Abstract The effect of various welding process parameters on the weldability of Mild Steel specimens of grade EN-3A having dimensions 150mm× 100mm× 6 mm, welded by metal inert gas welding were investigated. The welding current, arc voltage, welding speed, are chosen as welding parameters. The depth of penetrations were measured for each specimen after the welding operation is done on closed butt joint and the effects of welding speed, current, voltage parameters on depth of penetration were investigated. Index Terms: Mild Steel (EN-3A), metal inert gas welding, welding current, arc voltage and welding speed.
Analysis of the Effect of carbon fiber utilization on Cobalt-60 Teletherapy t...AM Publications
The research about the effect of carbon fiber on cobalt-60 teletherapy type GWXJ80 to the depth dose when gamma rays passed the carbon fiber couch and its effect to the surface dose has been conducted. Depth dose has been measured using ionization detector 0.65cc Extradin A12 model with the buildup cup that is connected to the electrometer Max4000 (Standard Imaging). Depth dose data have been obtained from 5 cm, 6 cm, 7 cm and 9 cm of depth with angle variations of each depth are from 0o - 360o (10o angle interval ). The result of measurement has been processed using TRS398 protocol. The Surface dose measurement were performed using Gafchromic EBT2 film which was placed on the surface of slab phantom with and without carbon fiber. Irradiation field of this measurement were 6x6cm2, 8x8cm2, 10x10cm2, 12x12cm2, 14x14cm2, 16x16cm2 and 18x18cm2. The reading results of optic density using X-RITE densitometer were converted to dose refering the characteristic curve graph of Gafchromic EBT2 that had been prepared. Characteristic curve of the film have been made by giving 25cGy, 50cGy, 100cGy, 150cGy, 200cGy, 250cGy and 300cGy of dose to film strip in 2,5x3cm2 of field. The result of this research showed that in 5cm, 6cm, 7cm, 8cm and 9cm of the depth, can be obtained transmission factors 0.954, 0.952, 0.951, 0.950 and 0.948. A great transmission factor change occured at the gantry angle position at 100o to 120o. Carbon fiber application for the surface dose increased the relative dose from 10.9% into 37.4% (6x6cm2), 16.9% into 48.39% (8x8cm2), 23.0% into 63.3% (10x10cm2), 29.2% into 75.4% (12x12cm2), 33.3% into 80.1% (14x14cm2), 37% into 86.9% (16x16cm2) and 43.3% into 91.2% (18x18cm2).
Analysis of the Effect of carbon fiber utilization on Cobalt-60 Teletherapy t...AM Publications
The research about the effect of carbon fiber on cobalt-60 teletherapy type GWXJ80 to the depth dose when gamma rays passed the carbon fiber couch and its effect to the surface dose has been conducted. Depth dose has been measured using ionization detector 0.65cc Extradin A12 model with the buildup cup that is connected to the electrometer Max4000 (Standard Imaging). Depth dose data have been obtained from 5 cm, 6 cm, 7 cm and 9 cm of depth with angle variations of each depth are from 0o - 360o (10o angle interval ). The result of measurement has been processed using TRS398 protocol. The Surface dose measurement were performed using Gafchromic EBT2 film which was placed on the surface of slab phantom with and without carbon fiber. Irradiation field of this measurement were 6x6cm2, 8x8cm2, 10x10cm2, 12x12cm2, 14x14cm2, 16x16cm2 and 18x18cm2. The reading results of optic density using X-RITE densitometer were converted to dose refering the characteristic curve graph of Gafchromic EBT2 that had been prepared. Characteristic curve of the film have been made by giving 25cGy, 50cGy, 100cGy, 150cGy, 200cGy, 250cGy and 300cGy of dose to film strip in 2,5x3cm2 of field. The result of this research showed that in 5cm, 6cm, 7cm, 8cm and 9cm of the depth, can be obtained transmission factors 0.954, 0.952, 0.951, 0.950 and 0.948. A great transmission factor change occured at the gantry angle position at 100o to 120o. Carbon fiber application for the surface dose increased the relative dose from 10.9% into 37.4% (6x6cm2), 16.9% into 48.39% (8x8cm2), 23.0% into 63.3% (10x10cm2), 29.2% into 75.4% (12x12cm2), 33.3% into 80.1% (14x14cm2), 37% into 86.9% (16x16cm2) and 43.3% into 91.2% (18x18cm2).
Improvement of quality of service parameters using reinvented fsmac protocol ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Now-a-days Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been used in a various applications including military and security monitoring, industrial control, health monitoring, home automation, intelligent agriculture and environmental sensing. The shared and easy to access medium is undoubtedly the biggest advantage of wireless networks. The shared nature of the medium in wireless Sensor Networks makes it easy for an attacker to launch a Denial of Service (DoS) attack. These attacks are happening to stop the legitimate node from accessing resources. There are many occasions where the attack can be much easier for an attacker. For example, in carrier sensing based networks (a) the transmissions at the sender are deferred because the medium is sensed to be busy, and/or (b) the reception at the receiver is interfered with due to the jamming signals. Both these effects degrade the wireless network performance significantly. As a result causes degradation in Quality-of-Service (QoS) of a sensor network. In proposed paper, Fuzzy Logic Secure Media Access Control (FSMAC) Protocol is reinvented using new intrusion detection parameter. These two parameters are Number of time channel sensed free and variation in Channel sensed period. Performance characteristics are measured in terms of successful data transmission rate and throughput of the network. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Denial-of-Service Attack, Quality of Service, Reinvented FSMAC Protocol.
Study on the performance of cfrp strengthened circular hollow steel sectionseSAT Journals
Abstract Compared to conventional steel sections, the Steel Hollow Sections have better structural performance due to excellent properties of the tubular shape with regard to loading in compression, torsion and bending in all directions. In many structural engineering applications Hollow Sections are widely used such as airport terminal buildings, railway stations, industrial structures, etc. Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) strengthening of structures has been with success applied to concrete structures, and additionally it applied to steel structures recently. In hollow section, Steel-CFRP composite combine the benefits of the high strength to weight ratio and more ductile. This paper presents an experimental investigation carried out with two different matrix layouts of carbon fibres on the axial capacity and crushing behaviour of CFRP strengthened Circular Hollow Section (CHS). With and without CFRP wrapping the experiments were conducted on short steel columns. From the experimental studies It has been inferred that the application of CFRP to short column sections increases ductility of the section and also increases axial load carrying capacity of the section. To improve the performance of existing structures, Carbon fibre could also be with success externally bonded to metal CHS, and such application could also be provided. Keywords: Steel Hollow Sections, Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer, axial capacity, short steel columns, ductility
A survey on discrimination deterrence in data miningeSAT Journals
Abstract
For extracting useful knowledge which is hidden in large set of data, Data mining is a very important technology. There are some negative perceptions about data mining. This perception may contain unfairly treating people who belongs to some specific group. Classification rule mining technique has covered the way for making automatic decisions like loan granting/denial and insurance premium computation etc. These are automated data collection and data mining techniques. According to discrimination attributes if training data sets are biases then discriminatory decisions may ensue. Thus in data mining antidiscrimination techniques with discrimination discovery and prevention are included. It can be direct or indirect. . When choices are created depending on delicate features that period the discrimination is oblique. The elegance is oblique when choices are created depending on nonsensitive features which are strongly correlated with one-sided delicate ones. The suggested system tries to deal with elegance protection in information exploration. It suggests new improved techniques applicable for immediate or oblique elegance protection independently or both simultaneously. Conversations about how to clean coaching information sets and contracted information places in such a way that immediate and/or oblique discriminatory decision guidelines are transformed to genuine classification guidelines are done. New analytics to evaluate the utility of the suggested methods are suggests and comparison of these methods is also done.
Keywords: Antidiscrimination, information exploration, oblique and immediate elegance protection, concept protection, concept generalization, privacy.
