The document discusses an optimization study conducted on an innovative co-precipitation process for removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater. The study tested the effects of variables like influent quality, flow rate, chemical dosages, and solids loading on the process's effectiveness. It found that the process was highly effective across a wide range of conditions, removing over 90% of metals in many tests. The optimal conditions were determined to be an iron dosage of 10-25 mg/L, an iron to polymer ratio of 1:1, and a solids loading of 50% in the reactor.
Screening and extraction of heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage s...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated screening and extracting heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage sludge using citric acid. The study characterized the sewage sludge and found heavy metal concentrations of copper, lead, nickel and zinc to be above regulatory standards. It then used a full factorial experimental design to study the effects of pH, hydrogen peroxide dosage, and extraction time on removing the heavy metals. Lead removal was highest at 99.9%, followed by nickel, copper and zinc. Statistical analysis found extraction time and hydrogen peroxide dosage to most significantly impact heavy metal removal efficiency.
Case study: Refinery mercury chemical decontamination in preparation for deco...ISCT GROUP US LLC
One of the few refinery mercury management case studies available that I jammed out for HP (have to give some credit to some of the former founders of MMS - now PMG). This case study is truly one of the building blocks of my career and led to the improvement and development of several technologies that started when I was at PSC working with one of the giants and pioneers in mercury fate and transport in hydrocarbon process systems (Dr. Mark Wilhelm - RIP my friend).
Activated Charcoal as Low Cost Adsorbent for the Removal of LeadIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using activated charcoal as a low-cost adsorbent for removing lead from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of parameters like contact time, initial metal concentration, adsorbent dosage, and pH on the adsorption of Pb2+ ions onto activated charcoal. The results showed that adsorption capacity increased with contact time until equilibrium was reached at around 50 minutes. Maximum removal efficiency occurred at an initial Pb2+ concentration of 50 mg/L, adsorbent dosage of 1.0 g/50 ml, and pH of 5.0. Activated charcoal was found to be an effective and low-cost adsorb
The document summarizes research on using activated carbon prepared from olive stone waste to sorb copper, zinc, and nickel ions from aqueous solutions. Olive stone activated carbon (OSAC) was prepared under different physical activation conditions and characterized. OSAC-3, activated at 900°C for 3.5 hours, had the highest surface area and was selected for further study. Batch experiments were conducted to determine optimum sorption conditions and kinetics. The maximum sorption capacities were 25.38 mg/g for Cu2+, 16.95 mg/g for Zn2+, and 14.65 mg/g for Ni2+. Sorption was best described by pseudo-second order kinetics and was spontaneous and endothermic/exothermic
This document presents a study that used sonication (ultrasound) to remediate soil contaminated with 2-methylpropane-2-thiol. A central composite design and response surface methodology were used to model and optimize the effects of sonication power, time, and water content on removal efficiency. The model showed that power and time had the greatest effects on removal efficiency. Under optimal conditions of high power and long sonication time with a lower water content, a maximum removal efficiency of 82.83% was achieved.
Reflux it's impact on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage wat...eSAT Journals
Abstract A/O BAF system has been used in the treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus and other nutrients present in wastewater, This economical and effective way of nutrients removal uses different parameters in the actualization of desired objectives, one of them is the Reflux ratio, this research focuses on the influence and roles of Reflux, Sponge Iron and Manganese sand on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. The following experimental operational parameters was set up for the purpose of this experiment, Hydraulic load of 0.5 m3 / m2 • h., Air/Water ratio of 10:1 (0.42L/min) and reflux ratio of 100 and 200 percent. The experiment is divided into two main areas: The effects of reflux ratio presence and absences on removal efficiency of the BAF system. The reflux water was introduced into the anaerobic column and sometimes in aerobic column. The results were examined to note the extent to which reflux plays a part on the removal rate of the nutrients when introduced into the aerobic column instead of the anaerobic column and vice versa. sponge iron and manganese sand column were also introduced, and the results of the nitrifying bacteria shown it supports the removal efficiency observed in the BAF system. The results were all investigated, compared and the analysis showed that reflux helped more in the removal of nitrogen and ammonia, while sponge iron and manganese sand increased the removal efficiency of phosphorus from waste water Key Word: BAF: Biological Aeration Filter; Total Phosphorus; Total Nitrogen; Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD); Removal Efficiency;
IRJET- A Review On Reduction of Phosphate from Industrial Cum Municipal Waste...IRJET Journal
This document reviews technologies for reducing phosphate from industrial and municipal wastewater using Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) technology. It discusses various methods for phosphate removal including physical, chemical, and biological treatments. Specifically, it provides details on MBBR technology, which combines activated sludge and trickling filter processes by using biomass in both suspended flocs and biofilm attached to carriers. The document concludes that MBBR is an effective biological treatment approach for phosphate removal as it can operate at high organic loads and is less sensitive to hydraulic overloading compared to other biological treatment methods.
Ohio AWWA City of Alliance Selection of UV Oxidation for Taste & Odor treatmentTerrance (Terry) Keep
The City of Alliance has had some bad tasting water for years. The Water plant looked for options. The City hired Arcadis to design a UV Oxidation solution. This presentation describes teh rationale for selecting UV Oxidation for T&O treatment
Screening and extraction of heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage s...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated screening and extracting heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage sludge using citric acid. The study characterized the sewage sludge and found heavy metal concentrations of copper, lead, nickel and zinc to be above regulatory standards. It then used a full factorial experimental design to study the effects of pH, hydrogen peroxide dosage, and extraction time on removing the heavy metals. Lead removal was highest at 99.9%, followed by nickel, copper and zinc. Statistical analysis found extraction time and hydrogen peroxide dosage to most significantly impact heavy metal removal efficiency.
Case study: Refinery mercury chemical decontamination in preparation for deco...ISCT GROUP US LLC
One of the few refinery mercury management case studies available that I jammed out for HP (have to give some credit to some of the former founders of MMS - now PMG). This case study is truly one of the building blocks of my career and led to the improvement and development of several technologies that started when I was at PSC working with one of the giants and pioneers in mercury fate and transport in hydrocarbon process systems (Dr. Mark Wilhelm - RIP my friend).
Activated Charcoal as Low Cost Adsorbent for the Removal of LeadIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using activated charcoal as a low-cost adsorbent for removing lead from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of parameters like contact time, initial metal concentration, adsorbent dosage, and pH on the adsorption of Pb2+ ions onto activated charcoal. The results showed that adsorption capacity increased with contact time until equilibrium was reached at around 50 minutes. Maximum removal efficiency occurred at an initial Pb2+ concentration of 50 mg/L, adsorbent dosage of 1.0 g/50 ml, and pH of 5.0. Activated charcoal was found to be an effective and low-cost adsorb
The document summarizes research on using activated carbon prepared from olive stone waste to sorb copper, zinc, and nickel ions from aqueous solutions. Olive stone activated carbon (OSAC) was prepared under different physical activation conditions and characterized. OSAC-3, activated at 900°C for 3.5 hours, had the highest surface area and was selected for further study. Batch experiments were conducted to determine optimum sorption conditions and kinetics. The maximum sorption capacities were 25.38 mg/g for Cu2+, 16.95 mg/g for Zn2+, and 14.65 mg/g for Ni2+. Sorption was best described by pseudo-second order kinetics and was spontaneous and endothermic/exothermic
This document presents a study that used sonication (ultrasound) to remediate soil contaminated with 2-methylpropane-2-thiol. A central composite design and response surface methodology were used to model and optimize the effects of sonication power, time, and water content on removal efficiency. The model showed that power and time had the greatest effects on removal efficiency. Under optimal conditions of high power and long sonication time with a lower water content, a maximum removal efficiency of 82.83% was achieved.
Reflux it's impact on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage wat...eSAT Journals
Abstract A/O BAF system has been used in the treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus and other nutrients present in wastewater, This economical and effective way of nutrients removal uses different parameters in the actualization of desired objectives, one of them is the Reflux ratio, this research focuses on the influence and roles of Reflux, Sponge Iron and Manganese sand on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. The following experimental operational parameters was set up for the purpose of this experiment, Hydraulic load of 0.5 m3 / m2 • h., Air/Water ratio of 10:1 (0.42L/min) and reflux ratio of 100 and 200 percent. The experiment is divided into two main areas: The effects of reflux ratio presence and absences on removal efficiency of the BAF system. The reflux water was introduced into the anaerobic column and sometimes in aerobic column. The results were examined to note the extent to which reflux plays a part on the removal rate of the nutrients when introduced into the aerobic column instead of the anaerobic column and vice versa. sponge iron and manganese sand column were also introduced, and the results of the nitrifying bacteria shown it supports the removal efficiency observed in the BAF system. The results were all investigated, compared and the analysis showed that reflux helped more in the removal of nitrogen and ammonia, while sponge iron and manganese sand increased the removal efficiency of phosphorus from waste water Key Word: BAF: Biological Aeration Filter; Total Phosphorus; Total Nitrogen; Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD); Removal Efficiency;
IRJET- A Review On Reduction of Phosphate from Industrial Cum Municipal Waste...IRJET Journal
This document reviews technologies for reducing phosphate from industrial and municipal wastewater using Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) technology. It discusses various methods for phosphate removal including physical, chemical, and biological treatments. Specifically, it provides details on MBBR technology, which combines activated sludge and trickling filter processes by using biomass in both suspended flocs and biofilm attached to carriers. The document concludes that MBBR is an effective biological treatment approach for phosphate removal as it can operate at high organic loads and is less sensitive to hydraulic overloading compared to other biological treatment methods.
