Reverse Osmosis For Wastewater Recycling

Reverse Osmosis for Wastewater Recycling
Reverse Osmosis For Wastewater Recycling
Reusing treated wastewater for beneficial purposes, such as agricultural and landscape irrigation,
industrial processes, toilet flushing, or groundwater basin replenishment, is growing in response to
environmental and economic concerns.
One of the key factors involved in recycling wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent for
another use is the need to reduce total dissolved solids (TDS). This is often done by using a reverse
osmosis (RO) system, which relies on pressure differential to force a solution (in this case, water)
through a membrane that retains the solute on one side and allows the pure solvent to pass to the
other side.
While extremely effective on biologically treated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, upsets in the secondary clarifier can lead to effluent with higher levels of TSS and BOD,
causing plugging of the brine spacer with suspended solids and organic fouling. Also, power
consumption for RO systems with this type of pretreatment tends to be high, and membrane life is
often quite short.
Lime–softening has been somewhat more successful in protecting the RO membranes, but this
increases operating costs and does not totally prevent fouling of RO membranes. |
Ultrafiltration Improves Suspended Solids Removal As RO Pretreatment
Many of today's water reuse systems use an ultrafiltration (UF) pretreatment step to remove
suspended solids. These systems typically use hollow fiber UF membranes, which do an excellent
job of providing water with low suspended solids to feed the RO system. However, the UF system is
an extra treatment step, requiring additional footprint, and adding to operating costs. The UF system
may also be susceptible to upsets from a conventional WWTP, which can further increase its
operating costs.
Membrane Bioreactor As RO Pretreatment
With an MBR, the UF membranes are submerged in the activated sludge to combine the biological
step and the solid–liquid separation into a single process. The membrane acts as a barrier, which
improves the effluent quality. The MBR eliminates the secondary clarifier and does not rely on
gravity for liquid–solids separation and so allows the activated sludge to operate with a
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The Observation Of Five Years
Results and discussion The observation of five years (From January, 2007 to December, 2011) of the
biomanipulation work done in the lake Nainital for its ecosystem restoration is presented in this
paper. In this approach we attempted to manipulate various levels of the food chain, assuming that
the nutrient input is stable and cannot be reduced to limit the primary production. At the start of the
work important physico– chemical and biological parameters were measured to know the present
scenario of the lake. Among physico– chemical parameters the water temperature, transparency,
total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, pH, nitrate and phosphate were taken into
consideration while in biotic factors, the qualitative and quantitative estimation of phytoplankton,
zooplankton and fishes was made. The water temperature varied from 10.0 0C in January, 2007 to
23.4 0C in June, 2011. The Secchy transparency ranged between 35.0 cm during January 2007 and
410 cm during December, 2011. The total dissolved solids varied between 160 mg/ l in April, 2007
and 536 mg/ l in June, 2008. The dissolved oxygen concentration at water surface varied from 3.0
mg/ l during January, 2007 to 12.5 mg/ l during May, 2009 throughout the experiment period. The
total alkalinity of lake water was found between 102 mg/ l during January, 2008 and 240 mg/ l
during June, 2011. The pH of lake water varied from 6.9 in April, 2008 to 9.8 July, 2011. The nitrate
was found between 0.12 mg/l

The Waste Water Treatment Process Essay
Without treatment waste water from both municipal and industrial sources would have a significant
impact on the environment, to protect the water environment the waste water must first be
appropriately treated and processed. Water comes from many various sources and therefore the
pollutants found in the water include a wide array of chemicals and pathogens, that all come with
different physical chemistries (Rao, Senthilkumar, et al., 2016, p. 2). Eutrophication is the process in
which waters experience excessive inputs of nutrients, namely nitrogen and phosphorus from
wastewater discharges. Waste water treatment does focus on reducing the levels of nitrogen and
phosphorus present in their effluent, as these contribute to nutrient loading in the environment. The
combinations of tertiary treatments needed depends on the uses of the water the effluent is
discharged into and how sensitive this area is deemed. The municipal waste water treatment process
does vary slightly depending on many factors but it is essentially a three stage treatment process
(Anand, 2011). The primary treatment stage objectives are to remove organic and inorganic solids
through sedimentation and the skimming of materials floating on the surface of the effluent. During
the primary treatment some organic nitrogen and organic phosphorus that are associated with solids
can be removed (Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations, 1992). Secondary
treatment involves bacterial decomposition of both

Sedimentation: Tangent and Concentration
SEDIMENTATION
ABSTRACT
Sedimentation is the process of separating a liquid mixture of suspended particles into clear
supernatant liquid and denser slurry having a higher concentration of solids. This is usually
accomplished by allowing the particles to settle through the force of gravity, mechanically using
centrifugal force, or electrostatically using an electric current. Continuous sedimentation tanks are
usually used in wastewater treatment facilities to separate suspended particles from wastewater.
This experiment aims to determine the effect of initial concentration and initial height of the slurry
on its settling characteristics. Using a set of data obtained from the experiment, a continuous
thickener or clarifier must then be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Otherwise, a milky interface is formed. B is a suspended mixture of solids and liquid and has
uniform concentration. Between B and C is a distinct transition zone. This zone is due to the rising
liquid as the highly concentrated sludge D compacts. Zone c, unlike B, is a region of variable
concentration. Note that regions A and D grow larger at the expense of B and C until such a point
where maximum compaction of D is obtained. This point is called the critical settling point. At his
point, only a single, distinct interface is formed between the concentrated sludge and the clear
liquid.
To determine the effect of concentration or height on the settling characteristics of a suspension,
batch sedimentation experiments are conducted. The data from these experiments can be used to
design a continuous thickener.
Continuous thickeners consist of zones similar to a batch sedimentation process except that these
zones are of constant height when steady state is achieved. The design of these thickeners s based on
the identification of the concentration of the rate limiting layer.
First, batch settling data is obtained by plotting the height of the interface (between the clear liquid
and slurry), z versus time. Please refer to the figure below. This uses the Talmadge and Fitch
method.
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A tangent line is drawn at the beginning (line B) and at the end (line D). The portions from which
these tangent lines are drawn