Adsorption behaviour of dextrin onto activated oyster shelleSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of initial dextrin concentration, contact time, pH, temperature and added calcium ion on the adsorption behaviour of dextrin onto oyster shell is investigated. The results obtained show that increase in concentration and temperature below the boiling point of dextrin enhances the adsorption process. It was found in this study that adsorption density varies with pH and is maximum within the range of 2 to 7. The plot of amount of dextrin adsorbed against the concentration of the adsorbate was hyperbolic which conforms to Legmir isotherm. The free energy of dextrin oyster shell adsorption system was found to be 13.23kg/mol and the specific area of the oyster shell for this work was 70.8m 2/g.
Keywords: Adsorption, dextrin, oyster shell, behaviour, crushing, drying
Route optimization of community solid waste management in selected wards of b...eSAT Journals
Abstract Community solid waste management is an important issue in India due to the inherent challenge it is posing as urbanization is on the rise. Currently in India as well as in many urban cities and its activities the population growth has resulted in an increased community solid waste generation rate. Bangalore is the largest city and business capital of Karnataka state. The population of the city as per the 2011 census is 8,443,675 with the total number of houses 2,101,831 A part from infrastructural development going on for sustainable development MSW management should also be taken care off. In the present study community solid waste management collection, transportation and disposal cost plays an important role about 65-75% of total cost. Hence, in Bangalore city four wards were selected to study the community solid waste management system and also optimizations of routing system, collection procedure, transport and transfer activities. Geographical Information System is a device introduced to plan for waste management and also quickly implemented to overcome community solid waste management limitation. This paper attempts to analyze the existing status of transportation of location of municipal waste along with the various secondary routes followed for the solid waste collection of selected wards of Bangalore under BBMP. In the present study, using Arc GIS, a proper optimizing the waste transportation routes and segregation of waste for efficiency in distance travelled and time taken. The clusters are made by taking the time into account, which may be plus or minus the total working hours for the day. In addition, a simple optimal routing system is proposed to achieve the minimum cost/distance/time efficient collection and transport path for community solid waste management as well as social and environmental implications. Key words: community solid waste management, GIS, route optimization, transportation.
Soundness & feasibility of additional floor on existing rc building with ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Many RC structures are influenced by different adverse conditions, where the serviceability and structural capacity may be decreased. Some structural disorders may be observed due to inadequacy of reinforcement provided, strength of concrete or the difference in grade of concrete used during construction. This requires the application of strengthening measures. Hence the structure is thoroughly investigated for quality, strength of concrete and other design aspects. A major part of the investigation also involves the feasibility of one additional floor over the existing RC structure where the deficiency of reinforcement is analyzed for the proposed additional load. The appropriate strengthening measures for the deficient RC members are presented based on the analysis of the structure and also considering the different site constraints. Keywords - RC structure, structural disorder, feasibility, strengthening measures
A review on signature detection and signature based document image retrievaleSAT Journals
Abstract
Gelcoat are widely used to provide exterior protection for the finished part of fiber reinforced composite material. It is a primary focus to achieve proper gelcoat film thickness because it is a critical control point for crack prevention which is able to increase mechanical strength and withstand harsh environment. The interface between the gelcoat and laminate composite is similarly imperative in deciding the mechanical performance of the composite by controls the reintroduction of stress into component. There are no specified standard to verified that how much gel-coat thickness required to produce certain product since mostly research only focus on the enhancement of composite orientation and fiber combination. The aim of this review is to gain an in depth understanding of exactly the effect of gel-coat thickness on laminate composite structure and strength
Keywords: Gelcoat, Thickness, Protection, Laminated, Composite.
Automatic registration, integration and enhancement of india's chandrayaan 1 ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Chandrayaan-1 was India's first mission in deep space exploration to the moon. Its Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) sent images of about 50% of total lunar surface in its limited lifetime and covered polar areas almost completely at a high resolution of 5m/pixel and 10m/pixel. This image dataset has been processed and put in public domain as individual strips of images categorized according to the orbits. The authors have already developed a Lunar GIS including a set of utilities like 3-D vision and exploration, crater detection and search using datasets from NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Wide Angle Camera (WAC) which are of lower resolution than CH1. The objective of this paper is to normalize and register the Chandrayaan-1 images to existing processed data so that all these utilities can be transparently applied to high resolution Chandrayaan-1 datasets. Registration process consists of identification of features in source and target images and estimating appropriate correction for offset, rotation and scaling parameters. Furthermore, due to the low altitude orbit of satellite, the acquired images have displacement of pixels from actual nadir position, which need non-linear correction. This paper describes step by step technique to integrate these high and low resolution images in single framework. Keywords: Chandrayaan-1Lunar mapping, Moon, Feature based Image registration, Integration, ISRO, LRO, NASA, TMC, WAC.
Phonm penh changing urban fabric with demography – past and futureeSAT Journals
Abstract The fabric of a city flows and weaves itself from the people. Essentially, people make the city and so, their culture, traditions and practices create the spaces in a city/town. The rich relation between man and his cities can be seen in a number of modern day examples, such as Paris, Barcelona, Bangkok and many more. These cities show the myriad beauty in the mix of architecture in the urban fabric and how the natural development, with proper design can give rise to complex, yet organized developments. Phonm Penh, as a riverfront city and the capital city of Cambodia, offers fascinating architecture, vistas of mixed architectural styles and great scope for future architectural development. This paper is an attempt to understand and study the changing urban fabric of a city that has been the glorious historical epicenter of the Khmer kingdom, an ally, victim and refuge during the Vietnam War, a colony of the French and a genocide killing field. This paper is an effort to study factors affecting its urban fabric in the past and present and future scenarios and how this can be used in other mixed socio-cultural settings with a rich and diverse history. Key Words: Urban fabric, architecture, History, development, socio-economy, future
Index and engineering properties of spent wash blended soils a comparative s...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the present era of rapid industrialization and development of infrastructure projects, the natural resources are becoming scarce and hence their cost is increasing alarmingly. For an infrastructural project the soil consumption is very high and also specific soil is to be used for the requirements of its strength, durability etc. Locally available soil is the best option for these projects, if the suitable soil is not nearby it has a stringent effect on overall cost of project. Due to increase of demand for land in urban areas, soils which are weak and not suitable for foundations are to be effectively modified for construction of industries. Hence, there is a need to carryout research for an alternate material which is available in plenty and also gives desired strength upon modifications. There is a growing awareness allover the world about the extensive damage caused by the accumulated industrial wastes at various plants. This paper highlights various issues and scope for utilization of spent wash in engineering practice. This paper presents the results of index and engineering properties of blended soils. Studies are carried out by varying soil gradation, spent wash content under different curing time periods. For study two types of soils are taken and their properties are studied up on addition of 25% spent wash maintaining different curing periods of 2, 4 and 6 weeks. It was observed that spent wash is effective in reducing plasticity characteristics and increasing engineering properties namely, dry density and the unconfined strength of soil and reducing Optimum moisture content Index Terms: Effluent, Tropical, spentwash, blended
Thermodynamic modeling and experimental study of rice husk pyrolysiseSAT Journals
Abstract Pyrolysis of agricultural waste is a promising route for waste to energy generation. Rice husk is a type of agro-waste that is available in plenty in India. It can be used as feed for pyrolysis to produce different products such as (solid) coke and silica, (liquid) tar and other organics and syngas. HSC Chemistry computer aided code for thermodynamic modeling was used to predict the products of rice-husk pyrolysis in this research study. The pyrolysis of rice husk was carried out between 100-1200°C in the pressure range of 1 – 15 bar. The pyrolysis products predicted by HSC calculations were mainly solid coke, gases like H2, CO2, CO, CH4, with small quantity of aromatic compounds like C6H6, C7H8, C8H10 (ethyl benzene), C8H10 (xylenes) and C6H5 –OH. An experimental study for product validation was also done and the results are presented. Keywords: Pyrolysis, syngas, HSC Chemistry, aromatic compounds.