Ohio AWWA City of Alliance Selection of UV Oxidation for Taste & Odor treatmentTerrance (Terry) Keep
The City of Alliance has had some bad tasting water for years. The Water plant looked for options. The City hired Arcadis to design a UV Oxidation solution. This presentation describes teh rationale for selecting UV Oxidation for T&O treatment
This document describes a study that evaluated a hybrid membrane bioreactor process for removing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from biogas. The process used a polydimethylsiloxane membrane to first absorb H2S from biogas into an alkaline liquid, followed by biological oxidation of H2S in the liquid. The effects of absorption liquid pH, biogas flowrate, and dissolved oxygen concentration on H2S removal efficiency and selectivity were investigated. The results showed that pH 7 performed better than pH 8.5, and H2S removal exceeded 97% at flowrates below 148 g H2S/m3d and dissolved oxygen below 1 mg/L. This novel hybrid process provides an effective and low-cost
IRJET- Experimental Study on Removal of Toxic Metals from Leachate using ...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes an experimental study on using rice husk and fly ash to remove toxic metals from landfill leachate. Leachate from landfills contains large amounts of organic matter and heavy metals that threaten water sources. The study investigated using low-cost rice husk and fly ash as adsorbents for removing chromium, copper, nickel, and other metals from leachate. Results showed that treating rice husk with potassium hydroxide to produce granular activated carbon (GAC) improved adsorption capacity. Testing found GAC most effectively removed metals from leachate, with removal rates of over 80% at pH 6. The study demonstrated that low-cost rice husk and fly ash can effectively
This document summarizes a study that evaluated using an autotrophic denitrification process to remove hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from biogas produced by anaerobic digestion of chicken manure. A laboratory upflow fixed bed reactor was fed scrubbed H2S from the biogas and nitrate. Over 95% H2S and 90% nitrate removal were achieved. When fed directly scrubbed H2S, the reactor experienced clogging from elemental sulfur particles. Feeding scrubbed H2S from biogas at pH 8-9 achieved 98% H2S and 97% nitrate removal without clogging. This process biologically converted H2S to elemental sulfur while denitrifying wastewater.
This document describes a study that evaluated the use of a gas-liquid membrane contactor process for selective removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from biogas. The effects of biogas retention time (GRT), membrane thickness, and liquid absorbent pH were investigated. The results showed that H2S removal efficiency improved with increasing GRT and absorbent pH, and decreased with increasing membrane thickness. Lower GRT and thicker membranes resulted in higher desulfurization selectivity. The methane content of the treated biogas increased with GRT and the process achieved high H2S removal without significant methane loss. SEM-EDS analysis found inorganic deposits on the membrane surface but no membrane clogging or fouling issues. Overall,
This study investigated using a bio-electrochemical system (BES) for the simultaneous removal of nitrate and sulfide from different sources without mixing the sources. The anode chamber of the BES was fed with effluent from a sulfate reducing reactor as an electron donor source, while the cathode chamber was fed with nitrate-rich groundwater as an electron acceptor source. The BES was effective at simultaneously removing 10 gS/m3/d of sulfide and 7.26 gN/m3/d of nitrate without mixing the sources. Denitrification in the cathode chamber was supported by electrons from sulfide oxidation in the anode chamber passing through the membrane, and possibly from corrosion of
Equilibrium and Kinetics Adsorption of Cadmium and Lead Ions from Aqueous Sol...theijes
This document summarizes a study on the adsorption of cadmium and lead ions from aqueous solution using bamboo-based activated carbon. Key findings include:
1) Unwashed chemical activated bamboo carbon achieved 87.81% removal of cadmium at pH 5 and 96.45% removal of lead at pH 11.
2) Adsorption equilibrium was reached within 1 hour for cadmium and 2.5 hours for lead.
3) Adsorption isotherm data fitted the Freundlich, Temkin, and Hills isotherm models well, suggesting chemisorption as the adsorption mechanism.
4) Kinetic data correlated best with the pseudo-
IRJET- Characterisation of Grey Water and Treatment using Moving Bed Biof...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that characterized greywater and treated it using a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR). The study investigated how various factors like flow rate, hydraulic retention time, and MBBR fill rate affected the reactor's performance in removing organic matter from greywater. The researchers found that a flow rate of 60 L/d, hydraulic retention time of 36 hours, and MBBR fill rate of 30% produced the highest COD removal efficiency of 87.45%. The MBBR media provided a large surface area for microbial growth and effectively treated greywater.
IRJET- Improvement of Sludge Reduction Efficiency of Ozonation by Microbubble...IRJET Journal
This document discusses improving the efficiency of sludge reduction through ozonation using microbubble aeration technology and catalysis. It finds that adding hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a catalyst and using microbubbles generated by a linear mixer pipe can significantly increase the biodegradability and reduce the mass of sludge. Key results include an oil content reduction from 77.48% to 51.7% after ozonation. Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) were also reduced, while COD and NH4+ levels increased. The linear mixer pipe was found to be more effective for microbubble generation and sludge treatment than a jet
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effectiveness of using activated carbon produced from snail shells for treating wastewater from beverage industries. Snail shells were pyrolyzed and activated with phosphoric acid. Characterization of the activated samples showed they had higher surface area, porosity, and pH than the non-activated sample. Treatment of beverage wastewater with the activated carbon significantly reduced parameters like BOD, COD, turbidity and phosphate over treatment times of 10-40 minutes. The study concluded that activated carbon from snail shells is effective for wastewater treatment from beverage industries.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the removal of nitrate from groundwater using activated carbon prepared from rice husk and sludge from a paper industry wastewater treatment plant. The key findings are:
- Activated carbon from rice husk achieved a maximum nitrate removal of 93.5 mg/g at pH 4 and 4 hours of contact time. Activated carbon from paper industry sludge achieved 79.5 mg/g removal under the same conditions.
- Adsorption was best fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model and followed pseudo-second order kinetics.
- Increasing the ratio of ZnCl2 used for activation improved adsorption capacity, with a 1:
Development of an experimental rig for bioremediation studiesAlexander Decker
The document describes the development of an experimental rig for bioremediation studies using indigenous technology. Key details include:
- The rig consists of various units like air pretreatment, fixed bed bioreactors, volatile organic compound traps, air flow meter, and carbon dioxide traps.
- Components were sized, designed, and fabricated locally at low cost. Testing showed the rig effectively degraded 75% of oil and grease from contaminated soil over 10 weeks.
- The rig was used to study bioremediation of soil contaminated with spent motor oil in 6 treatments with various additives over room temperature.
Treatability Study of Leachate by Fenton OxidationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using Fenton oxidation to treat fresh leachate. The researchers determined the optimal conditions for Fenton oxidation through a series of experiments varying pH, ferrous sulfate dosage, hydrogen peroxide dosage, and reaction time. The maximum removal efficiencies achieved were 99.1% for turbidity, 86.3% for hardness, 85.1% for COD, and 99.3% for color under optimal conditions of pH 2.5, 1.5 g/L ferrous sulfate dosage, 3 mL/L hydrogen peroxide dosage, and a 40 minute reaction time. The study demonstrated that Fenton oxidation is an effective and feasible method for treating leachate.
This document summarizes and evaluates four alternatives for phosphorus removal at a wastewater treatment plant: 1) two-stage chemical addition, 2) biological phosphorus removal with chemical addition, 3) tertiary chemical addition with filtration, and 4) chemical addition with possible phosphoric acid addition. It presents the process flow diagrams and key aspects of each alternative. A decision matrix scores the alternatives based on several criteria to determine the recommended option, which is tertiary alum addition with granular media filtration. BioWin modeling is used to optimize the alum dose to achieve the phosphorus removal goal.
Effective Adsorption of Cadmium (II) Ion on Orange Peels (Citrus Sinensis)IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effective adsorption of cadmium (II) ions from aqueous solution using orange peels. Through a series of batch adsorption experiments, the researcher found that orange peel has a significant capacity for adsorbing cadmium. Maximum adsorption of 95.14% was achieved under optimal conditions of pH 5, an equilibrium time of 60 minutes, and an adsorbent dosage of 0.6 grams. The adsorption capacity was found to increase with pH between 1-5 and adsorbent dosage, but decrease with increasing initial metal ion concentration, as the adsorption sites become saturated. Orange peel is a low-cost, effective adsorbent for removing heavy metals
Anammox Process for Nitrogen Removal from WastewaterJingyi Kan
This document summarizes information about the anammox process for nitrogen removal from wastewater. It describes the discovery and principle of anammox, including the chemical and biochemical reaction models. Applications of anammox include the SHARON-ANAMMOX and CANON ANAMMOX processes. Problems with anammox include long start-up times and inhibition by organic carbon. Solutions discussed are the HABR reactor design and optimization approaches like controlling temperature, dissolved oxygen, and organic carbon levels.
Separation, characterization and leaching behaviors of heavy metals in contam...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the separation, characterization, and leaching behaviors of heavy metals in contaminated river sediments. The study involved analyzing sediment samples from rivers in central Taiwan to understand the concentration and chemical forms of heavy metals present, including copper, lead, zinc, nickel, and chromium. Sequential extraction tests showed most metals exceeded sediment quality standards. Acid washing experiments found heavy metal removal efficiencies were highest for nickel, zinc, lead, copper, and chromium when washed with HCl for 120 minutes. Results indicate some metals exist in residual forms in sediments but become more exchangeable after washing, increasing bioavailability.