Methodology For Environmental Assessment Used Here Is Life...
Our aim was to perform a holistic assessment including technical, economic and environmental
aspects, in order to assess the overall sustainability of SBT plant. The methodology for
environmental assessment used here is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). LCA is a useful tool for
investigating environmental impacts associated with a product, service or process from cradle–to–
grave perspective. It is becoming increasingly popular amongst researchers in wastewater treatment
field nowadays because of its holistic approach. It has been proved as a useful tool for computation
of environmental impacts of a given wastewater treatment technology (Hospido et al., 2004; Gallego
et al., 2008; Li et al., 2013). Table 1 shows review of studies on CSF technology and table 2 shows
literature review on application of LCA to natural wastewater treatment technologies. Only Worli
SBT is monitored and studied in detail i.e. in–depth evaluation for physicochemical parameters,
microbial parameters, socio economic aspects and LCA was carried out. 2. Materials and methods
2.1. Soil Biotechnology plant performance (physicochemical and microbial performance) To
evaluate performance of SBT plant we monitored the plant for 24 months (July 2013–April 2015).
Samples of raw sewage and treated effluent were collected from the respective site and analysed
during the period from July 2013 to April 2015. Samples were analysed for various physicochemical
properties such as pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),

Physics Of A Food Manufacturer For The Following Reasons...
1 ABSTRACT
In this lab exercise, different approaches, Hydrometer, Pycnometer and refractometer, were used to
determine the total solids or concentration of two unknown samples. Standard curve of density vs
concentration and standard curve of specific gravity vs concentration were drawn with a series of
known concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30% sugar solution by weight. With the standard curve and the
specific gravity and refractive index of samples we obtained from the determination, we can
calculate the total solids of the samples:
2 INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE
Total solids or concentration of a particular food is referred as the amount of solid concentrated
component present after removal of water (S. Suzanne Nielsen, 2010). This analytical value is of
great economic importance to a food manufacturer for the following reasons: economics
consideration (water is an inexpensive filler); solidcontent is often specified in compositional
standards and can be used as standard identification; computations of nutritional values of foods
require the determination of total solids (S. Suzanne Nielsen, 2010).
When different solutes are dissolved in a solution, the density change can be used to determine the
concentration of the solute. Since the direct measurement is difficult, the measurements use specific
gravity to determine the density of the liquid.
Specific gravity = (weight of x ml solution)/(weight of x ml of water)
Specific gravity is a relative value usually determined by the

What Is The Operation Of The High Rate Activated Sludge (...
Three main experimental activities have been conducted during this research. Operation of the High
Rate Activated Sludge (HRAS) Process, analysis of relevant parameters and Biochemical Methane
Potential tests for different Solids Retention Times (SRT's). The research methodology implemented
in these activities is described and summarized in this chapter.
4.1 Influent Wastewater
In this investigation, the influent is domestic wastewater collected and treated at the Luggage Point
(LP) Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), Brisbane – Australia. Experimental trials are conducting
with a stream of raw sewage, which is passing through a common inlet works where screening and
coarse solids reduction occurs before treatment distribution. The inlet ... Show more content on
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The Bio– P is an anaerobic pre–reactor tank installed prior to the HRAS with the purpose to remove
biologically the incoming phosphorus from the wastewater (See Figure 2). It has approximately a
capacity of 65 Liters.
The (HRAS) reactor is a cylinder tank with a volume capacity of 250 Liters (See Figure 3). This
aeration reactor is fitted with two aeration blowers, which are providing fine (0 – 3 mm) and coarse
(3 – 50 mm) aeration. The fine aeration maintains aerobic stable conditions; meanwhile, the coarse
aeration delivers the adequate mixing to avoid a possible vertical stratification into the system. The
total air supplied per m3 of the tank is 3 m3/m3.d. A DO6441/ T membrane probe measures the
dissolved oxygen levels in the bioreactor and assist to control the airflow to the bioreactor.
In addition, pH has also been monitored into the reactor using a glass body pH probe (SP 8000 CD,
Sensorex, Australia).
4.2.2 The Settling Tank
The settling tank is a tilted plate clarifier with a volume capacity of 800 Liters. Its structure has a
diagonally modified bottom (See Figure 4). An internal Return Activated Sludge (RAS)
recirculation has being installed to facilitate the settleability of the Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids
(MLSS) in the process. Moreover, it assist the prevention of growth bacteria on the sidewalls of the
clarifier. In order to impart little mixing in the clarifier due to the recirculation, a timer was installed
and set to turn on the motor

The Effect Of Phosphorus On Health And Aquatic Life Essay
Total suspended solids refer to solids that can be retained by a filter. It includes a wide variety of
materials such as silt, decaying plant and animal matter, industrial wastes, and sewage. High levels
can be detrimental to river health and aquatic life. Total suspended solids (TSS) is often associated
with turbidity.
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plant life, but when in excess, it can enhance eutrophication
of rivers and lakes (Hem, 1985; Muelle and Helsel, 1996). Phosphorus exists in two main forms in
water: soluble and particulate. Total phosphorus includes the soluble and particulate forms.
Phosphorus can enter a water body through various means including from point sources such as a
waste–water discharge and non–point sources such as agricultural runoff or erosion. Phosphorus has
the ability to attach to soil particles (Phillips et al. 2012). Thus, when the soil ends up in a water
body as sediment it contains additional phosphorus, which ultimately settles. The sediment now has
the potential of acting as a 'sink' for phosphorus, and holds it until it is disrupted by certain
activities.
Phosphorus is often associated with suspended solids, which have a significant relationship with
turbidity. Strong relationship has been reported between turbidity and suspended solids, where
turbidity has been used as a surrogate measure for total suspended solids (Acheampong et al. 2012;
Packman et al. 1999). A consistent relationship has also been reported between total

