. This paper describes step by step technique to integrate these high and low resolution images in single framework. Keywords: Chandrayaan-1Lunar mapping, Moon, Feature based Image registration, Integration, ISRO, LRO, NASA, TMC, WAC.
Index and engineering properties of spent wash blended soils a comparative s...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the present era of rapid industrialization and development of infrastructure projects, the natural resources are becoming scarce and hence their cost is increasing alarmingly. For an infrastructural project the soil consumption is very high and also specific soil is to be used for the requirements of its strength, durability etc. Locally available soil is the best option for these projects, if the suitable soil is not nearby it has a stringent effect on overall cost of project. Due to increase of demand for land in urban areas, soils which are weak and not suitable for foundations are to be effectively modified for construction of industries. Hence, there is a need to carryout research for an alternate material which is available in plenty and also gives desired strength upon modifications. There is a growing awareness allover the world about the extensive damage caused by the accumulated industrial wastes at various plants. This paper highlights various issues and scope for utilization of spent wash in engineering practice. This paper presents the results of index and engineering properties of blended soils. Studies are carried out by varying soil gradation, spent wash content under different curing time periods. For study two types of soils are taken and their properties are studied up on addition of 25% spent wash maintaining different curing periods of 2, 4 and 6 weeks. It was observed that spent wash is effective in reducing plasticity characteristics and increasing engineering properties namely, dry density and the unconfined strength of soil and reducing Optimum moisture content Index Terms: Effluent, Tropical, spentwash, blended
Thermodynamic modeling and experimental study of rice husk pyrolysiseSAT Journals
Abstract Pyrolysis of agricultural waste is a promising route for waste to energy generation. Rice husk is a type of agro-waste that is available in plenty in India. It can be used as feed for pyrolysis to produce different products such as (solid) coke and silica, (liquid) tar and other organics and syngas. HSC Chemistry computer aided code for thermodynamic modeling was used to predict the products of rice-husk pyrolysis in this research study. The pyrolysis of rice husk was carried out between 100-1200°C in the pressure range of 1 – 15 bar. The pyrolysis products predicted by HSC calculations were mainly solid coke, gases like H2, CO2, CO, CH4, with small quantity of aromatic compounds like C6H6, C7H8, C8H10 (ethyl benzene), C8H10 (xylenes) and C6H5 –OH. An experimental study for product validation was also done and the results are presented. Keywords: Pyrolysis, syngas, HSC Chemistry, aromatic compounds.
A survey on discrimination deterrence in data miningeSAT Journals
Abstract
For extracting useful knowledge which is hidden in large set of data, Data mining is a very important technology. There are some negative perceptions about data mining. This perception may contain unfairly treating people who belongs to some specific group. Classification rule mining technique has covered the way for making automatic decisions like loan granting/denial and insurance premium computation etc. These are automated data collection and data mining techniques. According to discrimination attributes if training data sets are biases then discriminatory decisions may ensue. Thus in data mining antidiscrimination techniques with discrimination discovery and prevention are included. It can be direct or indirect. . When choices are created depending on delicate features that period the discrimination is oblique. The elegance is oblique when choices are created depending on nonsensitive features which are strongly correlated with one-sided delicate ones. The suggested system tries to deal with elegance protection in information exploration. It suggests new improved techniques applicable for immediate or oblique elegance protection independently or both simultaneously. Conversations about how to clean coaching information sets and contracted information places in such a way that immediate and/or oblique discriminatory decision guidelines are transformed to genuine classification guidelines are done. New analytics to evaluate the utility of the suggested methods are suggests and comparison of these methods is also done.
Keywords: Antidiscrimination, information exploration, oblique and immediate elegance protection, concept protection, concept generalization, privacy.
Intense uv enriched photo detection byhigher energy edge attuned coating on c...eSAT Journals
Abstract The effect of various welding process parameters on the weldability of Mild Steel specimens of grade EN-3A having dimensions 150mm× 100mm× 6 mm, welded by metal inert gas welding were investigated. The welding current, arc voltage, welding speed, are chosen as welding parameters. The depth of penetrations were measured for each specimen after the welding operation is done on closed butt joint and the effects of welding speed, current, voltage parameters on depth of penetration were investigated. Index Terms: Mild Steel (EN-3A), metal inert gas welding, welding current, arc voltage and welding speed.