A Review on Nanomaterial Revolution in Oil and Gas Industry for EOR (Enhanced...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
A Review on Nanomaterial Revolution in Oil and Gas Industry for EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) Methods by Veluru Jagadeesh Babu* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals
Water pollution is one of the environmental challenges facing the world society. Consequently, the pollutants both domestic and industrial wastewater are identified as an environmental threat. Hydrochar (HC) appears as a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution to this environmental threat. HC is the solid produced from the wet pyrolysis process for biomass that is rich in carbon in a sub-critical liquid phase, called the Hydro-Thermal Carbonization Process (HTC). This review aims to address the possibility of using HC as the most effective solution to the industrial wastewater. HTC has proven a greater yield than dry pyrolysis (30%-60% wt). To date, HC is listed as a promising lower-cost alternate adsorbent for removing wastewater pollutants. In Egypt for example, only few studies have been published investigating the properties of HC and its environmental applications. In this review, we will shed light on the preparation, characterization, and previous studies on the development and recent applications of HC. In addition, we will discuss the challenges to produce HC at a commercial scale. To the best of our knowledge, there is only few research studies addressing the HC production in the Middle East countries. Therefore, the door is still opened for more research on developing production techniques on HC from different biomass, and implementation in various environmental applications
The document summarizes the Waterborne Engineering team's analysis of options for adding phosphorus removal to the Littleton/Englewood Wastewater Treatment Plant. The team evaluated four phosphorus removal alternatives and selected Alternative 3, which involves adding alum after denitrification and adding filtration for phosphorus removal. BioWin modeling of Alternative 3 achieved a phosphorus level of 0.04 mg/L in the final effluent. The team divided responsibilities among integration, process, design, and hydraulics/plant layout leads to comprehensively evaluate the alternatives. Performance was the primary decision criteria due to changing regulatory nutrient removal requirements.
Potential use of plantain (musa paradisiaca) wastes in the removal of lead an...ADEOLU ADEDOTUN TIMOTHY
The document discusses the potential use of plantain wastes in removing lead and chromium from effluent from a battery recycling plant. It describes how:
1) Plantain wastes were collected and processed to produce activated carbon, which was then used to treat effluent from a battery recycling plant in tests.
2) Testing examined the effect of pH, activated carbon dose, and initial metal concentration on removing lead and chromium. Results showed over 80% removal of both metals was achieved at optimal conditions.
3) Characterization of the activated carbons found plantain-based activated carbons had higher surface areas and similar functional groups as commercial activated carbon.
Advances in Heavy Metal Fixation, Chemical Treatment/Crystallization - MAECTI...Sevenson Environmental
This document summarizes the MAECTITE® process for remediating soils and other media contaminated with heavy metals. It describes the evolution of the process from early solidification/stabilization techniques to current chemical treatment methods. As a case study, it outlines the application of the MAECTITE® process to remediate lead-impacted soils from small arms firing ranges at Massachusetts Military Reservation. Key steps included characterization, excavation of 17,788 cubic yards of soil, chemical processing using MAECTITE® both ex situ and in situ, and reconstruction of the ranges. The project was completed within 90 days in an expedited manner to allow training to resume.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution Using Ion Exchange Resin MBHPE-TKPijsrd.com
The aim of this study is to synthesis of TKP (MBHPE-TKP) resin for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. Ion exchange resins are polymers that are capable of exchanging particular ions within the polymer with ions in a solution that is passed through them. This ability is also seen in various natural systems such as soils and living cells. The synthetic resins are used primarily for purifying water, but also for various other applications including separating out some elements. Factorial design of experiments is employed to study the effect of above factors pH, time and sorbent used. The new synthesized resins i.e. MBHPE–TKP is hydrophilic and biodegradable, so after effluent treatment used resins can be disposed off without facing any environmental problem .This study focuses on synthesis of new cation exchange resin (MBHPE – TKP) and developing method for treatment of highly contaminated industrial effluents.
This document describes a study that evaluated a hybrid membrane bioreactor process for removing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from biogas. The process used a polydimethylsiloxane membrane to first absorb H2S from biogas into an alkaline liquid, followed by biological oxidation of H2S in the liquid. The effects of absorption liquid pH, biogas flowrate, and dissolved oxygen concentration on H2S removal efficiency and selectivity were investigated. The results showed that pH 7 performed better than pH 8.5, and H2S removal exceeded 97% at flowrates below 148 g H2S/m3d and dissolved oxygen below 1 mg/L. This novel hybrid process provides an effective and low-cost
IRJET- Experimental Study on Removal of Toxic Metals from Leachate using ...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes an experimental study on using rice husk and fly ash to remove toxic metals from landfill leachate. Leachate from landfills contains large amounts of organic matter and heavy metals that threaten water sources. The study investigated using low-cost rice husk and fly ash as adsorbents for removing chromium, copper, nickel, and other metals from leachate. Results showed that treating rice husk with potassium hydroxide to produce granular activated carbon (GAC) improved adsorption capacity. Testing found GAC most effectively removed metals from leachate, with removal rates of over 80% at pH 6. The study demonstrated that low-cost rice husk and fly ash can effectively
This document summarizes a study that evaluated using an autotrophic denitrification process to remove hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from biogas produced by anaerobic digestion of chicken manure. A laboratory upflow fixed bed reactor was fed scrubbed H2S from the biogas and nitrate. Over 95% H2S and 90% nitrate removal were achieved. When fed directly scrubbed H2S, the reactor experienced clogging from elemental sulfur particles. Feeding scrubbed H2S from biogas at pH 8-9 achieved 98% H2S and 97% nitrate removal without clogging. This process biologically converted H2S to elemental sulfur while denitrifying wastewater.
This document describes a study that evaluated the use of a gas-liquid membrane contactor process for selective removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from biogas. The effects of biogas retention time (GRT), membrane thickness, and liquid absorbent pH were investigated. The results showed that H2S removal efficiency improved with increasing GRT and absorbent pH, and decreased with increasing membrane thickness. Lower GRT and thicker membranes resulted in higher desulfurization selectivity. The methane content of the treated biogas increased with GRT and the process achieved high H2S removal without significant methane loss. SEM-EDS analysis found inorganic deposits on the membrane surface but no membrane clogging or fouling issues. Overall,
This study investigated using a bio-electrochemical system (BES) for the simultaneous removal of nitrate and sulfide from different sources without mixing the sources. The anode chamber of the BES was fed with effluent from a sulfate reducing reactor as an electron donor source, while the cathode chamber was fed with nitrate-rich groundwater as an electron acceptor source. The BES was effective at simultaneously removing 10 gS/m3/d of sulfide and 7.26 gN/m3/d of nitrate without mixing the sources. Denitrification in the cathode chamber was supported by electrons from sulfide oxidation in the anode chamber passing through the membrane, and possibly from corrosion of
Equilibrium and Kinetics Adsorption of Cadmium and Lead Ions from Aqueous Sol...theijes
This document summarizes a study on the adsorption of cadmium and lead ions from aqueous solution using bamboo-based activated carbon. Key findings include:
1) Unwashed chemical activated bamboo carbon achieved 87.81% removal of cadmium at pH 5 and 96.45% removal of lead at pH 11.
2) Adsorption equilibrium was reached within 1 hour for cadmium and 2.5 hours for lead.
3) Adsorption isotherm data fitted the Freundlich, Temkin, and Hills isotherm models well, suggesting chemisorption as the adsorption mechanism.
4) Kinetic data correlated best with the pseudo-
IRJET- Characterisation of Grey Water and Treatment using Moving Bed Biof...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that characterized greywater and treated it using a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR). The study investigated how various factors like flow rate, hydraulic retention time, and MBBR fill rate affected the reactor's performance in removing organic matter from greywater. The researchers found that a flow rate of 60 L/d, hydraulic retention time of 36 hours, and MBBR fill rate of 30% produced the highest COD removal efficiency of 87.45%. The MBBR media provided a large surface area for microbial growth and effectively treated greywater.
IRJET- Improvement of Sludge Reduction Efficiency of Ozonation by Microbubble...IRJET Journal
This document discusses improving the efficiency of sludge reduction through ozonation using microbubble aeration technology and catalysis. It finds that adding hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a catalyst and using microbubbles generated by a linear mixer pipe can significantly increase the biodegradability and reduce the mass of sludge. Key results include an oil content reduction from 77.48% to 51.7% after ozonation. Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) were also reduced, while COD and NH4+ levels increased. The linear mixer pipe was found to be more effective for microbubble generation and sludge treatment than a jet
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effectiveness of using activated carbon produced from snail shells for treating wastewater from beverage industries. Snail shells were pyrolyzed and activated with phosphoric acid. Characterization of the activated samples showed they had higher surface area, porosity, and pH than the non-activated sample. Treatment of beverage wastewater with the activated carbon significantly reduced parameters like BOD, COD, turbidity and phosphate over treatment times of 10-40 minutes. The study concluded that activated carbon from snail shells is effective for wastewater treatment from beverage industries.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the removal of nitrate from groundwater using activated carbon prepared from rice husk and sludge from a paper industry wastewater treatment plant. The key findings are:
- Activated carbon from rice husk achieved a maximum nitrate removal of 93.5 mg/g at pH 4 and 4 hours of contact time. Activated carbon from paper industry sludge achieved 79.5 mg/g removal under the same conditions.
- Adsorption was best fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model and followed pseudo-second order kinetics.
- Increasing the ratio of ZnCl2 used for activation improved adsorption capacity, with a 1:
Development of an experimental rig for bioremediation studiesAlexander Decker
The document describes the development of an experimental rig for bioremediation studies using indigenous technology. Key details include:
- The rig consists of various units like air pretreatment, fixed bed bioreactors, volatile organic compound traps, air flow meter, and carbon dioxide traps.