The Assessment Of Water Quality Essay
Assessment of Water Quality in relation to some Physico–chemical parameters in Araga pond of
Thirthahalli Taluk, Shivamogga, Karnataka.
Dr. Nagaraj Parisara – Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Sahyadri Science
College (Autonomous) , Shivamogga–577201, Karnataka.
Prof. J.Narayana – Professor & Chairman, Department of P.G.Studies and Research in
Environmental Science, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta– 577 451, Karnataka, India.
Dr.B.R.Kiran – Research & Teaching Assistant, Department of Environmental Science, DDE,
Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta– 577 451, Karnataka, India.
Abstract
The seasonal variations in the physico–chemical parameters of Araga pond of Thirthahalli taluk,
located in Shivamogga district of Karnataka state was studied from June 2001 to May 2003. The
parameters that were determined included; temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO),
free carbon dioxide, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, biological oxygen demand
(BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), phosphate, sulphate , total dissolved solids (TDS) and
nitrate . The study revealed that, pond water was not much polluted. In the light of standards of
water quality recommended by WHO and BIS , the pond water should be used for drinking and
cooking after proper treatment.
Keywords: Water, Physico–chemical parameters, Araga pond, Thirthahalli,
Introduction
Due to over expanding population and industrial settlements, the demand for fresh water

The Effect Of Water On The Concentration Of Water
Water is a "polar" molecule, meaning that there is an uneven distribution of electron density. Water
is a hydrogen bonding compound as it has a partially negative charge near the oxygen atom due the
unshared pairs of electrons and has a partially positive charge near the hydrogen atoms; it is because
of these "polar bonds" that contribute to water's many properties. Water is generally is referred to as
a universal solvent because more substances dissolve in water than any other chemical due to the
polarity of its molecule. So where is the water?
Water is of great abundance on Earth; however of that abundance about 97% of it is practically
unusable, undrinkable seawater. On average, seawater in the world 's oceans has a salinity level ...
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Without fresh water, the internal organs such as the brain start to shut down, if the cycle continues
death will eventually occur as a result of drinking too much water with a high salt content, this
process is similar to plants, however it more so acts as a poison, killing the plant. However this salty
water can be made drinkable and usable through means of desalination methods in order to lower
the salt content of the water and in return make it safe to drink and safe for agricultural us (ie.
irrigation). In order for water to be physically safe to be drinkable by humans or for use of irrigation
etc., it must have a salt content of less than 0.05%. There are three main methods used for
determining the salt content in water; Gravimetric (measuring total dissolved solids), Conductivity
(measuring conductivity of saltwater) and titration.
Gravimetric Method:
Gravimetric or total dissolved salts, is measured by evaporating a known volume of substance, then
weighing the solid residue remaining, to determine the salt concentration of the known substance.
This Method is extremely accurate as all the salts (ie NaCl, NaBr, KI, etc.) can be measured to a
10,000th of a gram making it a precise form of measuring salinity. However if the solution contains
other solids such as sand, seaweed etc. then the results may become skewed (however this problem
can be easy avoided by finely filtering the solution before testing). The other downfall to this
method is that it

Flavus Preparation Lab Report
3.3.1 Aspergillus flavus Preparation
A. flavus was grown on Potato Agar Dextrose (PDA) media on Petri dishes at optimum growth
temperature of 25 to 30°C for seven days. Before that, 39g of PDA was dissolve in 1 Litre of
distilled water and poured into half of the petri dish. There are 5 Petri dishes that are needed for this
fungi preparation. Then, the culture was maintained at 4°C and subculture every 30 to 40 days.
Then, the Petri dishes were sealed with paraffin film and kept in a box in order to make sure the
fungi grow perfectly. Noted that all the steps above are done in the laminar flow to avoid
contamination that might stunt the growth of A. flavus.
3.3.2 Spores Suspension Inoculum Preparation
A. flavus from Petri dish was transferred ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5mL of water sample was filtered and the filter paper was put into oven (MMM Medcenter GmbH,
Germany) operating at 100°C for one hour. The last step before final weighing, the filter paper was
put back into desiccator about half an hour to normalize the temperature and the filter paper was re–
weighed. Total solid suspended can be determined by using formula below:
Total Suspended Solid (mg/l)=((A–B))/(sample volume,ml) ×1000 (3)
Where,
A = weight of filter paper + dried residue, mg
B = weight of filter paper, mg
3.8.5 pH
Measurement of pH is one of the most important and always used test in water chemistry. For this
work, the pH was measured by using pH meter (Crison pH 25). For turbid water, the pH of water
samples are adjusted from 2 to 8 using 1M NaOH and 1M HCl. The initial turbidity of turbid water
used were 150, 100 and 50 NTU while the dosage used were 10, 30 and 50 v/v. The pH changes
before and after undergo Jar Test were

Essay On Effluent Discharge Requirements
3.0 EFFLUENT DISCHARGE REQUIREMENTS
The Environmental Quality Act (EQA) 1974 specifies two standards for effluent discharge: Standard
A for discharge upstream of any raw water intake, and Standard B for discharge downstream of any
raw water intake. The current Third Schedule of the Environmental Quality Act 1974, under the
Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulations, 1979, regulations 8 (1), 8 (2)
and 8 (3) has been revisited and the Department of Environment has proposed 8th Schedule for the
Act which stipulate effluent discharge limits for parameters specific to domestic wastewater. The
effluent discharge limits in 8th Schedule are summarised in Table 3.1. Therefore, all sewage
treatment plants design shall ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Based on standard BOD measurement, the oxygen demand measured is usually influenced by the
following three (3) phenomena:
I. Oxygen demand by breakdown of soluble carbonaceous matter.
II. Oxygen demand by breakdown of suspended particulate carbonaceous matter.
III. Oxygen demand by oxidation of ammonia to nitrate by nitrifying bacteria present in the effluent
sample.
After undergoing biological treatment in the secondary reactor, residual soluble carbonaceous BOD
matter present in the effluent reduces in concentration to below 15 mg/L. Subsequently, nitrifying
bacteria populations tend to grow rapidly feeding on ammonia which is present in the partially
treated sewage. Nitrification may not be complete at levels of 5 mg/l of residual soluble
carbonaceous biodegradable matter. It depends on whether sufficient oxygen is available for the
oxidation of ammonia to nitrate. Hence, all BOD5 measurements shall adopt nitrification inhibition
step to ensure that the carbonaceous oxygen demand is reflected accurately in the overall BOD
measurement.
3.3 HEAVY METALS (AAS) The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has
a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations. In this experiment, copper
(Cu) and ferum (Fe) were tested. In this context, copper is an essential substance to human life, but
in high doses it can cause anaemia, liver and