The impact of the diameter to height ratio on the compressibility parameters ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Compressibility parameters of fine-grained soils are mainly influenced by soil mineralogy, moisture content and soil diameter to height ratio (D/H). The British and American standards suggested that to obtain accurate engineering properties; it is necessary to use D/H ratio of 4 and 2.5 respectively to eliminate friction between the soil and the structure. In the current study, various D/H ratios were adopted ranging from 0.5 to 11. The D/H ratios effect on some compressibility parameters such as coefficient of consolidation (cv), compression index (cc) and coefficient of volume compressibility (mv) were analysed. Additionally, the impact of the D/H ratio on the acquire cv values were also presented where three methods were used namely: Casagrande, Taylor and Inflection method. The scaling effects based on cv ratio [cv (√t) / cv (log t)] from Oedometer tests using different D/H ratios are also presented. The results showed that Taylor’s method is the most appropriate way to achieve an accurate cv and an increase in pressure leads to a reduction in cc and a gradual decrease in mv. The validation of the experimental results on a finite element software package PLAXIS was completed. Keywords: Compressibility, D/H ratio, Fine-grained soil, Friction
Developing graphical user interface for analysis of beam by using matlab soft...eSAT Journals
Abstract Since Beam is an important member of any structure and carries heavy loads and hence before using beams one should have to be very sure about its shear strength and bending strength. Industrial beams have different types of support and structural properties. Various types of loads are acting on it like point loads, distributed loads etc. Shear stresses and bending moment should be within the material allowable limits and therefore analysis of beam is essential. In present work the analysis of beam is carried out by using GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) developed in software called MATLAB. This gives the package for high-performance numerical computation and visualization. Keywords: GUI, Reaction at support, Shear strength, Bending moment, SF graph, BM graph.
Optimization of automatic voltage regulator by proportional integral derivati...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper is basically based on the optimization of working of Automatic voltage regulator by the proportional Intigral
derivative controller. In this analysis, optimization is done by very novel concept Particle Swarm Optimization and simulated
using MATLAB Simulink software. The primary reason for a programmed voltage controller framework is to keep the voltage
extent of a synchronous generator at a predetermined level the generator excitation framework keeps up the generator voltage
and controls the reactive power stream.
IndexTerms:AutomaticVoltageRegulator,MATLAB
Realization of ofdm based underwater acoustic communicationeSAT Journals
Abstract Nowadays underwater communication plays a vital role in applications from commercial extends to military purposes. Present underwater communication systems involve the transmission of information in the form of sound, electromagnetic (EM), or optical waves. All these techniques has their own benefits and limitations. Acoustic communication is the most versatile and widely used technique in underwater environments because of its low attenuation compared with others. Acoustic waves are more applicable for thermally stable, deep water settings. But acoustic waves in shallow water can be adversely affected by temperature gradients, surface ambient noise, and multipath propagation due to reflection and refraction. The much slower speed of acoustic propagation in water, about 1500 m/s (meters per second), compared with that of electromagnetic and optical waves, and is another limiting factor for efficient communication and networking. Nevertheless, the currently favorable technology for underwater communication is upon acoustics. In this paper, we are planning to design a simple underwater acoustic system. We first discuss about the problems of underwater communication. Then we are designing a data transmission system in underwater and its analysis is done in the next step. Keywords: Underwater acoustic communication, Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, Differential phase shift keying
Review on analytical study on strengthening of beam by frpeSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper present the review of analytical and numerical study of flexural and shear performance of retrofitted or strengthening
of beam by fibre reinforced polymer (FRP). Now a day investigator prefer numerical and analytical study to minimize error which
can’t reduce in experimental study, hence numerical study is more reliable than experimental study and analytical study less time
consuming then experimental still having good agreement with experimental study.Almost all the software available in market are
work based on finite element method (FEM) such as ANSYS, ATENA 3D and ABAQUS. Analytical study carried out by different
author using FEM basedsoftware they found ultimate capacity of beam increased noticeably.Analytical investigation of reinforced
concrete (RC) beam with FRP were carried out by number of investigator they all studied on different aspect, some of those
worked on single layer or double layer of FRP , some of those worked on different pattern and thickness of FRP and then
compared stress, strain and deflection with control specimen. For precise result by finite element method use fine mashing and
appropriate material property. Bond behaviour between steel-concrete and concrete-FRP sheets/plate must be specify for
accurate and realistic results.