- Components were sized, designed, and fabricated locally at low cost. Testing showed the rig effectively degraded 75% of oil and grease from contaminated soil over 10 weeks.
- The rig was used to study bioremediation of soil contaminated with spent motor oil in 6 treatments with various additives over room temperature.
Treatability Study of Leachate by Fenton OxidationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using Fenton oxidation to treat fresh leachate. The researchers determined the optimal conditions for Fenton oxidation through a series of experiments varying pH, ferrous sulfate dosage, hydrogen peroxide dosage, and reaction time. The maximum removal efficiencies achieved were 99.1% for turbidity, 86.3% for hardness, 85.1% for COD, and 99.3% for color under optimal conditions of pH 2.5, 1.5 g/L ferrous sulfate dosage, 3 mL/L hydrogen peroxide dosage, and a 40 minute reaction time. The study demonstrated that Fenton oxidation is an effective and feasible method for treating leachate.
This document summarizes and evaluates four alternatives for phosphorus removal at a wastewater treatment plant: 1) two-stage chemical addition, 2) biological phosphorus removal with chemical addition, 3) tertiary chemical addition with filtration, and 4) chemical addition with possible phosphoric acid addition. It presents the process flow diagrams and key aspects of each alternative. A decision matrix scores the alternatives based on several criteria to determine the recommended option, which is tertiary alum addition with granular media filtration. BioWin modeling is used to optimize the alum dose to achieve the phosphorus removal goal.
Effective Adsorption of Cadmium (II) Ion on Orange Peels (Citrus Sinensis)IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effective adsorption of cadmium (II) ions from aqueous solution using orange peels. Through a series of batch adsorption experiments, the researcher found that orange peel has a significant capacity for adsorbing cadmium. Maximum adsorption of 95.14% was achieved under optimal conditions of pH 5, an equilibrium time of 60 minutes, and an adsorbent dosage of 0.6 grams. The adsorption capacity was found to increase with pH between 1-5 and adsorbent dosage, but decrease with increasing initial metal ion concentration, as the adsorption sites become saturated. Orange peel is a low-cost, effective adsorbent for removing heavy metals
Anammox Process for Nitrogen Removal from WastewaterJingyi Kan
This document summarizes information about the anammox process for nitrogen removal from wastewater. It describes the discovery and principle of anammox, including the chemical and biochemical reaction models. Applications of anammox include the SHARON-ANAMMOX and CANON ANAMMOX processes. Problems with anammox include long start-up times and inhibition by organic carbon. Solutions discussed are the HABR reactor design and optimization approaches like controlling temperature, dissolved oxygen, and organic carbon levels.
Separation, characterization and leaching behaviors of heavy metals in contam...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the separation, characterization, and leaching behaviors of heavy metals in contaminated river sediments. The study involved analyzing sediment samples from rivers in central Taiwan to understand the concentration and chemical forms of heavy metals present, including copper, lead, zinc, nickel, and chromium. Sequential extraction tests showed most metals exceeded sediment quality standards. Acid washing experiments found heavy metal removal efficiencies were highest for nickel, zinc, lead, copper, and chromium when washed with HCl for 120 minutes. Results indicate some metals exist in residual forms in sediments but become more exchangeable after washing, increasing bioavailability.
A Review on Nanomaterial Revolution in Oil and Gas Industry for EOR (Enhanced...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
A Review on Nanomaterial Revolution in Oil and Gas Industry for EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) Methods by Veluru Jagadeesh Babu* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals
Water pollution is one of the environmental challenges facing the world society. Consequently, the pollutants both domestic and industrial wastewater are identified as an environmental threat. Hydrochar (HC) appears as a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution to this environmental threat. HC is the solid produced from the wet pyrolysis process for biomass that is rich in carbon in a sub-critical liquid phase, called the Hydro-Thermal Carbonization Process (HTC). This review aims to address the possibility of using HC as the most effective solution to the industrial wastewater. HTC has proven a greater yield than dry pyrolysis (30%-60% wt). To date, HC is listed as a promising lower-cost alternate adsorbent for removing wastewater pollutants. In Egypt for example, only few studies have been published investigating the properties of HC and its environmental applications. In this review, we will shed light on the preparation, characterization, and previous studies on the development and recent applications of HC. In addition, we will discuss the challenges to produce HC at a commercial scale. To the best of our knowledge, there is only few research studies addressing the HC production in the Middle East countries. Therefore, the door is still opened for more research on developing production techniques on HC from different biomass, and implementation in various environmental applications
The document summarizes the Waterborne Engineering team's analysis of options for adding phosphorus removal to the Littleton/Englewood Wastewater Treatment Plant. The team evaluated four phosphorus removal alternatives and selected Alternative 3, which involves adding alum after denitrification and adding filtration for phosphorus removal. BioWin modeling of Alternative 3 achieved a phosphorus level of 0.04 mg/L in the final effluent. The team divided responsibilities among integration, process, design, and hydraulics/plant layout leads to comprehensively evaluate the alternatives. Performance was the primary decision criteria due to changing regulatory nutrient removal requirements.
Potential use of plantain (musa paradisiaca) wastes in the removal of lead an...ADEOLU ADEDOTUN TIMOTHY
The document discusses the potential use of plantain wastes in removing lead and chromium from effluent from a battery recycling plant. It describes how:
1) Plantain wastes were collected and processed to produce activated carbon, which was then used to treat effluent from a battery recycling plant in tests.
2) Testing examined the effect of pH, activated carbon dose, and initial metal concentration on removing lead and chromium. Results showed over 80% removal of both metals was achieved at optimal conditions.
3) Characterization of the activated carbons found plantain-based activated carbons had higher surface areas and similar functional groups as commercial activated carbon.
Advances in Heavy Metal Fixation, Chemical Treatment/Crystallization - MAECTI...Sevenson Environmental
This document summarizes the MAECTITE® process for remediating soils and other media contaminated with heavy metals. It describes the evolution of the process from early solidification/stabilization techniques to current chemical treatment methods. As a case study, it outlines the application of the MAECTITE® process to remediate lead-impacted soils from small arms firing ranges at Massachusetts Military Reservation. Key steps included characterization, excavation of 17,788 cubic yards of soil, chemical processing using MAECTITE® both ex situ and in situ, and reconstruction of the ranges. The project was completed within 90 days in an expedited manner to allow training to resume.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution Using Ion Exchange Resin MBHPE-TKPijsrd.com
The aim of this study is to synthesis of TKP (MBHPE-TKP) resin for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. Ion exchange resins are polymers that are capable of exchanging particular ions within the polymer with ions in a solution that is passed through them. This ability is also seen in various natural systems such as soils and living cells. The synthetic resins are used primarily for purifying water, but also for various other applications including separating out some elements. Factorial design of experiments is employed to study the effect of above factors pH, time and sorbent used. The new synthesized resins i.e. MBHPE–TKP is hydrophilic and biodegradable, so after effluent treatment used resins can be disposed off without facing any environmental problem .This study focuses on synthesis of new cation exchange resin (MBHPE – TKP) and developing method for treatment of highly contaminated industrial effluents.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Waste Water Using Water HyacinthIDES Editor
Water pollution has become one of the most serious
problems of today’s civilization. In the last few years
considerable amount of research has been done on the
potential of aquatic macrophytes for pollutant removal or even
as bio-indicators for heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems. Water
hyacinth is one of the aquatic plant species successfully used
for wastewater treatment. It is very efficient in removing
pollutants like suspended solids, BOD, organic matter, heavy
metals and pathogens. This paper mainly focuses on the
treatment of waste water using the plant ‘water hyacinth’ and
has given emphasis to the removal of heavy metals by the
plant. Water hyacinth’ could grow in sewage; they absorb and
digest the pollutants in wastewater, thus converting sewage
effluents to relatively clean water. Thus, the plants hold
promise as a natural water purification system, which could
be established at a fraction of the cost of a conventional sewage
treatment facility. The study conducted in this regard revealed
how efficiently wastewater could be treated using the plant
‘Water hyacinth’.
Removal of heavy metal lead (pb) from electrochemical industry waste water us...eSAT Journals
Abstract Electrochemical industries generates a wastewater that has a potential hazard for our environment as it contains various heavy metals such as Lead, Cadmium, Nickel etc. If this wastewater left untreated, will pollute soil and water resources. Out of the above heavy metals, in this project work, only removal of Lead (Pb) from electrochemical industrial wastewater has been investigated by using low cost adsorbent such as charcoal along with coconut shell powder as a natural adsorbent. The project is a bench scale experimental type i.e. Batch mode technique and analyses have performed by using different amounts of adsorbent in solutions with different concentrations of Lead metal. Beside the effect of various amounts of adsorbent used in adsorption efficiency experiments has been investigated. Result indicates that the maximum removal efficiency for Lead is about 94% by using 0.25 gm/L amount of activated coconut shell carbon powder (ACSCP) and charcoal powder (ACP) mixed in equal amount for particular pH and contact time. Keywords: Adsorption, batch mode technique, battery industry waste water, Coconut shell powder, Charcoal carbon powder, Economic, Heavy Metal.
Removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) using fresh water algae (Utricula...Innspub Net
A study was conducted to check the efficiency of different fresh water algae for removing heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) from contaminated water. The three most abundant indigenous algal species namely Ulothrix tenuissima, Oscillatoria tenuis and Zygogonium ericetorum were collected from fresh water channels of Parachinar, Pakistan and brought to the laboratory of Soil and Environmental Sciences Department at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan for proper identification. To check the efficiency for removing heavy metals artificial contaminated water was prepared and was inoculated with mix culture of above mentioned algae and incubated for 10 days. After incubation algal species were removed from water through centrifugation and was dried, digested and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that the concentration of all heavy metals was substantially reduced in the algal inoculated contaminated water. The analysis of algal biomass showed that considerable amount of metals and other elements were recovered in algae. Among the tested algal species, Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal Ni(99.40ug) and Cr(66.84ug) from contaminated water followed by Oscillatoria tenuis with 84ug(Ni) and 64.83ug(Cr) respectively. However Oscillatoria tenuis showed maximum removal of Cd(41.00ug) than the other algal species. Similarly Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal of Pb (451ug) followed by Ulothrix tenuissima where 441ug was recorded. Highest amount Cd, and Ni were recovered in Zygogonium ericetorum biomass while highest amount of Cr and Pb were recorded in the biomass of Oscillatoria tenuis. Finally it could be concluded that algae have efficiently removed heavy metals from contaminated water. Further research is needed to test other algal species for removal of heavy metal and other elements from the contaminated water.
The document discusses three stages of water treatment: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary treatment removes 60% of solids and a third of oxygen-demanding waste through mechanical filters and sedimentation. Secondary treatment removes up to 90% of bacteria and oxygen demand using trickling filters or activated sludge. Tertiary treatment further removes heavy metals, nitrates, and phosphates through precipitation, activated carbon, and ion exchange or biological processes.
Electrochemical treatment is a wastewater treatment technique that uses electric current to introduce charged species through electrodes placed in a reactor. This removes metals, solids, and inorganic pollutants. Types of electrochemical methods include electrooxidation, electrocoagulation, electroflotation, electrodeposition, and electrodisinfection. Electrocoagulation works by generating coagulant ions electrically from the anode like aluminum or iron ions. Electroflotation generates gas bubbles electrically to attach and float flocs to the water surface. Graphite and lead dioxide electrodes are commonly used but are unstable, so improved dioxide-ruthenium electrodes have been developed.
1) The document summarizes a study that assessed the effectiveness of using bottom ash as an adsorbent for removing lead (Pb) from wastewater. Physical, chemical, and mineralogical characterization of bottom ash was performed, along with tests to determine its Pb adsorption capacity and kinetics.
2) Kinetic data showed that Pb adsorption by bottom ash fit the pseudo-second order model best. Adsorption isotherm analysis indicated that the Freundlich isotherm model governed the equilibrium process.
3) The study concluded that bottom ash is an effective and low-cost adsorbent for removing Pb from wastewater, with its adsorption capacity increasing
Biological methods can be used to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Biosorption uses pretreated algal biomass to adsorb metals like selenium, lead, and cadmium. The fixed activated sludge process (FAST) uses submerged fixed media to increase surface area and resist shock loads, improving removal of metals like lead, chromium, and nickel. Bioleaching extracts metals from sewage sludge using bacteria at low pH and high iron concentrations over 4-10 days, increasing removal of chromium, copper, and zinc. Extracellular polymeric substances from Cloacibacterium normanense removed 85% nickel and 72% aluminum from wastewater.
The purpose of industrial water treatment is to remove impurities from the source water. There are a number of methods to achieve this including: biological processes, physical equipment, and chemical treatment. In this presentation we focus on the physical means of industrial water treatment.
The document provides information on wastewater treatment processes. It defines wastewater and the objectives of treatment, which include reducing organic substances, nutrients, and pathogens. It describes primary treatment processes like screening and sedimentation that use physical separation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge and trickling filters to further reduce organic material using microorganisms. The final effluent is suitable for discharge after primary and secondary treatment remove solids and organic waste.
Beverage Industry - The Manufacturing Process, Equipment and ControlVinit Varu
This presentation covers the importance and the manufacturing process of the beverage industry. It will cover the equipment used in the processes and the process flow diagrams of the control part. This was a group presentation held at College of Engineering, Pune (CoEP).
1. The document describes methods for testing the presence of arsenic and measuring water quality parameters like hardness, pH, and dissolved oxygen.
2. To test for arsenic, samples are treated with chemicals that cause a color change in the presence of arsenic. Mercury paper held above the solution will turn black if arsine gas is detected, indicating arsenic.
3. Water quality can be measured using portable kits that test for parameters like pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and calcium and magnesium ions. Total hardness is determined by titrating samples with EDTA indicator.
Removal of heavy metals from wastewater by carbon nanotubesAshish Gadhave
Advent of nanotechnology has introduced us with new generation of adsorbents such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
which have aroused widespread attention due to their outstanding ability for the removal of various inorganic and
organic pollutants from large volumes of water. This article reviews the practical feasibility of various kinds of raw
and surface modified carbon nanotubes for adsorption of heavy metal ions from wastewater. Further, properties of
CNTs (adsorption sites), characterization of CNTs (pore volume, BET surface area, surface total acidity, surface
total basicity) and solution properties (ionic strength, effect of pH) are explained very well. The adsorption
mechanisms are mainly attributable to chemical interactions between metal ions and surface functional groups of the CNTs. The adsorption capacity increases to greater extend after functionalization i.e. surface oxidation of CNTs. Future work on developing cost effective ways of production of CNTs and analyzing its toxicity are recommended.
Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional Water Use Efficiency - Dick Bennett, water conservation administrator, East Bay Municipal Utility District - Presentation 1/3 Best Management Practices for Commercial, Industrial and Institutional Facilities
Sonophotocatalytic Degradation of Waste WaterTejas Deshpande
The document presents a technical paper on recent trends in chemical engineering, specifically sonophotocatalytic degradation of wastewater. It discusses various sources and types of wastewater as well as current treatment methods and their drawbacks. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) like sonophotocatalysis are introduced as promising alternatives. Sonophotocatalysis combines sonication and photocatalysis to generate more hydroxyl radicals for degradation. A case study demonstrates over 95% degradation of pharmaceutical wastewater pollutants using this technique. While sonophotocatalysis has benefits, further research is still needed to optimize costs and fully understand degradation mechanisms for wide application.
Agricultural by-Products/Waste as Dye and Metal Ions Adsorbents: A Reviewresearchinventy
This document reviews the use of agricultural by-products and waste as adsorbents for removing dye and metal ions from water. It discusses various agricultural by-products that are generated in large quantities worldwide including rice husk, coffee grounds, spent tea leaves, date palm leaves, tomato waste, orange peels, oak leaves, walnut shells, olive cake, and others. These wastes present environmental and economic problems if not properly disposed of or utilized. The document examines case studies where these agricultural wastes have been used effectively as low-cost adsorbents for removing synthetic dyes and heavy metals from aqueous solutions.
Degradation of Paracetamol by Electro-Fenton and Photoelectro-Fenton Processe...Oswar Mungkasa
prepared by M.C. Lu *, M.L.Veciana**, M.D.G. de Luna*** * Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan **Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, University of the Philippines, 1011 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines *** Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines, 1011 Diliman, Quezon City, Phi for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
Applicability of Fenton Process for Treatment of Industrial Effluents: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Wastewater and effluent treatment has undergone innovative changes over the years. Traditional wastewater treatment has yielded to modern and path-breaking procedures which are more efficient and effective. The world of difficulties and unknown has opened new avenues and paths to highly feasible effluent treatment procedures, so the vigorous importance of advanced oxidation procedures. This review paper will delineate the increasing importance of various advanced oxidation processes including Fenton treatment for wastewater. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP’s), which involve and includes the in-situ generation of highly potent chemical oxidants such as the hydroxyl radical, have emerged as an important avenue of technologies to accelerate the non-selective oxidation and thus the destruction of a wide range of non-degradable organic contaminants in wastewater which cannot be eliminated biologically. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are technologies based on the generation of highly reactive species, the hydroxyl radicals, used in oxidative degradation procedures for organic compounds dissolved or dispersed in aquatic media. These processes are promising alternatives for decontamination of media containing dissolved recalcitrant organic substances, which would not be efficiently removed by conventional methods.
Study of Adsorption Isotherm Model and Kinetics on Removal of Zinc Ion from I...IJERA Editor
The removal of Zinc (Zn) metal ion from aqueous solution by using novel bioadsornbent. The impact of beginning metal particle fixation and adsorbent measurements on the adsorption of Zinc (zn) by waste water was researched. The leftover zinc ions was then broke down utilizing Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (240AA). The adsorption harmony was accomplished when zinc arrangement was 800mg/L. The rate of metal evacuation is of most prominent criticalness for building up a characteristic adsorbent-based watertreatment innovation. The greatest evacuation rate is to be 95.37%. The harmony was accomplished essentially at pH of 7 at 120 minutes and 250 rpm evacuation effectiveness of zinc at steady beginning fixation with 1.25gm measurement infers the capability of gooseberry seeds to adsorb and recoup substantial metals from watery arrangement was effectively exhibited with zinc (zn) test arrangements. The adsorption isotherm studies was done by using Langmuir, Freundlich, temkin, Hill, Jovanovich models and kinetics reaction was studied by pseudo 1st and 2 nd order kinetic reaction. The bioadsorption information fit well with the Temkin isotherm model than the other isotherm model. The kinetics 2nd order reaction was fit to this bioadsorbent than the first order kinetics. Removal of zinc ions from crackers industry waste water was found to be 84%. These outcomes have exhibited the gigantic capability of waste water as an option adsorbent for dangerous metal particles remediation in contaminated wastewater. This paper surveys and investigation the innovative parts of expulsion of zinc from the industrial waste water
A review of imperative technologies for for waste water tratament 1Edgy Rod
This document summarizes five oxidation processes for wastewater treatment: cavitation, photocatalytic oxidation, Fenton's chemistry, ozonation, and hydrogen peroxide. It discusses the basics of each process, including optimal operating parameters and reactor design. The processes generate hydroxyl radicals that can oxidize many organic and inorganic compounds. While individually the processes can partially degrade compounds, a hybrid approach may be needed to fully treat wastewater and reduce toxicity to levels for further biological treatment. More research is still needed to scale up some technologies.