Reflux it's impact on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage wat...eSAT Journals
Abstract A/O BAF system has been used in the treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus and other nutrients present in wastewater, This economical and effective way of nutrients removal uses different parameters in the actualization of desired objectives, one of them is the Reflux ratio, this research focuses on the influence and roles of Reflux, Sponge Iron and Manganese sand on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. The following experimental operational parameters was set up for the purpose of this experiment, Hydraulic load of 0.5 m3 / m2 • h., Air/Water ratio of 10:1 (0.42L/min) and reflux ratio of 100 and 200 percent. The experiment is divided into two main areas: The effects of reflux ratio presence and absences on removal efficiency of the BAF system. The reflux water was introduced into the anaerobic column and sometimes in aerobic column. The results were examined to note the extent to which reflux plays a part on the removal rate of the nutrients when introduced into the aerobic column instead of the anaerobic column and vice versa. sponge iron and manganese sand column were also introduced, and the results of the nitrifying bacteria shown it supports the removal efficiency observed in the BAF system. The results were all investigated, compared and the analysis showed that reflux helped more in the removal of nitrogen and ammonia, while sponge iron and manganese sand increased the removal efficiency of phosphorus from waste water Key Word: BAF: Biological Aeration Filter; Total Phosphorus; Total Nitrogen; Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD); Removal Efficiency;
The impact of the diameter to height ratio on the compressibility parameters ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Compressibility parameters of fine-grained soils are mainly influenced by soil mineralogy, moisture content and soil diameter to height ratio (D/H). The British and American standards suggested that to obtain accurate engineering properties; it is necessary to use D/H ratio of 4 and 2.5 respectively to eliminate friction between the soil and the structure. In the current study, various D/H ratios were adopted ranging from 0.5 to 11. The D/H ratios effect on some compressibility parameters such as coefficient of consolidation (cv), compression index (cc) and coefficient of volume compressibility (mv) were analysed. Additionally, the impact of the D/H ratio on the acquire cv values were also presented where three methods were used namely: Casagrande, Taylor and Inflection method. The scaling effects based on cv ratio [cv (√t) / cv (log t)] from Oedometer tests using different D/H ratios are also presented. The results showed that Taylor’s method is the most appropriate way to achieve an accurate cv and an increase in pressure leads to a reduction in cc and a gradual decrease in mv. The validation of the experimental results on a finite element software package PLAXIS was completed. Keywords: Compressibility, D/H ratio, Fine-grained soil, Friction
Developing graphical user interface for analysis of beam by using matlab soft...eSAT Journals
Abstract Since Beam is an important member of any structure and carries heavy loads and hence before using beams one should have to be very sure about its shear strength and bending strength. Industrial beams have different types of support and structural properties. Various types of loads are acting on it like point loads, distributed loads etc. Shear stresses and bending moment should be within the material allowable limits and therefore analysis of beam is essential. In present work the analysis of beam is carried out by using GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) developed in software called MATLAB. This gives the package for high-performance numerical computation and visualization. Keywords: GUI, Reaction at support, Shear strength, Bending moment, SF graph, BM graph.
Realization of ofdm based underwater acoustic communicationeSAT Journals
Abstract Nowadays underwater communication plays a vital role in applications from commercial extends to military purposes. Present underwater communication systems involve the transmission of information in the form of sound, electromagnetic (EM), or optical waves. All these techniques has their own benefits and limitations. Acoustic communication is the most versatile and widely used technique in underwater environments because of its low attenuation compared with others. Acoustic waves are more applicable for thermally stable, deep water settings. But acoustic waves in shallow water can be adversely affected by temperature gradients, surface ambient noise, and multipath propagation due to reflection and refraction. The much slower speed of acoustic propagation in water, about 1500 m/s (meters per second), compared with that of electromagnetic and optical waves, and is another limiting factor for efficient communication and networking. Nevertheless, the currently favorable technology for underwater communication is upon acoustics. In this paper, we are planning to design a simple underwater acoustic system. We first discuss about the problems of underwater communication. Then we are designing a data transmission system in underwater and its analysis is done in the next step. Keywords: Underwater acoustic communication, Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, Differential phase shift keying
Optimization of automatic voltage regulator by proportional integral derivati...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper is basically based on the optimization of working of Automatic voltage regulator by the proportional Intigral
derivative controller. In this analysis, optimization is done by very novel concept Particle Swarm Optimization and simulated
using MATLAB Simulink software. The primary reason for a programmed voltage controller framework is to keep the voltage
extent of a synchronous generator at a predetermined level the generator excitation framework keeps up the generator voltage
and controls the reactive power stream.
IndexTerms:AutomaticVoltageRegulator,MATLAB
Review on analytical study on strengthening of beam by frpeSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper present the review of analytical and numerical study of flexural and shear performance of retrofitted or strengthening
of beam by fibre reinforced polymer (FRP). Now a day investigator prefer numerical and analytical study to minimize error which
can’t reduce in experimental study, hence numerical study is more reliable than experimental study and analytical study less time
consuming then experimental still having good agreement with experimental study.Almost all the software available in market are
work based on finite element method (FEM) such as ANSYS, ATENA 3D and ABAQUS. Analytical study carried out by different
author using FEM basedsoftware they found ultimate capacity of beam increased noticeably.Analytical investigation of reinforced
concrete (RC) beam with FRP were carried out by number of investigator they all studied on different aspect, some of those
worked on single layer or double layer of FRP , some of those worked on different pattern and thickness of FRP and then
compared stress, strain and deflection with control specimen. For precise result by finite element method use fine mashing and
appropriate material property. Bond behaviour between steel-concrete and concrete-FRP sheets/plate must be specify for
accurate and realistic results.
Keywords: retrofitting of beam, strengthening of beam, GFRP, CFRP, Finite Element Method (FEM), ANSYS
A study of various factors affecting risk management techniques in constructi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Risk management is an important step which should not be neglect or ignore in every project. Because of various risk involved in construction, it is difficult to maintain time, cost and quality as planned. Project undertaken in the construction sector are widely complex and have often significant budgets, and thus reducing the risk associated should be a priority for each project manager. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the key risk factors that affect construction project. Questionnaires has been prepared incorporating of 50 difference questions after which questionnaire survey was conducted where the questions has been focused based on (component of questionnaire) the respondents were selected based on their susceptibility to the risk. The data was analyzed using the Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21. The result shows that the inadequate planning in construction project, poor adoption of site safety, supply and use of defective materials and poor resources management in construction project are all among the forefront key risk factors which affect construction project, meanwhile, effective recommendations have been developed to increases the efficiency, speedy and minimises risk and abortive work in construction project.