Keywords: retrofitting of beam, strengthening of beam, GFRP, CFRP, Finite Element Method (FEM), ANSYS
A study of various factors affecting risk management techniques in constructi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Risk management is an important step which should not be neglect or ignore in every project. Because of various risk involved in construction, it is difficult to maintain time, cost and quality as planned. Project undertaken in the construction sector are widely complex and have often significant budgets, and thus reducing the risk associated should be a priority for each project manager. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the key risk factors that affect construction project. Questionnaires has been prepared incorporating of 50 difference questions after which questionnaire survey was conducted where the questions has been focused based on (component of questionnaire) the respondents were selected based on their susceptibility to the risk. The data was analyzed using the Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21. The result shows that the inadequate planning in construction project, poor adoption of site safety, supply and use of defective materials and poor resources management in construction project are all among the forefront key risk factors which affect construction project, meanwhile, effective recommendations have been developed to increases the efficiency, speedy and minimises risk and abortive work in construction project.
Keywords: Construction Industries, Construction Projects, Risks Management, Techniques
The influence of cable sag on the dynamic behaviour of cable stayed suspensio...eSAT Journals
Abstract The demand of long span bridge is increasing with infrastructure magnification. To achieve maximum central span in bridges is a motivating rational challenge. The bridge with more central span can be achieved using high strength materials and innovative forms of the bridges. The cable-stayed bridge has better structural stiffness and suspension bridge has ability to offer longer span thus combination of above two structural systems could achieve very long span cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge. To distinguish behaviour and check the feasibility of this innovative form of hybrid bridge, 1400m central span and 312m side span cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge is considered for analysis. The suspension portion length in central span is also playing important role in behaviour of the entire bridge. Bridge behaviour is presented for variable length of suspension portion in form of suspension portion to main span ratio. The main cable sag in central span is playing important role on behavior of the entire bridge. It directly influences the inclination angles of the main cables, the height of pylon and thus forces in pylon. The axial force in main cable is directly depending on the sag of main cable. The effects of main cable sag is studied by considering dimensionless parameter as sag to main span ratio as 1/9, 1/10 and 1/11. Paper also discusses results of nonlinear static analysis and modal analysis carried out using SAP2000 v14.0.0. The time period of bridge is used to present the behavior of bridge. Key Words: Cable supported long span bridge; cable stayed suspension hybrid bridge; cable sag to main span ratio; dynamic analysis
Degradation of phenol using sequential batch reactoreSAT Journals
Abstract The paper presents the experimental study on the use of Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) for the degradation of phenol in the synthetic wastewater. SBR was used as a biological treatment for the reduction of COD, which is based on suspended growth system. The garden soil with cow dung was used as the seeding material in SBR, the micro-organisms that are present help in degradation of phenol as well as reducing the COD concentration. The parameters varied in the study were initial concentration of phenol in the synthetic wastewater, aeration rate and hydraulic retention time. The degradation study shows that the maximum phenol removal efficiency is 97% for 200 ppm of initial phenol concentration under 40 ml/min of aeration rate. The COD removal efficiency of 92.3% is achieved for 250 ppm of concentration of phenol. The variation in the aeration rate was found to be very effective in increasing the efficiency of SBR. For 600 ml/min of aeration, the removal efficiency of phenol and COD are respectively, 98% and 75%. But for the aeration rate of 200 ml/min the removal efficiency of COD is as high as 81.25%. Hence, with the increase in the aeration rate, there is an increase in the degradation rate of phenol and decrease in COD reduction. This study demonstrates the utilization of SBR in degrading high concentration of phenol. Keywords: Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR), Phenol, COD, Biological Treatment …
There is an intrinsic connection between biodiversity conservation, water and sanitation. With appropriate technologies, wastewater can be treated to produce fit-for-purpose water with recovery of nutrients to enhance biodiversity conservation in terms of flora and fauna. This project highlights a pilot subsurface flow Constructed Wetland unit in order to identify its performance in treating domestic wastewater and in recovering nutrients.
The project won the 1st Prize in National Quarry Life Award in 2012 in Tanzania.