Hydrogen Gas Production from Tannery Wastewater by Electrocoagulation of a Co...IOSRJAC
The performance of a continuous electrocoagulation (EC) process was investigated for tannery wastewater treatment using aluminum and iron electrodes. The effects of the operating parameters, such as current density, pH of solution and inlet flow rate, on pollutants removal efficiency and recovery of hydrogen gas were investigated in order to optimize process performance. In the case of aluminum electrodes, The results showed that for tannery wastewater with an influent pH adjusted at about 6, the use of a current density of 14 mA/cm2 , and an EC time of 125 min, gave access to pollutants (COD, Color, Cr, and NH3-N) removal efficiency 73, 94, 100 and 51%, respectively. The energy yield of harvested hydrogen was 16% of the electrical energy demand of the electrocoagulation process. However, in the case of iron electrodes, with effluent pH adjusted at about 7, , the use of a current density of 14 mA/cm2 , and an EC time of 125 min, gave access to pollutants (COD, Color, Cr, and NH3-N) removal efficiency 67, 93, 100 and 46 %, respectively. And also, the energy yield of harvested hydrogen was 15 % of the electrical energy demand of the electrocoagulation process. Thus, the operating costs for two cases were found to be 0.675 $/m3 wastewater. It could be seen that hydrogen gas production coupled with pollutants removal efficiency by EC continuous mode would be an effective approach for energy recovery and wastewater reutilization.
This document summarizes research on the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of olive oil mill wastewater over zeolite-based catalysts. The researchers prepared a Cu/13X catalyst by ion exchange and tested its activity and stability for reducing phenolic compounds in wastewater. Characterization showed the ion exchange did not affect zeolite structure but a post-treatment calcination at 1273K decreased surface area and increased copper oxide particles. Testing showed the catalyst reduced total phenols in wastewater by over 80% and TOC by 20% with low copper leaching. The research aims to develop an effective treatment to reduce toxicity of olive oil wastewater before conventional biological processing.
Treatment Methodology with Ammonia Recovery of Dyes and Pigment Manufacturing...IRJET Journal
This document reviews treatment methods for wastewater from dyes and pigment manufacturing industries. The wastewater has high levels of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N). Conventional biological treatment methods are limited in their ability to remove nitrogenous compounds from this wastewater. Advanced treatment methods that allow for ammonia recovery through stripping are discussed. Stripping ammonia at a high pH provides an opportunity to recover ammonia for use in fertilizer production. Coagulation-flocculation using chemicals like sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) to increase pH creates favorable conditions for
A critical review on the recent progress in application of electro-Fenton pro...plalak6330
One of the greatest engineering challenges of this century is development of new technologies for removing
emerging hazardous contaminants from water.sources. Electro-Fenton (EF) as one of the most promising ap
proaches of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) has received widespread attention for its excellent performance
in the removal of recalcitrant pollutants due to generation of strong oxidizing species like hydroxyl radicals
(•OH). However, the practical application of classical homogeneous EF process is hampered by a narrow pH
range (2–4) and production of sludge at higher pH values. The information obtained so far highlights the need to
enhance the removal efficiency and reduce the reaction time of EF process under neutral pH conditions. Herein,
this review summarizes efficient approaches in recent years (2017–2023) applied in EF system with the aim of
overcoming the low pH implementation barrier, such as application of heterogeneous catalysts in EF process
(HEF), cathode modifications, using chelating agents, and hybridizing the EF with other treatment methods,
including adsorption, membrane, and photo/catalysis. These strategies can accelerate the iron cycle and Fe3+
reduction; therefore, more H2O2 and •OH can be generated. Promoting the H2O2 utilization efficiency can
provide more oxidative species, which leads to higher degradation and mineralization of contaminant. On the
other hand, some strategies by preventing the Fe3+precipitation at higher pH values help the system work in a
wider pH range. In the final section, the challenges of these plans are discussed and perspectives for future
research are proposed to improve the practicability and feasibility of the EF for wastewater treatment.
Keywords:
Neutral pH
Electro-Fenton process
Wastewater treatment
Heterogeneous catalysts
Cathode modification
Chelating agents
Kinetic model for the sorption of cu (ii) and zn (ii) using lady fernAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the kinetic modeling of copper and zinc ion sorption using lady fern leaf waste biomass. The study found that the rate of copper and zinc sorption was rapid within the initial 5-20 minutes, reaching a maximum in 30 minutes. Kinetic modeling showed the process followed a pseudo-second order model. Equilibrium sorption was examined using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, with the Langmuir model revealing a monolayer sorption capacity of 0.09mg/g for both copper and zinc ions. The results indicate lady fern leaf waste could effectively remove toxic metals from industrial effluents.
Treatability study of cetp wastewater using physico chemical process-a case s...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Treatability study of cetp wastewater using physico chemical process-a case s...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present study is focused on a Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) located at Umaraya, District Baroda. Waste water from about thirty five small and medium scale industries majorly comprising of chemical manufacturing and pharmaceutical industries are treated in this CETP. The incoming wastewater was collected and mixed to prepare samples. They were then oxidized by Fenton’s reagent (Fe2+/H2O2) reduction in COD and BOD were observed at different H2O2 and FeSO4 doses to determine the optimum values. Thereafter pretreated wastewater was subjected to filtration with ordinary charcoal and COD and BOD reductions were noted.COD and BOD reduction of 64.35% and 68.57% respectively was achieved by Fenton’s reagent and after filtration the values were well within the disposal standards. The results clearly indicate that conventional system should be replaced by physicochemical process like oxidation and filtration. Index Terms: CETP, COD and BOD reduction, Fenton’s Reagent, Charcoal Filtration
IRJET- Applications of Anaerobic Baffled Reactor in Wastewater Treatment usin...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of anaerobic baffled reactors for wastewater treatment. Anaerobic baffled reactors have several advantages over other anaerobic treatment systems, such as better resilience to shocks, longer biomass retention times, and lower sludge production. The physical structure of anaerobic baffled reactors allows for modifications like adding an aerobic polishing stage to treat difficult wastewaters. The study investigated the behavior of three reactors using different types of biofilms to improve treatability. Test results revealed the reactor using palm fiber biofilm gave the highest COD removal compared to the others. In general, anaerobic baffled reactors provide a simple and effective way to treat various wast
A Low Cost Material, Banana Peel for the Removal of Lead (II) from Aqueous S...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the use of banana peel as a low-cost adsorbent for removing lead (II) ions from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the effects of pH, contact time, initial metal concentration, and adsorbent dosage on lead removal. The results showed that adsorption was highly dependent on pH, with maximum removal occurring at pH 7. Optimal contact time was 80 minutes. Adsorption capacity decreased with increasing initial metal concentration due to saturation of binding sites. Removal efficiency increased with higher adsorbent dosages up to 0.5g, but remained constant above this dosage. Overall, banana peel proved to be an effective and inexpensive adsorbent for
Electro-Fenton Oxidation of Simulated Pharmaceutical Waste: Optimization usin...abdul raufshah
This research article examines the removal of the pharmaceutical contaminant diclofenac from wastewater using an electro-Fenton oxidation process. The researchers optimized various parameters of the process, such as NaCl concentration, H2O2 concentration, electrode distance, and electrolysis time, using a central composite design experimentation approach. Their results showed up to 80% removal of the drug and 91% reduction in chemical oxygen demand at optimal parameter levels. Kinetic studies of drug removal were also conducted. The electro-Fenton process was found to be effective at degrading the pharmaceutical waste using hydroxyl radicals generated in situ.
Low Cost Anaerobic Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste Leachateiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
37.8 MGD Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant Field and Model Capacity...njcnews777
The activated sludge plant at a large municipal wastewater treatment plant underwent a model capacity evaluation stress test over 3 months to evaluate treatment process capacity and efficiencies. During the stress test, 3 of 5 aeration basins and 3 of 4 clarifiers were used to treat flows up to 37.8 mgd, demonstrating the plant's ability to effectively treat over 20% more than the permitted flow. Operational improvements made prior to the stress test optimized plant performance by increasing oxygen transfer efficiency, improving anoxic zone mixing, controlling sludge flows, and screening solids. Comparing data from the stress test to 2002 data showed a 38% reduction in biochemical oxygen demand entering the plant, validating the effectiveness of the operational improvements
Similar to Industrial Water Treatment Optimization at Kelly Air Force Base (20)
Capping Options for a Low-Level Radioactive Material Storage Pile Formerly Ut...njcnews777
The document appears to be a 13-page resume or curriculum vitae on the trumpetcall.org website. However, most of the pages are blank except for the page number and URL. The document provides little substantive information to summarize.
Preventing Red Water Problems Without Removing Iron and Manganese. Iron and ...njcnews777
Sequestration with polyphosphates disperses iron into the colloidal state as charged particles remain suspended and red water problems which occur during settlement are eliminated. Manganese red water problems are eliminated by the resistance polyphosphates impart to manganese oxidation from +2 to +3 or +4 oxidation states.