Q Value Experiment
Starting November 3rd, samples were collected from Lake Storey Park in Galesburg, IL. Samples
were taken weekly from various locations in the water as to achieve a complete depiction of the
entire body of water. The first sample provided evidence that the water was of "Average" quality.
The dissolved oxygen was measured 100.6 % saturated by a Vernier Optical Dissolved Oxygen
Probe, a fairly normal level for water. Using the Water Quality Value Charts provided by the
Georgia Virtual School, the measurement of dissolved oxygen was correlated on the chart with a
"Q–Value" of 100. Since the Q–Value was discovered, determining the Subtotal of the test was the
next step. To determine the Subtotal, the Q–Value of the given measurement must be multiplied ...
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The dissolved oxygen level reached its highest levels in week 3 at a percent saturation of 102.7.
While the dissolved oxygen increased, the pH dropped to 6.96, the temperature changed dropped to
8.1oC, and the total phosphate levels declined to –.02 mg/L PO4–. Even though the dissolved
oxygen levels increased during week 3, the Q–Value was still at 100, just like all of the previous
weeks, which indicates that the dissolved oxygen levels were not affected during and after the
harvest. The pH value from week 3 has declined to a Q–Value of 88, the lowest of all three samples.
Beings that the pH levels were at a Q–Value of 90 the first week, the week of the harvest, 95 Q–
Value the next week, and 88 the final week, it seems as if the pH levels were stable before and after
the harvest. Appropriately, the data could represent the fact that more chemicals were released
during the harvest, increasing the pH levels than in the other two

Lake Tarpon's Water Quality: Change over an Eight Year Span
IV. Introduction: The purpose of this research is to determine whether there has been a change in the
overall water quality of the Lake Tarpon Basin, and if so, whether the quality has improved or
worsened. The variables that will determine whether the quality has changed are: nutrients
(phosphates and nitrates) and dissolved oxygen (DO). The expected changes are lower dissolved
oxygen levels (from the already low levels), higher nitrogen levels (from the already high nitrogen
levels), and the state qualifications still are not met for nutrients and dissolved oxygen (Levy, Flock,
Burnes, Myers, Weed, River 2010). This topic relates to environmental management because the
changes in water quality would be due to pollution, which relates to the question "How does human
activity lead to the pollution of water stores?" The hypothesis that will be tested is that Lake
Tarpon's water quality will have worsened since the last measurements by Levy, Flock, Burnes,
Myers, Weed, and Rivera in 2010.
V. Methodology: The water samples will be collected utilizing sterile plastic water bottles from Lake
Tarpon. The location the samples will be collected from is Anderson Park, by the boat docks, located
at 39669 U.S. 19, Tarpon Springs, FL 34689. The water samples will be brought to Tarpon Springs
High School to be tested, located at 1411 Gulf Rd, Tarpon Springs, FL 34689. The phosphate,
nitrate, and dissolved oxygen levels will be tested utilizing various LaMotte water testing kits,

Local Drinking Water Case Study
Introduction The purpose of this study is to learn about what substances are in local drinking water.
There are many things that can be found in drinking water that can be beneficial, harmful, or even
neutral in some cases. These substances can change how the water tastes, such as copper, how it
smells, like total dissolved solids, and there minerals like iron that can change the water's color. The
tests that this study will cover will help determine the different substances found in water from
different sources, like city water or well–water. Then after recording the amount of specific
substances, one can look at EPA's standard for drinking water and learn if the water that people are
consuming in the surrounding area is healthy or not. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Environmental Protection Agency has an action plan for when there a problem with drinking
water, such as there being hazardous materials being introduced. The EPA will urge all branches of
government, state, and other organizations to help insure the safety of drinking water by all working
together (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2017b). EPA action level depends on the
contaminant involved. For example, copper has an action level 1.3ppm and if the level exceeds this
amount there must be steps to control corrosion in pipes (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
2017d). Furthermore, it depending on the lethality of the contaminant will determine how much the
EPA will step in to help protect the water quality standards. Even though the EPA has taken steps to
ensure the action levels are always in check outside sources sometimes prevent them from doing so.
Almost all substances that the EPA regulates in drinking water have some type of regulations in
order to ensure that the water is safe for people to consume. The Secondary Drinking Water
Standards is what the EPA uses as a guide in order to regulate these substances. For iron in drinking
water the maximum amount is 0.3 mg/L. Chlorine in drinking water should not succeed 250 mg/L.
The copper level in drinking water should not rise above 1.0 mg/L. The pH level in drinking water
should fall between 6.5 and 8.5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009).