Read more: http://www.quarrylifeaward.com/project/integrated-constructed-wetland-wastewater-treatment-rainwater-harvesting-nutrient-recovery
Potential of corn husk leaves for the co removal of phenol and cyanide from w...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Gen AI Study Jams _ For the GDSC Leads in India.pdf
Reflux it's impact on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage water using enhanced ao baf system
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 01 | Jan-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 140
REFLUX : IT'S IMPACT ON THE REMOVAL OF NITROGEN AND
PHOSPHORUS FROM SEWAGE WATER USING ENHANCED AO BAF
SYSTEM
Yan Zichun1
, Iseghayan Nosakhare2
1,2
School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R China,
Email: nosakhareiseghayan@yahoo.com
Abstract
A/O BAF system has been used in the treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus and other nutrients present in wastewater, This
economical and effective way of nutrients removal uses different parameters in the actualization of desired objectives, one of them
is the Reflux ratio, this research focuses on the influence and roles of Reflux, Sponge Iron and Manganese sand on the removal of
nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. The following experimental operational parameters was set up for the purpose of this
experiment, Hydraulic load of 0.5 m3
/ m2
• h., Air/Water ratio of 10:1 (0.42L/min) and reflux ratio of 100 and 200 percent.
The experiment is divided into two main areas: The effects of reflux ratio presence and absences on removal efficiency of the BAF
system. The reflux water was introduced into the anaerobic column and sometimes in aerobic column. The results were examined
to note the extent to which reflux plays a part on the removal rate of the nutrients when introduced into the aerobic column
instead of the anaerobic column and vice versa. sponge iron and manganese sand column were also introduced, and the results of
the nitrifying bacteria shown it supports the removal efficiency observed in the BAF system. The results were all investigated,
compared and the analysis showed that reflux helped more in the removal of nitrogen and ammonia, while sponge iron and
manganese sand increased the removal efficiency of phosphorus from waste water
Key Word: BAF: Biological Aeration Filter; Total Phosphorus; Total Nitrogen; Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD);
Removal Efficiency;
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Sewage water contains various pathogens, organic and
inorganic compounds, heavy metals, etc. This water body if
not carefully treated can lead to a major problem known as
eutrophication, which invariably will affect public health
and cause million of US dollars during clean up. In this
study, Biological Aerated filter will be used for the removal
of nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage water. While the
main objectives is to investigate nitrification in BAF using
different reflux ratio comparing the findings with results
from without reflux.
Biological Aerated Filters (BAF) have been know as a
fixed-film system on which the biofilm support media are
stationary during normal operations, The primary purpose of
BAF technology is to simultaneously accomplish the
biological oxidation of organic compounds and physical
filtration of suspended solids, (J.G Peladan,et al, 1996, P.W.
Westerman et al, 2000). it is also known as a powerful
system to treat a stream having variations of PH and high
organic content [J.M . Montgomery, 1990]. BAF, as well as
the other fixed-film processes, is advantageous in
comparison to the activated sludge systems due to the higher
volumetric loads, increase process stability, and
compactness of the reactors, caused by higher biomass
concentration and higher specific removal rate [H.P Kallabo
1997].Furthermore, organic materials removal and
nitrification can be carried out in a single unit [Fdz. Polano
et al, 2000].
In achieving desirable results in a BAF system, the selection
of packing media plays an important role in maintaining a
high amount of active biomass and a variety of microbial
populations [Wong-Seok Chang]. Natural materials,
involved such as sand, shale and expanded clays have been
frequently applied [R.Moore et al, 1999,2001, S.B. He, et al
2007]. In addition, synthetic materials have also been used ,
e.g. polystyrene, polyethylene, however, the production of
these materials are costly, and synthetic materials may not
be significantly more effective than natural materials [T.D.
Kent, 1996].however, in this study natural ceramic and
zeolite were used as the packing media, while the enhanced
column had sponge iron and manganese sand used in
various ways.
In this work, AO BAF system is used as a means for
remediating the sewage water with emphasis at how reflux
water, sponge iron and manganese sand plays a part in the
removal efficiency of the nutrients. With the objective of
finding a better parameters to support the removal rate of
COD, NH3-N, TP and TN pollutants from sewage water.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 01 | Jan-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 141
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2:1. Experimental Set-up
The experimental setup was composed of two unit, the AO
BAF unit which is composed of the anaerobic and the
aerobic column and the sponge iron/ manganese sand unit
which was composed of the sponge iron/ manganese sand
column. The height of the anaerobic and aerobic column is
at 3m and 2m respectively with a column diameter of 8cm
for both. The sponge iron/manganese sand column has a
total height of 1m and a diameter of 8cm. The anaerobic
filter was divided into two layers, upper and lowers layers.