Anoxic Selector Single Stage Nitrification Process Waste Water Plant Theory a...njcnews777
Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) Annual Water Quality Training Conference. Practical application of Nitrification and Denitrification at a new or existing wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Principles and Theory.
Turning Waste Into Revenue Through BioTransformationnjcnews777
The City of Waco Wastewater Treatment Plant operates a sludge pelleting process that converts wastewater sludge into a marketable pellet used as a soil conditioner and nutrient. This process generates about $275,000 in annual revenue. The plant also uses methane from anaerobic digestion to generate electricity, offsetting $17,380 in monthly electricity costs. Future plans include expanding electricity generation and adding composting and methane co-generation to further reduce costs and diversify biotransformation options.
Water Reuse: Technologies for Industrial and Municipal Applicationsnjcnews777
This document discusses water reuse technologies for industrial and municipal applications. It provides an overview of increasing water stress globally and decreasing available freshwater resources. Various industries like oil and gas, manufacturing, mining, and municipalities are major water users. The document then summarizes different water reuse processes used in food industry, oil and gas, municipalities, and agriculture to treat and reclaim wastewater for reuse. These include reverse osmosis, membrane bioreactors, and thermal distillation. The key is adopting a lifecycle water management approach to optimize reuse of flowback water in fracking operations and minimize costs and environmental impacts.
Cross Flow or Tangential Flow Membrane Filtration (TFF) to Enable High Solids...njcnews777
Cross Flow or Tangential Flow Filtration (TFF) Membrane Plants are used in Desalination, Brackish Groundwater Treatment, High Chloride Surface Water Treatment, Waste Water Treatment Plant Effluent Reuse, Biopharmaceutical, Food & Protein Applications for removal of undesired constituents and harvesting of desireable products. Cross flow membrane filtration technology has been used widely in industry globally. Filtration membranes can be polymeric or ceramic, depending upon the application. The principles of cross-flow filtration are used in reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration and microfiltration. When purifying water, it can be very cost effective in comparison to the traditional evaporation methods. Techniques to improve performance of cross flow filtration include:
Backwashing: In backwashing, the transmembrane pressure is periodically inverted by the use of a secondary pump, so that permeate flows back into the feed, lifting the fouling layer.
Clean-in-place: Clean-in-place systems are typically used to remove fouling from membranes after extensive use. The CIP process may use detergents, reactive agents such as sodium hypochlorite and acids and alkalis such as citric acid and sodium hydroxide.
Concentration: The volume of the fluid is reduced by allowing permeate flow to occur. Solvent, solutes, and particles smaller than the membrane pore size pass through the membrane, while particles larger than the pore size are retained, and thereby concentrated. In bioprocessing applications, concentration may be followed by diafiltration.
Diafiltration: In order to effectively remove permeate components from the slurry, fresh solvent may be added to the feed to replace the permeate volume, at the same rate as the permeate flow rate, such that the volume in the system remains constant. This is analogous to the washing of filter cake to remove soluble components. Dilution and re-concentration is sometimes also referred to as "diafiltration."
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
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Industrial Water Treatment Optimization at Kelly Air Force Base
1. WASTEWATER
Heavy Metals Removal
Enhancing the Co-Precipitation Process for Heavy Metal Industrial
Waste Treatment
By Daniel Christodoss Ph.D., Stephen A. Veale, and Terry L. Bires
Science Applications International Corporation
Co-precipitation gains ground as a popular cost-effective alternative to conventional
treatment of industrial wastewater (Parts 1 & II Environmental Technology
Journal, January to April 1999)
Wastewater from industrial processes such as electroplating, painting, degreasing, and
engine testing and maintenance activities typically contain heavy metals that must be
removed prior to discharge in order to meet NPDES requirements. Although several
technologies are available for heavy metals treatment, many of these systems employ
treatment techniques that are not cost effective. An innovative technology that uses a
process known as co-precipitation has been increasingly recognized as an alternative to
conventional treatment of industrial waste waters, resulting in significant cost benefits to
plant owners and operators.
Co-precipitation occurs when ferrous iron is added to metallic waste streams and
subsequently oxidized in an aerated reactor. The oxidized iron, which is insoluble,
precipitates along with other metallic contaminants present in the waste stream, thereby
enhancing metals removal. The precipitates can then be separated from the treated water
by chemical coagulation, flocculation and clarification processes. The clarified effluent
is subsequently filtered to remove any residual solids prior to discharge.
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environmental TECHNOLOGY . January to April 1999
2. WASTEWATER
Background
Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) recently designed and installed a
1,460 gpm metals treatment process to replace the insoluble sulfide precipitation
processes which were being used for industrial wastewater treatment of an aircraft
maintenance facility in Texas. This metals treatment system consisted of two 700 gpm
co-precipitation units and one 60 gpm co-precipitation pretreatment unit (Figure 1). The
design incorporated the co-precipitation process and equipment developed by Unipure
Environmental, Fullerton, California.
Figure 1. Co-precipitation system (1-60 gpm and 2-700 gpm) installed by SAIC
The design treatment standards (design criteria) were based on the limits established for
the facility under its National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) and
Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC) permits.
SAIC then
conducted an optimization study to minimize the consumption of process chemicals (e.g.,
ferrous chloride, sodium hydroxide, and anionic polymer) while maximizing metals
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environmental TECHNOLOGY . January to April 1999
3. WASTEWATER
removal. Influent characteristics for the optimization study are shown on Table 1 and
Figure 2.
Co-precipitation Process Overview
The primary processes used by the co-precipitation metals treatment system are coprecipitation, coagulation, and flocculation (Figure 3). The process utilizes three main
Table 1. Co-precipitation system influent/effluent concentrations vs permit limits
LOCATION
Monitored Parameters/Results (mg/L)
Cd
Cr
Cu
Ni
Zn
Influent
0.067
60.962
0.089
26.6
0.441
Effluent
0.01
0.116
0.01
0.406
0.05
Discharge Std Permit (Single Grab)
1.2
7
4.5
4.1
4.2
Co-precipitation Effectiveness
70
Concentration (mg/L)
60
50
40
30
Influent
20
Effluent
10
0
Cd
Cr
Cu
Ni
Zn
Discharge Std Permit (Single
Grab)
Metal
Figure 2. Co-precipitation system influent/effluent concentrations vs permit limits
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environmental TECHNOLOGY . January to April 1999
4. WASTEWATER
components: a reactor, a chemical mix chamber and a lamella-plate clarifier. A ferrous
chloride (11 percent by volume) solution is injected into the influent waste stream prior to
the reactor which is used for precipitation of the heavy metals. Sodium hydroxide is
used to maintain the pH in the reactor at 7.5 - 8.0. Air is introduced into the reactor to
R eactor
F lash
Tank
A erators
From
Equalization
Basins
F loc
T ank
T o D ischarge
O utfall
C larifier
Influent
P um ps
Sludge R ecycle
P um p
H igh
P ressure
A ir
F errous
C hlo ride
Sodium
P olym er
H ydroxide
Sludge W asting
P um p
To Sludge
D ew atering
F acility
Figure 3. Co-precipitation metals treatment process flow diagram
oxidize the ferrous iron (Fe2+) to ferric iron (Fe3+). Ferric iron precipitates and entraps
heavy metals into its matrix. Ferric iron further acts as a catalyst for oxidation of the
remaining ferrous iron to ferric iron. The resulting solids laden water (ferric iron and the
entrapped heavy metals) flows to the flash mix chamber. In the flash mix chamber of the
clarifier an anionic polymer (50 percent by volume) is added to react with the solids to aid
in the agglomeration of solids to form large particle sizes that will settle to the bottom of
the clarifier. Some of the solids from the clarifier are recycled to the reactor to aid in the
nucleation of metal precipitation.
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environmental TECHNOLOGY . January to April 1999
5. WASTEWATER
Treatment Benefits
The quantity of chemicals associated with the former sulfide precipitation waste treatment
process is presented in Figure 4. Prior to the installation and implementation of the coprecipitation process, chemical use (ferrous sulfate, ferrous chloride, anionic polymer and
sodium hydroxide) approximated 210,000 pounds per month for metals treatment at the
facility. Most of the chemicals were consumed in the ferrous sulfide batching process.
Since the installation of the co-precipitation process, a marked reduction in chemical
consumption has been observed.
In the six month period immediately following
initiation of the co-precipitation process, chemical consumption was reduced to
approximately 70,000 pounds per month; a reduction of over 66 percent. Decrease in
chemical consumption and a corresponding decrease in the amount of sludge generated
led to significant cost savings in the operation of the newly installed co-precipitation unit.
In relation to the effluent quality from the co-precipitation system, all permit
requirements were met consistently for the treated effluent (TSS<1 mg/L for the coprecipitation system vs. 30 mg/L previously; permit requirement=25 mg/L). Due to the
simplicity in operating and maintaining the co-precipitation unit, the plant manager
reported that the time
devoted to process control and maintenance had reduced
significantly resulting in increased operator utilization. Effluent quality as evident from
visual observations and chemical analysis was reported to be much cleaner than previous
operations.