Water Mifflin Hall, Well Water Wyckoff And Stream Water...
The data from the TDS analysis (table 2) show that tap water Mifflin hall, well water Wyckoff and
stream water Raleigh has a higher amount of total dissolved solid compared to tap water
Harleysville and Tap water Yosemite that have a low amount of total dissolved solid. From these
observations, we can conclude that tap water Harleysville and tap water are softer than Yosemite tap
water Mifflin Hall, well water Wyckoff and stream Water Raleigh. The Results from ETDA (table 7)
show that tap water Mifflin Hall (400 ppm) is hardest than the four other water samples. It is
followed by tap water Harleysville (340 ppm), well Water Wyckoff (320 ppm), Stream Water
Raleigh (110 ppm) and Tap water Yosemite (80 ppm). This order supports my hypothesis. Tap water
Yosemite is relatively soft compared to the other water samples. I have predicted my sample to be
the hardness and tap water Yosemite to be the softest. Also, these results support my hypothesis in
the assumption that they show that stream water Raleigh is moderately hard as expected.
Nevertheless, I expected tap water Yosemite to be relatively soft but the data show that it is
moderately hard. In fact, I assumed that tap water Yosemite would be slightly hard because in
California ground water is stored in alluvium. They are made up of loose gravel, sands, and silts and
they contain a very low concentration of divalent cations. Maybe the fact that rocks vary from the
state of California due to the difference in geology might

Methods for Testing Water Quality
This report shows in details different methods that may be conducted in order to test the quality of
the water. First of all, the water quality is defined by its characteristics. They may be biological,
chemical, and physical. The water quality standards differ due to several environmental impacts.
Physically, the first tested impact is temperature. It has a high influence on the quality since it may
cause different type of pollution and will also have a high influence on biological activities. When
the temperature of water will become very far from its acceptable range, there will have a direct
negative impact on species and living organisms. The water temperature is inversely proportional to
the dissolved oxygen level. The second factor that affects the water quality is the potential of
hydrogen 'pH'. Many organisms are affected by their medians' pH. If the pH gets outside of its
acceptable range, plants and animals die. It is divided into three categories: acidic (< 7), neutral (=
7), basic (> 7). When the median is acidic, it causes corrosion for the pipes and aesthetic problems.
When the median is alkaline, the water will become bitter. Solids are divided into two categories:
suspended and dissolved. They are present in lakes and streams. Suspended solids are particles that
will be retained by filtering. It includes silts and sediments. Aquatic life is negatively affected when
the level of TDS is high. They are mostly found in acidic rainfall like H+ and hard water like

Evaluation Of Proposed Wastewater Treatment Facility For...
Evaluation of Proposed Wastewater Treatment Facility for Sand Valley, Nevada
Prepared for:
Clark County Sanitation Department
Prepared by:
Ahmad Jumah
May Alnagi
Sulaiman Alkhalfan
On behalf of:
Youbetcha Environmental Systems, Inc.
November 7, 2014
Executive Summary
This report provides analysis and evaluation of a newly designed wastewater treatment facility for
Sand Valley, Nevada. Analysis will include Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) along with total,
volatile, and fixed suspended solids. Methods for analysis will include the Winkler Test for BOD
and a Hatch test for the suspend solids.
The report finds BOD levels meet the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
permit renewal standards. Results for suspended solids shows an opposite trend. Suspended solids
increase throughout the course of the water treatment. This does not meet NPDES standards. Further
suspended solids test will be needed to insure a minimal amount of error. If the same trend
continues, the facility may need to be redesigned to meet NPDES standards.
Contents
Executive Summary i
List of Figures ii
List of Tables ii
Introduction 1
Procedures 2
BOD 2
Solids 3
Results and Discussion 3

BOD 3
Solids 4
Conclusion 6
Works Cited 7
Appendix A – Figures 8
Appendix B – Raw 10
Appendix C – Calculation 12
List of Figures
Figure 1. Schematic of Proposed Waste Treatment System for Sand Valley 1
Figure 2. Vacuum Filter Apparatus 8
Figure 3. Drying Oven 8
Figure

The Influence of Macroinvertebrates Communities in Water...
Structure of macroinvertebrates communities may change with seasons because most environmental
factors change with seasons. This process can directly influence water quality parameters such as
Dissolved oxygen, turbidity, conductivity, temperature, nutrients, and pH. (McCulloch, 2009).These
parameters appears to have direct influence on the macroinvertebrate life cycles (Sporka et al.
2006). In other words physical and chemical parameters of a catchment will ultimately determine
what breed should live in it (ANZECC & ARMCANZ 2000) for example in the figure 1,2,3 and 5
that three higher taxa Cnidaria, Nematoda ,Turbellaria were instinct or either in very low abundance
in most of the sampling site during summer and spring season. In nature these taxa commonly occur
in similar habitats at stream sites throughout the region (Dostine, 2014).
The examination of model macroinvertebrate for all sampling round shows that in summer there is
always less diversity and abundance among key higher taxa of the wetland as compared to early
spring. This is because of suitable temperature, water chemistry and flow. Similarly according to a
study conducted by Leigh( 2012) in dry summer water level or depth may decrease which is worst
situation for most surface dwelling species of macroinvertebrates(for example in summer sampling
round 1 only five tax were recorded). Higher temperature has several effects on macroinvertebrates
such as the less availability of oxygen for respiration,

Stoney Creek Stream Analysis
Stoney creek is a salmon spawning stream located on Burnaby Mountain, British Columbia, Canada
(The City of Burnaby, 2016). However, the site is constantly being threatened by nearby urban
constructions and development (Stoney Creek Environment Committee, n.d.). Thus, organizations
were created to protect, maintain and monitor this important salmon rearing stream (Stoney Creek
Environment Committee, n.d.). A few methods that the organizations utilize to analyse Stoney
Creek, is to survey its habitat conditions and test the water quality and quantity (Taccogna et al.,
1995). This will require the assessment of vegetation availability, flow velocity, volume, discharge,
water chemistry and conditions (Taccogna et al., 1995). Compiling and documenting ... Show more
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These characteristics involve streambed material, embeddedness, pool habtat percentage, off–
channel habitat, bank stability, bank vegetation percentage, overhead canopy and riparian zone.
Certain points to note is that there is an abundant variety and amount of vegetation (such as conifers
and shrubs) surrounding the creek which provides shade, protection and their roots provide bank
stability (Taccogna et al., 1995). Another point to consider is that undisturbed streams will have little
to no embeddedness (Taccogna et al., 1995). Unfortunately, our results from the 25 streambed
samples suggests 41% embeddedness of gravel and rock, meaning there was some stream
disturbance. Coniferous trees are also present which may increase the streams acidity (Taccogna et
al., 1995). Again, plentiful vegetation also increases bank stability and decrease risks of erosion
which could disturb many sensitive aquatic creatures (Taccogna et al., 1995). For that reason,
destruction on its environmental surroundings should be avoided at all costs. Overall, with a score of
90, the habitat quality of Stoney Creek is in the acceptable