The upper layer served mainly for the filtration of suspended
solids coming from the influent tank, while the lower layer
was where denitrification mainly took place. The filter
packing materials in the upper layer stood at 0.75m in height
inside the column, while the lower layer filter packing
materials was at a total height of 1m inside the column.
The Aerobic filter column served mainly for nitrification
and partial absorption reaction of phosphorus, the packing
materials stood at a total height if 0.70m inside the column.
The pool of microorganisms were gotten from Qilihe district
sewage plant, it was pumped into the anaerobic and aerobic
column simultaneously for a total period of 7 days, and then
left to grow for a total period of one month before the start
of the experiment.
The treated effluent were used periodically for the
backwashing of both columns to remove the suspended
solids, hence allowing the proper flow of water through the
filter materials. The backwashed was carried out three times
weekly. During backwashing, the air flow rate was raised to
allow an increase in the column's liquid volume which
enables the outflow of the suspended solids from the column
through the backwash outflow chamber. The experimental
air flow into the aerobic column was set at 0.42 L/min.
Reflux water was introduced into the anaerobic column and
aerobic column, and the results were used to compared to
the experiments were reflux water was absent. this was to
enable us determine the effectiveness of reflux in the
removal efficiency of the various targeted nutrients from the
influent wastewaters.
2:2. Packing Materials
The packing materials used for the purpose of this
experiment were made of the following:
Ceramic, Zeolite, Sponge iron and Manganese sand.
Pebbles were laid inside all the column up to 15cm in height.
The anaerobic column upper layer had a ceramic filter
packing materials size ranging from 8-12mm, while the
lower layer had a ceramic filter packing materials size of 5-
8mm.
The aerobic column had a zeolite filter packing materials
size ranging from 3-5mm, and the sponge iron and
manganese sand materials had a size of 1-3mm.
Table 1: Packing materials and sizes
Project Filter materials diameter
(mm)
Packing materials height
(m)
Column total height
(m)
Anaerobic filter column (Upper Unit) 8-12 1 2
Anaerobic filter column (Lower Unit) 5-8 0.75 1
Aerobic filter Column 3-5 1.2 2
Sponge Iron and Manganese Sand Column 1-3 0.75 1
Fig 1. Diagrammatic representation of an enhanced A/O
BAF system
2:3. The Waste water
The waste water was obtained from the Lanzhou Jiaotong
University's sewage system by a pump. The concentration of
the nutrients in the wastewater was characterized depending
on weather the school was in session or not. The school has
a centralized sewage network that collects the water runoff
from all areas of the university. Wastewater was collected
into a secondary sedimentary tank to enable the removal of
some suspended solids before it was discharged by a pump
into the influent tank, it was thereafter pumped into the
anaerobic column with a peristaltic pump. The sewage water
was tested for organic and inorganic nutrients, (COD,TN,TP
and Ammonia), and suspended solids.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of this experiment was analyzed in two different
categories, Firstly, results from the use of reflux under
different operational parameters and results from without the
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 01 | Jan-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 142
use of reflux. The various results was compared and the
removal efficiency of the four indexes investigated.
3.1 Effects of reflux ratio presence on removal
efficiency.
Under this categories the following condition/types results
was examined.
3.1:1. Ceramic and Zeolite packing stage
(Experiment/Type A) : The operational parameters
conditions are as follows: hydraulic load q = 0.5 m3 / m2 • h,
the waste water flow rate was set at 42ml/min, Air/water
ratio at 10:1 (0.42L/m), while the reflux ratio was set at 100%
going into the anaerobic columns.
3.1:2. Ceramic and Zeolite packing stage
(Experiment/Type B) : Here the parameters conditions are
as follows: hydraulic load q = 0.5 m3 / m2 • h, the waste
water flow rate set at 42ml/min, Air/water ratio at 10:1
(0.42L/m), The reflux ratio was set at 100% going into the
aerobic columns.