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environmental TECHNOLOGY . January to April 1999
6. WASTEWATER
OPTIMIZATION STUDY
After the installation of the co-precipitation process, an optimization study was performed
to identify optimum operating conditions for maximizing its effectiveness. During the
study, the effectiveness of the system was tested at different chemical dosages and flow
1.20E+06
1.00E+06
8.00E+05
6.00E+05
4.00E+05
2.00E+05
Pounds
3.00E+03
Six months before installation of co-precipitation
Six months after installation of co-precipitation
~
~
2.00E+03
1.00E+03
0.00E+00
Ferrous
Caustic
Polymer
Figure 4. Chemical usage comparison
rates (20, 40, 60 and 70 gpm) to identify conditions that correspond to the best removal
efficiency. The influent flow rates were selected to test a representative range within the
flow capabilities of the co-precipitation process, from 20 gallons per minute (gpm) to 60
gpm and hydraulic stress at 70 gpm. The dosaging range was chosen to accommodate the
varying concentrations of metals observed in the raw water influent during a previous
baseline evaluation. The objective in varying the flow and chemical dosages was to
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environmental TECHNOLOGY . January to April 1999
7. WASTEWATER
identify the optimum flow, iron and polymer dosages for operation of the 60 gpm coprecipitation plant.
The effects of several process variables on process efficiency were evaluated to obtain a
better understanding of the co-precipitation process and indentify optimum parameters or
ranges for maximizing system effectiveness. Variables evaluated included: influent water
quality, pH range for effective floc formation, flow rates, chemical dosages and solids
loading in the reactor.
The effects of these variables on process effectiveness are
discussed below.
Raw Water Influent Water Quality Variances.
During the optimization study,
significant fluctuations in the physical characteristics of the wastewater influent were
observed. The color of the influent ranged from light green during the first few weeks of
the study, to dark brown to black in color and with a sulfur-like odor during the final two
weeks of the study. The color of the precipitate in the flocculator varied from brown to
gray. In addition, raw water influent TSS, turbidity, and pH varied significantly during
the study period. The raw water influent total metals concentrations encountered in this
study ranged from 1 to 88 mg/L. The raw water influent TSS ranged from 1 to 118 mg/L,
turbidity from 14 to 200 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), and pH from 8.3 to 12.07.
Effects of Influent Quality.
Variations in the physical and chemical characteristics of the raw water influent had no
significant impacts on the metal removal efficiency of the process.
However, the
effective pH range for coagulation, flocculation and separation of metal precipitates from
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environmental TECHNOLOGY . January to April 1999
8. WASTEWATER
the waste stream shifted significantly with influent water quality variations. To ensure
treatment process operation within this effective pH range, pH adjustments were made at
the flash mixer to maximize metals removal in the clarifer. The effective pH range for
floc formation in this study ranged from 6.35 to 11 and was determined by running
simplified screening level jar tests on the raw water. The dark colored influent observed
during this study generally had a higher pH range (>10) for effective floc formation.
Although the raw water quality and the effective pH for metal removal varied
significantly during this study, process parameters were adjusted to cause little to no
impact on the process efficiency. The flexibility of the process in accomodating large
water quality fluctuations indicate it can be designed to treat a wide range of industrial
waste waters. For example, at an influent pH of 10.06, turbidity 200 NTU, total metals
78.5 mg/L, and TSS 118 mg/L, the metal removal efficiency was about 99.1 percent. At a
similar pH (10.09), but much lower turbidity of 15.5 NTU, total metals 6.83 mg/L, and
TSS 2.5 mg/L, metal removal efficiency was 94.1 percent, indicating that the raw water
influent quality parameters such as total metal concentrations, turbidity and TSS did not
impact process efficiency.
Flow Rate Variance. Flow rate through the system had minimal effects on treatment
since influent flow variations did not impact effluent water quality. For example, in a
control test all parameters were kept constant and only the flow rates were varied.
Results indicated that flow was not a significant factor in the operation of the coprecipitation system since little to no impacts were observed on the process efficiency.
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environmental TECHNOLOGY . January to April 1999
9. WASTEWATER
Polymer and Iron Dose. Raw water influent metal concentrations encountered in this
study were much lower than those encountered during the baseline study. Therefore, iron
loading rates of 50 mg/L and higher were used prior to this study to be consistent with the
manufacturer’s recommended design dosage. The ferrous chloride dosing solution
strength (11 percent by volume) and the dosaging pumps were designed for the baseline
study influent conditions. However, the raw water influent metal concentrations
encountered during this study were much lower than baseline study conditons.
Therefore, it was not surprising to see best results at an iron to polymer ratio of 1 to 1 and
an iron loading rate in the range of 10 to 25 mg/L. Metal removal efficiency was as high
as 99.41 percent for an approximate iron dosage of 10 parts per million (ppm), iron
polymer ratio of 1:1 and 60 ppm flow. The iron to polymer ratio was based on the
volume flow rate of iron (11 percent by volume ferrous chloride) and polymer (50 percent
by volume). While attempting to accurately deliver a lower dosage (10 mg/L) which is
one-fifth the design strength (50 mg/L and higher), tuning problems were encountered,
and therefore it was difficult to calibrate the pumps to deliver dosages accurately. A
lower percentage of ferrous chloride could be used to address this problem.
Solids Loading in the Reactor. Solids loading of about 50 percent in the reactor
resulted in good metals removal efficiency. Solids loading less than 10 percent resulted
in poor effluent, whereas solids loading greater than 70 percent burdened the clarifier
unit.
To maintain the desired solids loading in the reactor for nucleation of metal
precipitation, the co-precipitation system timers were adjusted to recycle a portion of the
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environmental TECHNOLOGY . January to April 1999
10. WASTEWATER
sludge produced from the clarifier back to the reactor tank while the remaining portion of
sludge was pumped to the sludge dewatering facility.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A flow control study was performed with three different step flows (20, 40, and 60 gpm)
to identify the optimum flow for operation of the 60 gpm co-precipitation unit process.
Although lower flows are known to generally result in substantially higher metal removal
efficiencies in water treatment processes that involve clarification (due to increased
residence time in the clarifier), in this study, lower flows did not yield significantly higher
efficiencies. That is because the lamella-type clarifier of the co-precipitation system
evenly distributes the wastewater over a large surface area, minimizing depth of flow,
thereby requiring minimal residence time in the clarifier unit for flocculant to settle out.
Decrease in the flow rate from 60 (design flow rate for the system) to 20 gpm caused only
a 10 percent increase in efficiency.
An iron control study was also performed to compare metal removal effectiveness at three
different step flows (20, 40, and 60 gpm) and determine the role of iron in the treatment
process. Ferrous chloride was not added in this study, only polymer. The importance of
adding ferrous chloride in addition to the polymer was confirmed when the treatment
efficiency dropped to 50 percent or less, in the absence of iron dosage.
The system was tested at 70 gpm (hydraulic stress) to determine the effectiveness of the
system at its maximum hydraulic capacity. The high metal removal efficiencies obtained
for this study (>90 percent for higher polymer:iron dosages) indicate that the system
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environmental TECHNOLOGY . January to April 1999
11. WASTEWATER
could be run at its full capacity, if needed, during peak conditions. Metal removal
efficiencies in this test were higher than those encountered for 20 to 60 gpm flows. It is
important to note that this 70 gpm study had higher influent TSS concentrations than
those encountered in the flow control studies. Higher TSS concentrations could result in
heavier floc since the solids aid the agglomeration of particles and subsequent
clarification.
Higher iron dosages (> 10 ppm) did not significantly increase treatment effectiveness, but
actually decreased in several runs. In a few instances, only a slight increase in efficiency
was observed for a five-fold increase (10 to 50 ppm) in ferrous chloride dosages. These
observations indicate that a dosage in the range of 10 to 25 ppm ferrous chloride may be
in the threshold of diminishing returns. The influent metals concentrations (excluding
iron) encountered in this study ranged from 1 to 88 mg/L. However, in the event of a
peak or an increase in the influent metal concentrations in future plant operations outside
the ranges encountered in this study higher iron and polymer dosages may be required for
effective treatment.
Changes in influent metal concentrations could also cause a significant shift in the
effective pH range for metal removal. In one instance, a simple jar test was performed in
the laboratory when no floc formation occurred at the typical treatment pH of 8.7. The
influent was gray to black in color in this instance, which was different from the green to
brown color previously observed. During the jar test, good floc formation was observed
at pH 10.2, which is outside the co-precipitation recommendation range of 7.5 to 8.5.
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environmental TECHNOLOGY . January to April 1999
12. WASTEWATER
This test indicated that changes in water quality could shift the pH range for floc
formation and effective treatment.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Operation of Co-precipitation System. The following recommendations apply to the
operation of the 60 gpm co-precipitation system:
Run system at 10 ppm iron loading, 60 gpm flow (design flow) and an iron
polymer ratio of 1:1 to achieve greater metals reduction and reduced sludge
generation.
Particle growth and agglomeration is critical for clarification. Maintain a solids
loading of 50 percent in reactor. Lower solids content may result in poor effluent
quality. Higher solids content may burden the reactor.
A reduced ferrous chloride solution concentration source would increase the
tuning ability of the existing iron dosing pump. Reduce the ferrous chloride
solution strength to 5 percent.
Adjust the wasting timer to compensate for a smaller amount of sludge produced
due to the decrease in chemical dosaging (especially ferrous chloride). Sludge
wasting can be conducted less frequently since the lower iron and polymer
dosages recommended in this study will result in the generation of lower sludge
volumes. Similarly adjust air flow to the reactor and sludge recycling frequency
to account for the lower recommended chemical dosaging.
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environmental TECHNOLOGY . January to April 1999
13. WASTEWATER
Floc formation is critical to effluent water quality; therefore, simple jar tests
should be performed to determine the optimum pH for floc formation as changes
in influent water quality are observed.
Since influent quality can change
periodically, visual observations every two hours would help identify water
quality variations that could cause a shift in the effective pH range.
References:
1. Unipure Environmental. Dr. Terry Yu, Project Manager.
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environmental TECHNOLOGY . January to April 1999