Water Quality Lab
Water Quality Lab Reports: "Water Quality Lab Report – First and Last Name."
Before you begin writing, make a copy of this document and rename it this
Share your document with me, allow editing, UNCHECK "notify people via email," and fill out the
Submission Form to share your link with me.
After you copy, share, and submit your Lab Report: Write your lab report in complete sentences and
use paragraphs to organize your ideas. Use your lab handout guide and the Water Quality lab report
questions to help you as you write your lab report.
Proofread your work carefully! Check for misspelled words, fragments, and clearly written
sentences.
Delete these instructions once you have finished your lab report.
Purpose
The purpose of this lab ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Almost every experiment had good results. The only to bad results were the pH– using strips and the
turbidity. The pH – using trips was a 4 but doing the pH – using tablets had a 7. So it can go either
way. Turbidity was 20 but that isn't that high. The DO was 4ppm and that is almost perfect. That
means that it has plants, but not a lot of them. The temperature of the pond was not cold and not
warm. The temperature varies though throughout the seasons. There were 0 ppm results for the
nitrates. That is very good. It doesn't increase the plant growth but also doesn't decrease the plant
growth. The ammonia levels were also 0ppm. That means that the insects and animals don't get sick
by drinking the water or swimming in it. There were many bioindicators in the pond. There were
water striders, tadpoles, grass, flowers, algae, gnats, and cat tails. The Voyager pond is very healthy
and it should stay

Water Quality Data ( Fixed Interval Sampling )
Water quality data (fixed–interval sample) collected bi–monthly from 1999–2008 and monthly from
2009–2013 for all 18 monitoring sites within the Reedy Fork and Buffalo Creek basins over a 15–
year period was obtained from The City of Greensboro Stormwater Division, North Carolina. The
sampled data were grouped in ranges of years from 1999–2002, 2003–2008, 2009–2010 and 2011–
2013 so as to obtain a detailed analysis on the data. The sampling sites in the study area were
numbered for simplicity of result presentation. Sites 1 to 6 were located at the highly sub–urban and
agricultural area and sites 7 to 18 were located in the highly urbanized area of Greensboro. This sites
include; Bluff Run (1), Fleming (2), Friendship Church Rd (3), Old Oak Ridge Rd. (4), Pleasant
Ridge (5) and Battleground Ave. (6), are located in the Reedy Fork Creek basin (Figure 1). Whereas
Aycock (7), North Church St. (8), Fieldcrest Dr. (9), McConnell (10), Merritt Dr. (11), 16th St. (12),
Randleman Rd (13), Rankin Mills Rd. (14) West JJ (15), White St. (16), Mcleansville (17), and
Summit Ave. (18) sites are located in the Buffalo Creek basin. Twelve water quality parameters were
selected for statistical analysis (Total suspended solids (TSS, mg/L), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN,
m/L), chemical oxygen demand (COD, mg/L), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5, mg/L), total
dissolved solids (TDS, mg/L), total Phosphorus (TPhos, mg/L),Turbidity (TURB, NTU) nitrite
nitrogen (NO2–N, mg/L), nitrate nitrogen (NO3–N,

Evaluation Of The Treatment Of Wastewater Essay
The disposal of untreated wastewater coming from the industries into the water bodies will pollute
the water bodies because of its high concentrations. So, the wastewater produced from the industry
should be treated properly to meet the permissible limits given by central and state pollution control
boards. Therefore it is necessary to treat the wastewater properly with the help of an appropriate
treatment plant. However, the treatment plant even though properly planned may not work
satisfactory because of several reasons. Hence, it is essential to evaluate the treatment plant
considering individual treatment unit in the entire treatment flow. In the present work emphasis has
been given to the study of the performance of treatment facilities because of its importance in the
conventional treatment of wastewater. Hence, the literature review related to the evaluation of the
entire treatment process along with biological treatment process particularly suspended growth
process Activated Sludge Process (ASP), attached growth process Trickling Filter (TF) and a
combination of the both suspended and attached growth process Hybrid Reactor (HR) is presented
in the following sections of this chapter.
2.2 REVIEWED OF LITERATURE ON ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
In suspended growth processes, the microorganisms responsible for the treatment of wastewater are
maintained in liquid suspension by appropriate mixing methods. Many suspended growth process
used in municipal and industrial wastewater

The Effect Of Gamma Ray Irradiation On Sludge Settleability
3. Results and discussion 3.1. Physical characteristics 3.1.1. Effect of gamma–ray irradiation on
sludge settleability In static sedimentation tests, a distinct sedimentation interface between the
supernatant and sludge was observed for all samples with different irradiation doses, whereas the
expected rapid improvement of the irradiated sedimentation rate was not observed (Fig. 1). These
trends agreed with the results of Meeroff et al (2004). According to the sedimentation curves, there
are two periods during static sedimentation process: (1) the initial hindered settling period, in which
the interface between the supernatant and sludge decreases at a constant velocity (u0) relying on the
sludge concentration; (2) the succedent sludge compression period, in which the settling velocity of
the interface gradually declines (Wu et al., 2009; Iritani et al., 2015). For the untreated sludge, u0 is
10.36 mm·h−1 and SV720 is 37.1%, as shown in Fig. 2. For irradiated sludge, the sedimentation
velocity was slightly increased to 11.55 mm·h–1 at doses up to 15 kGy. SV was continuously
decreased with the increasing dose and a 19.4% reduction rate was achieved at 15 kGy. According to
the Stokes Law, the observed changes in u0 and SV were probably due to particle size decrease and
sludge density increase after irradiation (Yu et al., 2010). In addition, a portion of solid matter was
dissolved by irradiation, which could promote SV decrease. The improved settleability demonstrated
that