Keywords: Construction Industries, Construction Projects, Risks Management, Techniques
The influence of cable sag on the dynamic behaviour of cable stayed suspensio...eSAT Journals
Abstract The demand of long span bridge is increasing with infrastructure magnification. To achieve maximum central span in bridges is a motivating rational challenge. The bridge with more central span can be achieved using high strength materials and innovative forms of the bridges. The cable-stayed bridge has better structural stiffness and suspension bridge has ability to offer longer span thus combination of above two structural systems could achieve very long span cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge. To distinguish behaviour and check the feasibility of this innovative form of hybrid bridge, 1400m central span and 312m side span cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge is considered for analysis. The suspension portion length in central span is also playing important role in behaviour of the entire bridge. Bridge behaviour is presented for variable length of suspension portion in form of suspension portion to main span ratio. The main cable sag in central span is playing important role on behavior of the entire bridge. It directly influences the inclination angles of the main cables, the height of pylon and thus forces in pylon. The axial force in main cable is directly depending on the sag of main cable. The effects of main cable sag is studied by considering dimensionless parameter as sag to main span ratio as 1/9, 1/10 and 1/11. Paper also discusses results of nonlinear static analysis and modal analysis carried out using SAP2000 v14.0.0. The time period of bridge is used to present the behavior of bridge. Key Words: Cable supported long span bridge; cable stayed suspension hybrid bridge; cable sag to main span ratio; dynamic analysis
Development of 1.8 M Diameter Dish Reflector using Fiberglass Materials at Ku...ijtsrd
This paper describes the design, simulation and development of parabolic reflector using fiber glass. The antenna is 1.8m in diameter, for operation at Ku-band (10.95 “ 12GHz). An f/d ratio of 0.43 was chosen and other parameters were computed. The S parameters for the antenna were obtained using Design-Expert 6.0.8 Software Version and Advance Design System (ADS). The properties of the antenna such as bandwidth, beam width, gain, directivity, return loss and VSWR were obtained. The antenna offers high efficiency and high gain. The fiberglass has good surface accuracy with a light weight of 20 kg. Olabisi Olusegun"Development of 1.8 M Diameter Dish Reflector using Fiberglass Materials at Ku-Band Applications" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11132.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/11132/development-of-18-m-diameter-dish-reflector-using-fiberglass-materials-at-ku-band-applications/olabisi-olusegun
Improvement of quality of service parameters using reinvented fsmac protocol ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Now-a-days Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been used in a various applications including military and security monitoring, industrial control, health monitoring, home automation, intelligent agriculture and environmental sensing. The shared and easy to access medium is undoubtedly the biggest advantage of wireless networks. The shared nature of the medium in wireless Sensor Networks makes it easy for an attacker to launch a Denial of Service (DoS) attack. These attacks are happening to stop the legitimate node from accessing resources. There are many occasions where the attack can be much easier for an attacker. For example, in carrier sensing based networks (a) the transmissions at the sender are deferred because the medium is sensed to be busy, and/or (b) the reception at the receiver is interfered with due to the jamming signals. Both these effects degrade the wireless network performance significantly. As a result causes degradation in Quality-of-Service (QoS) of a sensor network. In proposed paper, Fuzzy Logic Secure Media Access Control (FSMAC) Protocol is reinvented using new intrusion detection parameter. These two parameters are Number of time channel sensed free and variation in Channel sensed period. Performance characteristics are measured in terms of successful data transmission rate and throughput of the network. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Denial-of-Service Attack, Quality of Service, Reinvented FSMAC Protocol.
Study on the performance of cfrp strengthened circular hollow steel sectionseSAT Journals
Abstract Compared to conventional steel sections, the Steel Hollow Sections have better structural performance due to excellent properties of the tubular shape with regard to loading in compression, torsion and bending in all directions. In many structural engineering applications Hollow Sections are widely used such as airport terminal buildings, railway stations, industrial structures, etc. Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) strengthening of structures has been with success applied to concrete structures, and additionally it applied to steel structures recently. In hollow section, Steel-CFRP composite combine the benefits of the high strength to weight ratio and more ductile. This paper presents an experimental investigation carried out with two different matrix layouts of carbon fibres on the axial capacity and crushing behaviour of CFRP strengthened Circular Hollow Section (CHS). With and without CFRP wrapping the experiments were conducted on short steel columns. From the experimental studies It has been inferred that the application of CFRP to short column sections increases ductility of the section and also increases axial load carrying capacity of the section. To improve the performance of existing structures, Carbon fibre could also be with success externally bonded to metal CHS, and such application could also be provided. Keywords: Steel Hollow Sections, Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer, axial capacity, short steel columns, ductility
A survey on discrimination deterrence in data miningeSAT Journals
Abstract
For extracting useful knowledge which is hidden in large set of data, Data mining is a very important technology. There are some negative perceptions about data mining. This perception may contain unfairly treating people who belongs to some specific group. Classification rule mining technique has covered the way for making automatic decisions like loan granting/denial and insurance premium computation etc. These are automated data collection and data mining techniques. According to discrimination attributes if training data sets are biases then discriminatory decisions may ensue. Thus in data mining antidiscrimination techniques with discrimination discovery and prevention are included. It can be direct or indirect. . When choices are created depending on delicate features that period the discrimination is oblique. The elegance is oblique when choices are created depending on nonsensitive features which are strongly correlated with one-sided delicate ones. The suggested system tries to deal with elegance protection in information exploration. It suggests new improved techniques applicable for immediate or oblique elegance protection independently or both simultaneously. Conversations about how to clean coaching information sets and contracted information places in such a way that immediate and/or oblique discriminatory decision guidelines are transformed to genuine classification guidelines are done. New analytics to evaluate the utility of the suggested methods are suggests and comparison of these methods is also done.
Keywords: Antidiscrimination, information exploration, oblique and immediate elegance protection, concept protection, concept generalization, privacy.
Adsorption behaviour of dextrin onto activated oyster shelleSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of initial dextrin concentration, contact time, pH, temperature and added calcium ion on the adsorption behaviour of dextrin onto oyster shell is investigated. The results obtained show that increase in concentration and temperature below the boiling point of dextrin enhances the adsorption process. It was found in this study that adsorption density varies with pH and is maximum within the range of 2 to 7. The plot of amount of dextrin adsorbed against the concentration of the adsorbate was hyperbolic which conforms to Legmir isotherm. The free energy of dextrin oyster shell adsorption system was found to be 13.23kg/mol and the specific area of the oyster shell for this work was 70.8m 2/g.
Keywords: Adsorption, dextrin, oyster shell, behaviour, crushing, drying
Route optimization of community solid waste management in selected wards of b...eSAT Journals
Abstract Community solid waste management is an important issue in India due to the inherent challenge it is posing as urbanization is on the rise. Currently in India as well as in many urban cities and its activities the population growth has resulted in an increased community solid waste generation rate. Bangalore is the largest city and business capital of Karnataka state. The population of the city as per the 2011 census is 8,443,675 with the total number of houses 2,101,831 A part from infrastructural development going on for sustainable development MSW management should also be taken care off. In the present study community solid waste management collection, transportation and disposal cost plays an important role about 65-75% of total cost. Hence, in Bangalore city four wards were selected to study the community solid waste management system and also optimizations of routing system, collection procedure, transport and transfer activities. Geographical Information System is a device introduced to plan for waste management and also quickly implemented to overcome community solid waste management limitation. This paper attempts to analyze the existing status of transportation of location of municipal waste along with the various secondary routes followed for the solid waste collection of selected wards of Bangalore under BBMP. In the present study, using Arc GIS, a proper optimizing the waste transportation routes and segregation of waste for efficiency in distance travelled and time taken. The clusters are made by taking the time into account, which may be plus or minus the total working hours for the day. In addition, a simple optimal routing system is proposed to achieve the minimum cost/distance/time efficient collection and transport path for community solid waste management as well as social and environmental implications. Key words: community solid waste management, GIS, route optimization, transportation.
Soundness & feasibility of additional floor on existing rc building with ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Many RC structures are influenced by different adverse conditions, where the serviceability and structural capacity may be decreased. Some structural disorders may be observed due to inadequacy of reinforcement provided, strength of concrete or the difference in grade of concrete used during construction. This requires the application of strengthening measures. Hence the structure is thoroughly investigated for quality, strength of concrete and other design aspects. A major part of the investigation also involves the feasibility of one additional floor over the existing RC structure where the deficiency of reinforcement is analyzed for the proposed additional load. The appropriate strengthening measures for the deficient RC members are presented based on the analysis of the structure and also considering the different site constraints. Keywords - RC structure, structural disorder, feasibility, strengthening measures
A review on signature detection and signature based document image retrievaleSAT Journals
Abstract
Gelcoat are widely used to provide exterior protection for the finished part of fiber reinforced composite material. It is a primary focus to achieve proper gelcoat film thickness because it is a critical control point for crack prevention which is able to increase mechanical strength and withstand harsh environment. The interface between the gelcoat and laminate composite is similarly imperative in deciding the mechanical performance of the composite by controls the reintroduction of stress into component. There are no specified standard to verified that how much gel-coat thickness required to produce certain product since mostly research only focus on the enhancement of composite orientation and fiber combination. The aim of this review is to gain an in depth understanding of exactly the effect of gel-coat thickness on laminate composite structure and strength
Keywords: Gelcoat, Thickness, Protection, Laminated, Composite.