3.1:3. Sponge Iron and Manganese Sand packing stage
(Experiment/Type C): The operational parameters are as
follows: hydraulic load q = 0.5 m3 / m2 • h, the waste water
flow rate set at 42ml/min, Air/water ratio at 10:1 (0.42L/m),
The reflux ratio was set at 100% with the reflux going into
the anaerobic columns. The difference between this
experiment and experiment A is the installation of the
sponge iron and manganese sand column which was
otherwise absent in the stage A.
3.2 Effects of reflux ratio absence on removal
efficiency.
In this category, we investigated the results of the various
conditions without the presence of reflux, and the data's was
compared to the conditions with reflux, The results showed
the impact and effect of reflux ratio on the removal
efficiency in a A/O BAF system. The following are the
different Experiment/types.
3.2:1. Ceramic and Zeolite packing stage
(Experiment/Type D) : The operational conditions are as
follows: hydraulic load q = 1 m3 / m2 • h, the waste water
flow rate set at 84ml/min, Air/water ratio at 10:1 (0.42L/m).
3.2:2.Sponge Iron and Manganese Sand packing stage
(Experiment E): Here the operational conditions are as
follows: hydraulic load q = 1 m3 / m2 • h, waste water flow
rate set at 84ml/min, and the Air/water ratio at 10:1
(0.42L/m). The difference between this experiment and
experiment C was the increase in hydraulic loading rate of
this stage from 0.5 m3 / m2 • h in experiment C to 1 m3 /
m2 • h in experiment E.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Results
Results from the all types were investigated and there was
only a slight variation in the removal efficiency of COD
across all stages. It shown a removal efficiency of
89,83.7,87.5,85.3 and 81.7% from stage A to E respectively,
with type A having the best removal efficiency. The graph
below illustrates further the removal efficiency.
Fig 2. COD removal rate
Analyzed with Potassium dichromate colorimetric DR5000
Water Quality Analyzer
It could been seen that for type D and E there was a lesser
removal efficiency when compared to those types with
reflux presence. Type A,B,C,D and E shown a removal
efficiency of 89,83.7,87.5,85.3 and 81.7% respectively.
Total Nitrogen Results: The total nitrogen removal
efficiency in the reflux presence experiments were shown to
having type A as having the highest rate of removal. While
type B was shown to have the lowest. But, the results of
type D and E shown lots of variation; Notably in type D
were the nitrogen concentration in the effluent were more
than in the influent. This however was attributed to the
presences of large amount of suspended solids in the
aerobic column. The results is present in Fig 3. below.
Fig 3. Total nitrogen removal rate results.
Total Nitrogen was analyzed with Per sulfate oxidation -
molybdenum, antimony spectrophotometer, 721 Vis
From the results it shows conditions with reflux presence
had higher removal rate when compared with the conditions
without reflux. In type D, possible research should be
carried out to ascertain other explanation in regards to why
there was an increase in the concentration of nitrogen in the
effluent more than the influent. A.
Total phosphorus Results: The total phosphorus removal
efficiency recorded in the all categories found that the
removal efficiency of total phosphorus in the sponge iron
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Influent Anoxic Effluent
InfluentMg/l
Type A
Type B
Type C
Type D
Type E
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Influent Anoxic Efluent
InfluentMg/l
Type A
Type B
Type C
Type D
Type E
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 01 | Jan-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 143
mixed with manganese sand packing conditions (Type C)
and (Type E) were at the highest, meeting the effluent
discharge standard when compared to the zeolite packing
phase in types A,B, and D. It further shows that reflux have
little impact on the removal efficiency of total phosphorus
unlike the sponge iron and manganese sand. Fig 4. further
explains the removal rate.
Fig 4. Total phosphorus removal rate results
Analyzed with Per sulfate oxidation - molybdenum,
antimony spectrophotometer, 721 Vis
The influence of sponge iron and manganese sand on the
removal of total phosphorus can be seen to have a
percentage increase when compared with the lowest removal
rate in type A. The removal efficiency varies significantly
across the different types of the conditions. For example,
Type A,B,C,D, and E was shown to have had a removal
efficiency of 30,32.3,82.3,41.8 and 74.9%. Showing that the
addition of sponge iron, manganese sand or the combination
of both directly increase the removal rate of phosphorus.
Ammonia Results:
Fig 5. Ammonia removal rate results
Analyzed with Nessler - spectrophotometer:721 Vis
Reflux water played a major impact on the removal of
ammonia, This can be seen in fig 5. the positioning of the
reflux water in the aerobic column showed no significant
difference from when positioned in the anaerobic column.