Nitrate Test Lab Report
T he Stream Team tested the nitrate levels, air temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, and
phosphate in the stream. The Nitrate test the average of all the tests taken where .25 mg/L.The air
temperature of the day the test was taken was 11.7 degrees Celsius. The dissolved oxygen levels of
the stream the day of testing were 5 mg/L.The average pH levels were 7.85. The turbidity of the
stream the day we tested was 10 NTU.The phosphate level for the was not available because all tests
performed showed there was no phosphate in the stream. The stream tested was Cole Camp
Creek.Beginning at 0857.All of the tests were taken from circulating water.
Stream quality can be affected by many things. For example, phosphate limits plant growth in rivers
and streams, and phosphate levels above 0.1 ppm can result in algal blooms which causes
eutrophication. Eutrophication is then natural aging process of bodies of and creates plant
growth.However,the plants die off more quickly than decompose, causing the dead plant matter to
build up. This process usually takes thousands of years. (Mr.Brian Oram) ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Algae and other plants use nitrate as a food source. With lots of nitrate the algae has unlimited
sources of food and can grow is unchecked which can be a bad thing. Large amounts of algae can
cause fluctuations in dissolved oxygen during streams.Photosynthesis by algae can generate lots of
oxygen in the day, but at night dissolved oxygen levels can drop down very low and cause oxygen
consuming bacteria to feed on dead or decaying algae and plants.

Accounting Procedures For Problem Evaluation Essay
2.4 PROCEDURES FOR PROBLEM EVALUATION In general, the problems detailed in the EPA
manual are those most commonly encountered. However, the procedures mentioned in the EPA
manual can be used for any type of problem evaluation. The first step in problem evaluation is to
determine if the plant is meeting design performance standards by comparing its effluent quality and
overall removal efficiencies with those specified by the design. If the plant does not routinely meet
performance specifications, it will be necessary to determine whether the deficiency is due to
problems which fall into either problem defined or problem unspecified (EPA). Problem Defined: If
the treatment plant operator has defined the problem then: (a) Verify general area of problems, such
as related to process, maintenance or design, sampling, etc; (b) For common process problems, refer
to that section of the manual dealing with the problem and (c) Develop sampling and testing
program to provide additional data. Problem Unspecified– If effluent discharge does not meet
required standards and no definite problem area has been established then (a) Review flow and
process records again in greater detail; (b) Recheck sampling and testing procedures required; (c)
Compare sampling and testing program against recommended program in the manual; (d)
Recommend a modified testing and sampling program to furnish additional data for evaluation; (e)
Compare the data with the problem indicators detailed in the

How The Quality Of Water Affected By The Parameter
necessary to compact decay scale formation, and fouling of heat transfer surfaces throughout the
reactor facility and support system [3].
The most common step in water treatment process includes;  COAGULATION/FLOCCULATION
 SEDIMENTATION  FILTRATION  DISINFECTION  SLUDGE DRYING 
FLUORIDATION  PH CORRECTION 5.0 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
In this paper we are going to analyze the quality of water affected by the parameter. The quality of
water is not equal and constant. Water quality is affected by different type of parameters such as
Colour, Turbidity, Total dissolved solids, Taste and odour, PH is the physical parameters. Chloride,
calcium, magnesium, sulphate, total hardness is the chemical parameters.
5.1 Colour
Colour is measured in Hazen units. Colour can originate from organic matter in the soil through or
over, which the water has passed. It is optimal parameter consisting in absorbing of a part of
spectrum of visible radiation by substances in dissolved in water, colloidal substances, and
suspended particles present in water.
5.2 Turbidity
Turbidity is dirtiness of water and is measured by a light scattering technique. Turbidity is a measure
of how particles suspended in water affect water clarity.
5.3 PH
PH is a measure of a solution 's acidity. In water, small numbers of water molecules (H2O) will
break apart or disassociate into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH–). Other compounds
entering the water may react with these, leaving an imbalance in the

Conductivity In Ivy Creek
Conductivity is the measure of how well water can conduct an electrical current (Shahady, 2010). At
each creek cite the conductivity varied, at Claytor – Big Otter was record to be at 57.5 µs/cm,
making it the lowest record for the whole study. Peaksview – Ivy Creek was record at 108 µs/cm
and Target – Rock Castle Creek at 285 µs/cm, the highest recorded. The term pH is used to indicate
how alkaline or acidic water is determined on a scale from 1.0 to 14.0 (Shahady, 2010). The pH at
each different creek seemed to be around the number. At Claytor – Big Otter it was record to be 7.0
and at Target – Rock Castle Creek was 7.65, this means that the water is alkaline, meaning there are
more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions. Claytor – Big Otter

Sodium Thiosulfate Lab Report
Sample calculations:
The way we measured the amount of DO depended on the amount of drops it took to make our
yellow water sample(as seen in Section 3) clear using the Sodium Thiosulfate Solution. One drop
was equal to one ppm, so if it took 5 drops of the Sodium Thiosulfate Solution to turn the water
sample clear, the amount of dissolved oxygen in it was 5 ppm.
Likewise, to gather averages, we used data from day 1 and day 2. Combine the average results by
adding all them and dividing by the amount of times the tests were performed, we found the average
of the dissolved oxygen at each site in Barker Lake and Salt Creek.
Data summary:
Additional dissolved oxygen(in ppm) information.
Sites
1
2
3
4
5
Mean
4.19 ppm
4.36 ppm
7.45 ppm
7.48 ppm ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, we only measured the amount of dissolved oxygen on the perimeter of Barker lake.
Thus, we are assuming that it is the same as the amount of dissolved oxygen in the middle of the
lake. It affects are data because we do not have complete details about one of the most important
parts of the lake so, if we did attempted to test hypotheses, they could be wrong. But, this was a
systematic error because we did not have the equipment to collect water from the center. I think to
fix this problem, we could've, though unlikely, used some sort of drone to collect a water sample
from the center as it could easily traverse to it.
Also, 2 examples of human(random) error are the amounts of oxygen reagent we added to each
sample and how we added the Sodium Thiosulfate Solution. In adding the oxygen reagents, we
might not have added all of it and some of the chemical itself usualy stuck to the sides of the top of
the glassware. Thus, would lead to inaccurate results because not all of said reagent would be added.
To add all of the packets, I would suggest we use a funnel that is dry. The sides of the glassware

were usually wet so the reagent would stick. But in using a dry funnel, it guarantees that the
chemicals go in the DO