Automatic registration, integration and enhancement of india's chandrayaan 1 ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Chandrayaan-1 was India's first mission in deep space exploration to the moon. Its Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) sent images of about 50% of total lunar surface in its limited lifetime and covered polar areas almost completely at a high resolution of 5m/pixel and 10m/pixel. This image dataset has been processed and put in public domain as individual strips of images categorized according to the orbits. The authors have already developed a Lunar GIS including a set of utilities like 3-D vision and exploration, crater detection and search using datasets from NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Wide Angle Camera (WAC) which are of lower resolution than CH1. The objective of this paper is to normalize and register the Chandrayaan-1 images to existing processed data so that all these utilities can be transparently applied to high resolution Chandrayaan-1 datasets. Registration process consists of identification of features in source and target images and estimating appropriate correction for offset, rotation and scaling parameters. Furthermore, due to the low altitude orbit of satellite, the acquired images have displacement of pixels from actual nadir position, which need non-linear correction. This paper describes step by step technique to integrate these high and low resolution images in single framework. Keywords: Chandrayaan-1Lunar mapping, Moon, Feature based Image registration, Integration, ISRO, LRO, NASA, TMC, WAC.
Phonm penh changing urban fabric with demography – past and futureeSAT Journals
Abstract The fabric of a city flows and weaves itself from the people. Essentially, people make the city and so, their culture, traditions and practices create the spaces in a city/town. The rich relation between man and his cities can be seen in a number of modern day examples, such as Paris, Barcelona, Bangkok and many more. These cities show the myriad beauty in the mix of architecture in the urban fabric and how the natural development, with proper design can give rise to complex, yet organized developments. Phonm Penh, as a riverfront city and the capital city of Cambodia, offers fascinating architecture, vistas of mixed architectural styles and great scope for future architectural development. This paper is an attempt to understand and study the changing urban fabric of a city that has been the glorious historical epicenter of the Khmer kingdom, an ally, victim and refuge during the Vietnam War, a colony of the French and a genocide killing field. This paper is an effort to study factors affecting its urban fabric in the past and present and future scenarios and how this can be used in other mixed socio-cultural settings with a rich and diverse history. Key Words: Urban fabric, architecture, History, development, socio-economy, future
Index and engineering properties of spent wash blended soils a comparative s...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the present era of rapid industrialization and development of infrastructure projects, the natural resources are becoming scarce and hence their cost is increasing alarmingly. For an infrastructural project the soil consumption is very high and also specific soil is to be used for the requirements of its strength, durability etc. Locally available soil is the best option for these projects, if the suitable soil is not nearby it has a stringent effect on overall cost of project. Due to increase of demand for land in urban areas, soils which are weak and not suitable for foundations are to be effectively modified for construction of industries. Hence, there is a need to carryout research for an alternate material which is available in plenty and also gives desired strength upon modifications. There is a growing awareness allover the world about the extensive damage caused by the accumulated industrial wastes at various plants. This paper highlights various issues and scope for utilization of spent wash in engineering practice. This paper presents the results of index and engineering properties of blended soils. Studies are carried out by varying soil gradation, spent wash content under different curing time periods. For study two types of soils are taken and their properties are studied up on addition of 25% spent wash maintaining different curing periods of 2, 4 and 6 weeks. It was observed that spent wash is effective in reducing plasticity characteristics and increasing engineering properties namely, dry density and the unconfined strength of soil and reducing Optimum moisture content Index Terms: Effluent, Tropical, spentwash, blended
Thermodynamic modeling and experimental study of rice husk pyrolysiseSAT Journals
Abstract Pyrolysis of agricultural waste is a promising route for waste to energy generation. Rice husk is a type of agro-waste that is available in plenty in India. It can be used as feed for pyrolysis to produce different products such as (solid) coke and silica, (liquid) tar and other organics and syngas. HSC Chemistry computer aided code for thermodynamic modeling was used to predict the products of rice-husk pyrolysis in this research study. The pyrolysis of rice husk was carried out between 100-1200°C in the pressure range of 1 – 15 bar. The pyrolysis products predicted by HSC calculations were mainly solid coke, gases like H2, CO2, CO, CH4, with small quantity of aromatic compounds like C6H6, C7H8, C8H10 (ethyl benzene), C8H10 (xylenes) and C6H5 –OH. An experimental study for product validation was also done and the results are presented. Keywords: Pyrolysis, syngas, HSC Chemistry, aromatic compounds.
Reflux it's impact on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage wat...eSAT Journals
Abstract A/O BAF system has been used in the treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus and other nutrients present in wastewater, This economical and effective way of nutrients removal uses different parameters in the actualization of desired objectives, one of them is the Reflux ratio, this research focuses on the influence and roles of Reflux, Sponge Iron and Manganese sand on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. The following experimental operational parameters was set up for the purpose of this experiment, Hydraulic load of 0.5 m3 / m2 • h., Air/Water ratio of 10:1 (0.42L/min) and reflux ratio of 100 and 200 percent. The experiment is divided into two main areas: The effects of reflux ratio presence and absences on removal efficiency of the BAF system. The reflux water was introduced into the anaerobic column and sometimes in aerobic column. The results were examined to note the extent to which reflux plays a part on the removal rate of the nutrients when introduced into the aerobic column instead of the anaerobic column and vice versa. sponge iron and manganese sand column were also introduced, and the results of the nitrifying bacteria shown it supports the removal efficiency observed in the BAF system. The results were all investigated, compared and the analysis showed that reflux helped more in the removal of nitrogen and ammonia, while sponge iron and manganese sand increased the removal efficiency of phosphorus from waste water Key Word: BAF: Biological Aeration Filter; Total Phosphorus; Total Nitrogen; Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD); Removal Efficiency;
The impact of the diameter to height ratio on the compressibility parameters ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Compressibility parameters of fine-grained soils are mainly influenced by soil mineralogy, moisture content and soil diameter to height ratio (D/H). The British and American standards suggested that to obtain accurate engineering properties; it is necessary to use D/H ratio of 4 and 2.5 respectively to eliminate friction between the soil and the structure. In the current study, various D/H ratios were adopted ranging from 0.5 to 11. The D/H ratios effect on some compressibility parameters such as coefficient of consolidation (cv), compression index (cc) and coefficient of volume compressibility (mv) were analysed. Additionally, the impact of the D/H ratio on the acquire cv values were also presented where three methods were used namely: Casagrande, Taylor and Inflection method. The scaling effects based on cv ratio [cv (√t) / cv (log t)] from Oedometer tests using different D/H ratios are also presented. The results showed that Taylor’s method is the most appropriate way to achieve an accurate cv and an increase in pressure leads to a reduction in cc and a gradual decrease in mv. The validation of the experimental results on a finite element software package PLAXIS was completed. Keywords: Compressibility, D/H ratio, Fine-grained soil, Friction
Developing graphical user interface for analysis of beam by using matlab soft...eSAT Journals
Abstract Since Beam is an important member of any structure and carries heavy loads and hence before using beams one should have to be very sure about its shear strength and bending strength. Industrial beams have different types of support and structural properties. Various types of loads are acting on it like point loads, distributed loads etc. Shear stresses and bending moment should be within the material allowable limits and therefore analysis of beam is essential. In present work the analysis of beam is carried out by using GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) developed in software called MATLAB. This gives the package for high-performance numerical computation and visualization. Keywords: GUI, Reaction at support, Shear strength, Bending moment, SF graph, BM graph.