This is because the presence of reflux in the aerobic and
anaerobic column both support ammonia removal effect on
an A/O BAF system.
Dissolved Oxygen
Fig 6. dissolved oxygen results
Analyzed by Direct Reading Instruments: HQ -10 LDO
dissolved oxygen analyzer
The dissolved oxygen in all conditions had different effects
on the microorganism, the appearance of the filter column,
and subsequently the removal efficiency of the nutrients
from the wastewater. The presence of fungi mould were
observed in the anaerobic column were there was absences
of reflux water. All the experimental Types except C shows
the removal of dissolved oxygen in the effluent of the
system. Type C however, shows little or no significant
difference in the dissolved oxygen between the influent and
effluent , This is as a result of the action of the sponge iron
and manganese sand, which helps reduce the dissolved
oxygen coming from the aerobic column. This is further
illustrated in Fig.6.
MEASUREMENT OF NITRIFYING BACTERIA
Table 2 and 3 shows the results of nitrite and nitro bacteria
culture conducted from the 5th to 26th June 2015.
Table 2. Nitrite Bacteria measurement data table
Test-tube
Number 1 2 3 4 5
Concentration
gradient
10¯3
- + + + +
10¯4
+ + + + +
10¯5
+ + + + +
10¯6
+ + + + +
10¯7
+ + + + +
Nitrification bacteria measured by the number of indicators
are: 455
MPN tables cannot be detected by checking the nitrification
bacteria in the number of indicators measured, therefore it
cannot be counted.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Influent Anoxic Efluent
InfluentMg/l
Type A
Type B
Type C
Type D
Type E
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Influent Anoxic Effluent
InfluentMg/l
Type A
Type B
Type C
Type D
Type E
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Influent Eflluent
InfluentMg/l
Type A
Type B
Type C
Type D
Type E
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 01 | Jan-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 144
Table 3. Nitro bacteria measurement data table
Test-tube
Number 1 2 3 4 5
Concentration
gradient
10¯3
+ + + + +
10¯4
+ + + + +
10¯5
+ + + + +
10¯6
+ + + + +
10¯7
+ + + + +
Nitrobacteria measured by the number of indicators are: 555
By search drawn MPN table Nitrification bacteria
approximation is: 180.0
According to the formula: the number of samples per
milliliter of bacteria = bacteria approximation × number of
indicators of the first digit of the dilution factor.
Results per ml mixture of nitrifying bacteria of Number of
bacteria: 180.0 × 104 = 1.8 × 106 therefore: the amount of
nitrifying bacteria is consistent to the good removal of
ammonia.
CONCLUSION
In this study, reflux presence in an A/O BAF system have
proven to be effective in increasing the removal rate of the
nutrients when compared to without reflux. it was shown
that reflux presence contributed to the removal rate increase
in ammonia and nitrogen. It should be noted, that reflux rate
affected the removal of nitrogen and ammonia more than
any other pollutants observed.
As regards to phosphorus removal efficiency, sponge iron
and manganese sand when mixed together increase the
removal rate of total phosphorus when compared to without
it, In this case, there was a percentage increase in the
removal efficiency of phosphorus with the presences of
sponge iron and manganese sand.
The nitrifying bacteria count in table 2 and 3 above supports
good removal rate observed in ammonia
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Special thanks to God almighty for the strength to carry out
this research, The authors would like to appreciate the
National natural science fund project of China (51568034),
and Lanzhou science and technology plan project(403097)
for their financial supports.
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[1] Wong-Seok Chang, Hung-Thuan Tran, Doo-Hyun Park,
Rui-Hong Zhang, Dae-Hee Ahn, Ammonium nitrogen
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(2009) 524–528
[2] Inc, Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater engineering :
treatment and reuse (4 ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
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[4]. P.W. Westerman , J.R.Bicudo, A.Kantardjie,
Bioresour.Technol. 74 (2000) 181.
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[6]. H.P Kallabo, Shock loading management with the
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[7]. Fdz. Polano, E. Mendez, M.A, Uruena,S. Villaverde,
P.A Garcia, Spatial distribution of heterotrophs and nitrifies
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[8] R.Moore, J.Quarnmby, T.Stephenson, in:Proceedings of
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[9] R.Moore,J.Quarnmby,T.Stephenson,Water Res. 35
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