Realization of ofdm based underwater acoustic communicationeSAT Journals
Abstract Nowadays underwater communication plays a vital role in applications from commercial extends to military purposes. Present underwater communication systems involve the transmission of information in the form of sound, electromagnetic (EM), or optical waves. All these techniques has their own benefits and limitations. Acoustic communication is the most versatile and widely used technique in underwater environments because of its low attenuation compared with others. Acoustic waves are more applicable for thermally stable, deep water settings. But acoustic waves in shallow water can be adversely affected by temperature gradients, surface ambient noise, and multipath propagation due to reflection and refraction. The much slower speed of acoustic propagation in water, about 1500 m/s (meters per second), compared with that of electromagnetic and optical waves, and is another limiting factor for efficient communication and networking. Nevertheless, the currently favorable technology for underwater communication is upon acoustics. In this paper, we are planning to design a simple underwater acoustic system. We first discuss about the problems of underwater communication. Then we are designing a data transmission system in underwater and its analysis is done in the next step. Keywords: Underwater acoustic communication, Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, Differential phase shift keying
Optimization of automatic voltage regulator by proportional integral derivati...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper is basically based on the optimization of working of Automatic voltage regulator by the proportional Intigral
derivative controller. In this analysis, optimization is done by very novel concept Particle Swarm Optimization and simulated
using MATLAB Simulink software. The primary reason for a programmed voltage controller framework is to keep the voltage
extent of a synchronous generator at a predetermined level the generator excitation framework keeps up the generator voltage
and controls the reactive power stream.
IndexTerms:AutomaticVoltageRegulator,MATLAB
Review on analytical study on strengthening of beam by frpeSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper present the review of analytical and numerical study of flexural and shear performance of retrofitted or strengthening
of beam by fibre reinforced polymer (FRP). Now a day investigator prefer numerical and analytical study to minimize error which
can’t reduce in experimental study, hence numerical study is more reliable than experimental study and analytical study less time
consuming then experimental still having good agreement with experimental study.Almost all the software available in market are
work based on finite element method (FEM) such as ANSYS, ATENA 3D and ABAQUS. Analytical study carried out by different
author using FEM basedsoftware they found ultimate capacity of beam increased noticeably.Analytical investigation of reinforced
concrete (RC) beam with FRP were carried out by number of investigator they all studied on different aspect, some of those
worked on single layer or double layer of FRP , some of those worked on different pattern and thickness of FRP and then
compared stress, strain and deflection with control specimen. For precise result by finite element method use fine mashing and
appropriate material property. Bond behaviour between steel-concrete and concrete-FRP sheets/plate must be specify for
accurate and realistic results.
Keywords: retrofitting of beam, strengthening of beam, GFRP, CFRP, Finite Element Method (FEM), ANSYS
A study of various factors affecting risk management techniques in constructi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Risk management is an important step which should not be neglect or ignore in every project. Because of various risk involved in construction, it is difficult to maintain time, cost and quality as planned. Project undertaken in the construction sector are widely complex and have often significant budgets, and thus reducing the risk associated should be a priority for each project manager. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the key risk factors that affect construction project. Questionnaires has been prepared incorporating of 50 difference questions after which questionnaire survey was conducted where the questions has been focused based on (component of questionnaire) the respondents were selected based on their susceptibility to the risk. The data was analyzed using the Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21. The result shows that the inadequate planning in construction project, poor adoption of site safety, supply and use of defective materials and poor resources management in construction project are all among the forefront key risk factors which affect construction project, meanwhile, effective recommendations have been developed to increases the efficiency, speedy and minimises risk and abortive work in construction project.
Keywords: Construction Industries, Construction Projects, Risks Management, Techniques
The influence of cable sag on the dynamic behaviour of cable stayed suspensio...eSAT Journals
Abstract The demand of long span bridge is increasing with infrastructure magnification. To achieve maximum central span in bridges is a motivating rational challenge. The bridge with more central span can be achieved using high strength materials and innovative forms of the bridges. The cable-stayed bridge has better structural stiffness and suspension bridge has ability to offer longer span thus combination of above two structural systems could achieve very long span cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge. To distinguish behaviour and check the feasibility of this innovative form of hybrid bridge, 1400m central span and 312m side span cable-stayed suspension hybrid bridge is considered for analysis. The suspension portion length in central span is also playing important role in behaviour of the entire bridge. Bridge behaviour is presented for variable length of suspension portion in form of suspension portion to main span ratio. The main cable sag in central span is playing important role on behavior of the entire bridge. It directly influences the inclination angles of the main cables, the height of pylon and thus forces in pylon. The axial force in main cable is directly depending on the sag of main cable. The effects of main cable sag is studied by considering dimensionless parameter as sag to main span ratio as 1/9, 1/10 and 1/11. Paper also discusses results of nonlinear static analysis and modal analysis carried out using SAP2000 v14.0.0. The time period of bridge is used to present the behavior of bridge. Key Words: Cable supported long span bridge; cable stayed suspension hybrid bridge; cable sag to main span ratio; dynamic analysis
Development of 1.8 M Diameter Dish Reflector using Fiberglass Materials at Ku...ijtsrd
This paper describes the design, simulation and development of parabolic reflector using fiber glass. The antenna is 1.8m in diameter, for operation at Ku-band (10.95 “ 12GHz). An f/d ratio of 0.43 was chosen and other parameters were computed. The S parameters for the antenna were obtained using Design-Expert 6.0.8 Software Version and Advance Design System (ADS). The properties of the antenna such as bandwidth, beam width, gain, directivity, return loss and VSWR were obtained. The antenna offers high efficiency and high gain. The fiberglass has good surface accuracy with a light weight of 20 kg. Olabisi Olusegun"Development of 1.8 M Diameter Dish Reflector using Fiberglass Materials at Ku-Band Applications" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11132.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/11132/development-of-18-m-diameter-dish-reflector-using-fiberglass-materials-at-ku-band-applications/olabisi-olusegun
An Research Article on Fabrication and Characterization of Nickel Oxide Coate...ijtsrd
In this paper we have produced NiO thin film based solar cells. The NiO thin film was then studied for their structural, optical and electrical properties. By the help of these results we have capable to know about the structure of NiO the phase purity of the thin film X ray diffraction XRD pattern of NiO showed the diffraction planes corresponding to cubic phase respectively. The optical properties showed that with the increase in the deposition time of NiO the energy band gap varied between 3.1 to 3.24 eV. In the end, IV characteristics of the thin films were obtained by the help of matlab in the presence of light as will as dark region. Vijay Aithekar "An Research Article on Fabrication and Characterization of Nickel Oxide Coated Solar Cell" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25300.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/nanotechnology/25300/an-research-article-on-fabrication-and-characterization-of-nickel-oxide-coated-solar-cell/vijay-aithekar
Mems based optical sensorMEMS BASED OPTICAL SENSOR FOR SALINITY MEASUREMENTprj_publication
In this paper, we purpose a two dimensional photonic crystal based optical sensor for
salinity measurement. The salinity percentage of is sea water changes as we go down the sea
water surface. This gives change to the index of refraction of the sea water at the different
levels. Thus the salinity percentage of sea water can be detected by measuring this change in the
effective refractive index of sea water. In this paper, the effective refractive index method has
been used for the detection of the salinity concentration from (0-40%). The slab waveguide is
designed and the effective refractive changed is captured. Even as the refractive index change
for the change in salinity of the sea water, is very small, the effective index change is visible,
making the sensor very sensitive.
Un doped and doped with Al ZnS thin Films have been fabricated by vacuum evaporation
technique under the vacuum of 10-5 Torr on glass substrate at room temperature and with different
ratio of Al concentration of thickness (0.8µm). The optical properties were revealed by UV-Visible
transmittance spectra and the band gap energy was determined. Transmission spectra indicate a high
transmission coefficient (¨95%). The results showed that films have direct optical transition, and the
values of energy gap were found to decrease with doping concentrations. Also the optical constants
such as absorption coefficient, refractive index, extinction coefficient and dielectric constant have
been calculated. The effect of doping concentration on the electrical properties has been studied
Analysis and Design of S-shaped Microstrip Patch AntennaIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper gives a compact analysis and design of S-shaped Microstrip patch antenna which is best suited for Wi-max application. The analysis and design is simulated over IE3D software Ver. 15.2. We have taken a definite ground plane of 50x70 mm and patch size of 30x50 mm.The substrate thickness is taken as 1.6 mm and dielectric constant of 4.2 and loss tangent of 0.0013. The simulated result shows that the bandwidth is obtained in triple band- 7.79% at 0.262921 GHz band, 13.45% at 1.53034 GHz band and 28.0056% at 2.2382 GHz band. The obtained gain is 3.96 dBi at 2.33945 GHz. The obtained gain and bandwidth is best suited for Wi-max application. Keywords: S shape, Ground plane, Patch Antenna, Triple Band.
EFFECT OF SILICON - RUBBER (SR) SHEETS AS AN ALTERNATIVE FILTER ON HIGH AND L...AM Publications
A digital radiography delivers a radiation dose to patients; therefore it poses potential risk to the patients. One effort to reduce dose is carried out using a radiation filter, e.g. Silicone Rubber (SR) sheet. The purpose of this research was to determine the impact of the SR sheet on the high contrast objects (HCO) and the low contrast objects (LCO). The dose reduction was determined from attenuation x-rays before and after using the SR sheet. Assessment of HCO and LCO was observed from CDR TOR phantom at tube voltage of 48 kVp and tube current of 8 mAs. The physical parameter to assess image quality was the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) value in LCO. The maximum x-ray attenuation using the SR sheet is 48.82%. The visibility of the HCO remains the same, namely 16 objects; however the LCO slighly decreases from 14 objects to 13 objects after using the SR sheet. The SNR value decreases with an average value of 15.17%.Therefore, the SR sheet as a alternative filter has no effect on the HCO and has realtively little effect on the LCO. Thus, the SR sheet potentially is used for radiation protection in patients, especially on examinations that do not require low contrast resolution.
Effect of alpha irradiation on silicon schottky diode detectoreSAT Journals
Abstract This paper gives a brief overview of Semiconductor Schottky diode detector in response to α-particle irradiation. As α-particle are difficult to detect so we need a high resolution device for its detection. In this paper we have simulated a model of Si Schottky diode detector in Sentaurus TCAD Software. TCAD (Technology Computer Aided Design) simulation is a boon for the semiconductor devices. Using this tool we can simulate and design semiconductor devices and can generate simulation model to get the best optimum simulation results for semiconductor diode. Sentaurus TCAD supports wide range of semiconductor technologies from conventional to compound semiconductor detector. α-particles induced transient current pulse measurement were carried out on Si Schottky diode at (1) different temperature, (2) different energies of the incident α-particle and (3) different reverse bias of Schottky diode. Effect of temperature, incident α-particle and reverse bias on the generated α- induced transient current pulse were analyzed. Keywords: Semiconductor Schottky diode, Single event transient (SET), α particle, reverse bias, Sentaurus TCAD
Morphology and characterization of srxcu1 xo [x=0.1]eSAT Journals
Abstract The application of Nanostructured materials is enormous as their physical and chemical properties depend upon size. Here an attempt is made first time to synthesis (Srx Cu1-xO) nanoparticles by sol–gel method. Sr(No3)2and Cu(No3)2.3H2O were taken as starting material. Ethanol, distilled water and PVA are mixed with these powders of nitrates and solution was stirred by magnetic stirrer at a temperature of 80 0C till a gel was formed. It was then dried at low temperature and finally calcinated at 400 0C for four hours. XRD of the sample shows its crystalline nature and particle size was determined to be 34nm by Debye Schherrer formula. The FTIR study shows two broad peak at 1455 cm-1and 532 cm-1. The UV-VIS analysis shows a absorption peak at 202nm .The TEM images clearly shows the individual nanoparticles having diameter less than 20 nm. In one image a nano rod is also visible whose further study is also required. Keywords:-nano materials, XRD, FTIR, TEM, UV-VIS, band gap, strontium
Similar to Intense uv enriched photo detection byhigher energy edge attuned coating on csi detector (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Intense uv enriched photo detection byhigher energy edge attuned coating on csi detector
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 615
INTENSE UV ENRICHED PHOTO DETECTION BYHIGHER ENERGY
EDGE ATTUNED COATING ON CSI DETECTOR
Bablu K. Ghosh1
, Ismail Saad2
, Khairul Anuar Mohamad3
, Saiful S. Mohd Zainal4
1, 2, 3
Senior lecturer, 4
Research Assistant, EEE program, SEIT, University Malaysia, Sabah, Malaysia,
ghoshbab@ums.edu.my, ismail_s@ums.edu.my, Khairul@ums.edu.my, saifulsapri90@gmail.com
Abstract
Solar UV detector industrial applications and monitoring is potential approach for technology based industrial development and eco-
system management aspects. Respect to visible spectrum both shorter and longer line width are not so promising for solar energy
detecting/ harvesting by using Si technology. For lower energy edge of UV band absorption process, utilization of UV compatible
higher energy edge reaping supportive thickness of additional Si3N4 layer on SiO2 coating layer for crystalline c-Si detector is found
promising. As compared to single SiO2 coating layer or bared c-Si cell, applications of SiO2+Si3N4 double coating layer enhancement
of the detector current or responsivity is specifically observed. Compare to lower energy edge of solar spectrum, UV (A-B) band
enhanced energy conversion slant is found attractive. In this article, using ≤60 nm SiO2 +Si3N4harmonized coating layers on P+
N,
N+
P and P+
IN Si based detector, very intense UV band response is realized. It appears that tiny i-layer with minimum n-doping in
P+
iN structure as compared to the P+
N detector, increases the conversion efficiency. Compared to P+
N detector N+
P detector
responsivity or conversion efficiency is found to be enhanced explicitly.
Keywords: UV detector, Si3N4 coating, eco-system, UV enhancement, Solar energy harvesting
--------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
High performance ultraviolet Photo detector (PD) has
immense applications in the field of industry, medical as well
as integration for future imaging sensor purposes [1-4]. In the
tropical region due to higher UV irradiance, it may affect
severely on our eco-system [5-7]. In the leaves of tropical
trees, the ambient UV(A-B) radiation contribute to the
reversible decline in potential PSII efficiency observed
upon exposure. UV (A-B) radiation is known to have a wide
range of harmful effect as reduced productivity of both
freshwater and marine organism and eco-system [5-7].
Though 0.8% of solar radiation as UV (A-B) reaches on the
earth but it causes 50% photochemical actions in the earth
environment [5-7]. So enhance UV band detection for eco-
system management and monitoring is also important for
sustainability. Clean energy harvesting is also very promising
issue for future development. For a particular material based
solar detector band gap is fixed, so whenever its responsivity
will be increased obviously its efficiency must be increased.
So, different approaches for efficient solar band energy
harvesting using Si technology are highly potential and it is
well addressed [8]. Both SiO2 and Si3N4are equally transparent
even for high energy edge UV band of solar spectrum. SiO2 is
highly technically established materials as a passivation layer
for Si based MOS technology and it may also be used for
integration of PD technology [4]. Si3N4 is also potential
coating materials against degradation of detecting device even
in high radiation environment and temperature [9].Variation of
photo detector performance on body doping is also studied
elsewhere [10]. To achieve higher UV band sensitivity;
quantum efficiency or gain due to high energy photon in
the front window of the detector is required to address in well
manner. In this paper, enhancement of solar UVA and UVB
band sensitivity using SiO2+Si3N4 coating layer on crystalline
Si (c-Si)based detector approach is materialized for future eco-
system management [5-7]and industrial aspects [1-4].
2. EXPERIMENTAL
N-tpe c-Si wafer based P+
N, N+
P and P+
iN photo detectors are
fabricated based on TCAD software. Using different thickness
SiO2/SiO2+Si3N4 coating (window) layers are designed for
simulation and analysis of whole solar spectrum response.
Besides that without coating layer or with single different
materials coating layer effect is made for comparison.
Different concentration body doping and active layer doping
profile is also done in the simulation process. For the
efficiently conversion aspect of UBA and UVB band photons
to cathode or output current, suitable thickness
SiO2+Si3N4coatings is made in the process. Designed window
area-1 mm2
, irradiation -1W/cm2
and responsivity unit- A/W
are considered.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 616
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Usually those photons are absorbed in the active region or
close to the active region of a detector junction and before
recommbine as electron-hole (e-h) pair may acts as
photocurrent at the load.
Fig-1: Responsivity of Si detector with different coarings
In figure-1 using SiO2+Si3N4, SiO2 and without coating the
differences of photoresponse are clearly observed. So UV
coated layer on Si prefer to enhance the responsivity. It may
due to the dangling bonding between Si and SiO2 at the
interface favors to absorb UV(A-B) bands and enhances the
conversion efficiency.
Fig-2: Simple PN photodiode with different combiniational
SiO2+Si3N4 thickness coatings
Figure -2 shows the simulation result of Si detector with
different combiniational SiO2+Si3N4 thickness coatings. The
thickness and type of the anti-reflection coating (ARC) is
chosen such a way that it can minimize the interference effects
by the wave reflected from the ARC top surface to be out of
phase with the wave reflected from the Si semiconductor
surfaces. These out-of-phase reflected waves destructively
interfere with one another, resulting in zero net reflected
energy. Thus the thickness and type of materials to be used for
the coating are required to analyze in order to obtain the best
coating thickness and materials for higher responsivity.
Compare to linearity and performance aspect more SiO2
thickness is prone better detection of high energy edge of UV
band while more Si3N4 thickness found very promising for
UV(A-B) band enhancement of detection.
Fig-3: P+
N photodiode with different doping in n-active layer
High-refractive-index (n= 2.05) and permissible band gap
(~5eV), Si3N4 materials bounded by air (n=1) and SiO2
(n=1.57). The Si refractive index (RI) is quite large as
compared to air leads to high optical losses due to reflection.
Anti- reflector with minimized reflection and maximize the
photo-current generation is desirable as photon management
aspects. Compared to air (RI,no=1) and cSi (RI,n2=~3.4) the
intermediate layer RI should be n1= √(non2) = 1.84 as
geometric mean but SiO2, RI=1.57. So, only SiO2 is not
suitable coating for optimization against
reflection.Si3N4hasRI=2.05, so Si3N4 and SiO2 refractive index
geometric mean, n1=√(1.57*2.05) = ~ 1.8. It seems to be
harmonization with the air to cSi interface thus enhancing the
conversion efficiency from UV to visible spectra and linearity
also found in UV range.
The linearity of responsivity, its sensitivity or photo-current
generation process truely depends on the junction depth,
photon absorption coefficient or how depth the photon are
absorbing and the quality of the crystalline detector. If
absorption is occurred at the nearby depletion width and less
defect crystal; it may enhances resistivity hence the leakage
provision is also reduced. Applying the single sided detector
with P+
N junction and variation of N-active layer doping
concentration the effect on responsivity is analyzed in our
study. Figure-3 shows the impact of P+
N junction with
different doping concentration of n.
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Wavelength (µm)
Responsivity(A/W)
dual layer anti-reflective coating
single layer anti-reflective coating
without anti-reflective coating
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 617
Optical losses mostly effect the power from a detector by
lowering the short-circuit current. It consists of light which
could have generated an electron-hole pair, but does not,
because the light is reflected from the front surface, or because
it is not absorbed in the solar cell. For the most common
semiconductor detector, the entire visible spectrum (350 - 780
nm) has enough energy to create electron-hole pairs and
therefore all visible light would ideally be absorbed. But
enhancement of UV range detection is realised by using the
combinational coating while variation of n active layer doping
is a factor. P+
N detector is achieved higher responsivity and
linearity as compared to PN detector as found in figure 2 and 1
respectively. So, comparatively lower band gap Si3N4
additional coating band gap (~5eV) match with the 250-300
nm edge of solar spectrum is found very effective to increase
the responsivity or photo-current of c-Si photo detector. Due
to application of proper coating with adjustable depth of
depletion width obviously the detection responsivity is
increased as published elsewhere [10].
Fig-4: P+
iN photodiode with different n-intrinsic layer doping
The above result shows that the increment of depletion width
by lowering N layer doping enhances the UV responsivity
with linearity. For the high energy edge of solar spectrum,
effective absorption with lowest depletion depth from the
surface is appreciable. So low doping in the active n-region
and very high doping in the surface P region is found
attractive to increase the responsivity. In this process, insertion
of additional intrinsic type layer effect between active p+
and n
layer is investigated. To find the effect of depletion width,
further an intrinsic layer with different n doping effect is
investigated. Depletion layer variation due to doping/ intrinsic
layer can also varying the junction capacitance and even the
speed of the detector due to variation of bandwidth is also
varied as mentioned elsewhere [11].
Figure-4 shows the effect of inserted intrinic layer and its
doping variation.Detector sensitivity, responsivity and
enhancement for UV detection are realized in the analysis. It
shows that P+
iN further enhances the detector responsivity
compared to the P+
N detector. It may happen due to reduce the
capacitance at the junction, reduce the transient effect thus the
device must be achieved higher conversion efficiency or
responsivity for 0.1 to 0.4 μm line edge getting bit higher.
Usually P+
N and N+
P detector have different aspects of photo
response, it is also investigated in the work. Figure-4 shows
the optimised SiO2 +Si3N4 harmonized coated P+
N and N+
P Si
detector. It appears that P+
N detector responsivity at the longer
wavelength range is low even it maximize at ~700 nm whereas
N+
P detector is promising for longer wavelength. The
quantum efficiency or responsivity throughout the UV band is
found similar in both cases but at the middle of the spectrum
P+
N detector is found higher responsivity as compared with
the N+
P detector. At the lower energy band photon absorption
at the depletion edge appears to be supported by hole as
minority carrier usually possesses higher diffusion length thus
increases it. In addition, lower energy edge large numbers of
photon with minimum energy appears to absorb effectively at
the junction of N+
P detector and thus increases the
responsivity. Overall conversion efficiency or responsivity is
precisely observed higher as it published by other researches
elsewhere [12-13].
Fig-5: P+
N and N+
P photodiode with UV harmonized
SiO2+Si3N4 thickness coatings
So the above analysis justify that the enhancement of UV(A-
B) for 0.28 to 0.4 μm line edge of the solar spectrum is
precisely observed. So, suitable technique to absorb those
photons effectively in the proper matched depletion region
could enhance the detector quantum efficiency or responsivity.
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 619
BIOGRAPHIES
Dr. Bablu K. Ghosh received his doctor of
engineering degree from Fukui
University, Japan in 2004 in system
design engineering. Before that he did his
undergraduate and master’s degree in
applied Physics and Electronic
Engineering from RU, Bangladesh.Currently he is working on
Photo-detector and SPV system. Before Joining in UMS he
was engaged in electronic and EM engineering fields.
Dr. Ismail Saad received his BEng (Hons)
in Electronics / computer Engineering
and MSc from University of Southampton
UK specializing in Microelectronics
System Design in 2001. In 2009, he
received his PhD from University
Technology Malaysia (UTM) specializing in Micro &Nano
electronics Device and Materials.
Dr. Khairul Anuar received his BEng
(Hons) in Electronics Engineering and
MSc from University of Newcastle upon
Tyne, UK. In 2011, he received his PhD
from Muroran Institute of Technology,
Hokkaido, specializing in Organics Nano electronics Device
and Materials
Mr. Saiful SM Zainal is going to receive
his BEng (Hons) in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering from University
Malaysia Sabah in 2013.He is now working
as research assistant under Dr. Bablu K.
Ghosh`s Project and doing research work on nano-coating
impact on solar energy harvesting using cSibase