The Water Quality Of South Creek
Geography Internal Assessment
How does the water quality of South Creek in the Narrabeen catchment vary downstream and what
do these variations infer about human influences?
Candidate Number: 003047 0022
Word Count:
Table of Contents
Fieldwork Question and Geographical Context 3
Nature and Purpose of this Investigation 3
Location of this Investigation 4
Hypothesis 5
Methods of Investigation 6
Method of Measurement 7
The Water Quality Index 8
Treatment of Information Collected and Written Analysis 10
Data Collection and Processing–The Headwaters–Point A 14
Testing Conditions and Results 15
Qualitative Observations 15
Interpretation of Results 16
Data Collection and Processing–The Midpoint–Point B 17
Testing Conditions and Results 18 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This investigation is derived from:
Part 1. Patterns and change
1.3 Patterns in environmental quality and sustainability
3. Water and Change
Concerned with both environmental and human factors affecting water quality.
Part 2. Optional themes
Option A: Freshwater issues and conflicts
Which focusses on both the physical geography of freshwater and human impacts on water quality.
Location of this Investigation
South Creek is located in Narrabeen, New South Whales, Australia, within the Warringah area. The
Narrabeen basin is approximately 7km from north to south and 7km from east to west (Entrance
from Narrabean Lakes, Forest Way) (Mona Vale at Tumbledown Dick to Warringah road ). South
Creek flows through Oxford falls, Beacon Hill, Cromer, Narraweena, Wheeler Heights before

flowing into Narrabeen Lakes. The landscape of the area is dissected sandstone plateau with some
areas of flat land at height, such as Collaroy Plateau with an average height of 42 metres above sea
level.
Figure 1.1 Location of South Creek
Figure 1.2 Annoyed Location map of South Creek
Hypothesis
South Creek will start off with good water quality, but the water quality will degrade downstream
due to proximity to human influences.
Although South Creek begins adjacent to residential infrastructure, since it is the beginning of the
stream, I suspect the stream won't be that polluted

Design The Program Planning, Timeline And Other Tools
5. Design the program planning, timeline and other tools
6. Make the timeline and deadline to the program
7. Assess the resource availability
8. Visit the area and get into contact with local government bodies and other stakeholders
9. Rent and manage an office to handle program administrative and other activities
10. Make arrangements to execute the program
11. Educate the paddy farmers about causes and effects of chronic kidney disease, how to prevent
and overcome the disease, usage of agrochemicals, introduction of environmental friendly
fertilizers, and provide necessary instructions to increase the living standard with the help of public
health inspectors and plantation instructors
12. Educate the families of paddy farmers especially their wives about the methods of safe and clean
water usage for cooking, drinking and so on
13. During the workshop, distribute chorine tablets, water quality measurement tool kits, clay pots
and pans
14. Monitor and evaluate the status of target population whether they practice the learned methods
and if not, make changes
6. Timeline
Months
Description of activity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Identify the area and why the program is needed
Advertise and recruit the staff
Inform and educate the staff of the program
Collect and analyse data and determine the target population
Design the program

Marine Environment Essay
Introduction
Australia is one of the main coal producing countries in the world, ranking the first in coal export
and the fourth in the coal production in 2012 (International Energy Agency 2012). On global scale,
coal accounted for a third of primary energy needs and 41.1% of electricity generation in 2014,
when its production reached 8022.5 Mt (World Coal Association 2015).
Steps involved in coal industry have shown to pollute the marine environment by various means.
Unburnt coal may escape into marine environment during natural erosion of coal seams, slumping
and runoff from storage areas, spills and accidents during loading and transport (Achten and
Hofmann 2009; Gibson, Atkinson, and Gordon 2005) affecting marine life physically and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, coal spills are not rare (Queensland Government 2017a,b,c; Willacy 2017; NSW
Environment Protection Authority 2017, 2015, 2014). The Independent Expert Scientific Committee
on Coal Seam Gas and Large Coal Mining Development (IESC) focuses on impacts of coal seam
gas and coal mining development on aquatic ecosystems (Commonwealth of Australia 2017), while
impacts on marine ecosystems receive little attention. Therefore, this study could enhance our
understanding of impacts of coal industry on marine organisms and provide scientific support for
future environmental impact assessments.
Aims
1. To understand effects of coal particles on shellfish survival and growth rates
2. To compare effects of different concentration of coal on shellfish survival and growth rates
3. To understand the accumulation rate of PAHs from coal particles into shellfish
Methods
We will set up four tanks, each with 10 Plebidonax deltoides and 10 Vasticardium vertebratum on
sandy sediment with continuous seawater flow. We will add thermal coal particles of different
amounts into three tanks to simulate coal spill and leave the remaining tank as a control.
Before the experiment, we will measure PAHs concentrations in shellfish samples, weight and
length of each individual, and the total suspended solids in water. During the experiment, we will
measure the weight and dimension of each individual and the total

Project Management Consultancy Services ( A2z )
1.0 Background
David Haka, owner of Haka Chips NZ Limited (Haka Chips), is looking for consistent and focused
business sustainability, both short–term and long–term.
New Zealand, the domestic frontier of his "kumara growing and chip factory," is being considered
for operational upgrade to improve efficiency and further boost in the revenues. One evident
solution is the upgrade of the mechanical system of the new factory that will materially save energy
and cut gas expenses through proper utilization of energy.
Aside from this, David is also thinking international, maximizing economies of scale by tapping a
new segment of consumers in other Asian countries through exportation of his products.
We, the A2Z Project Management Consultancy Services (A2Z), hereby present our proposal for the
setup of the new factory that includes the purchase and installation of high end equipment and
operational training for the staff.
2.0 Project Rationale
2.1 Financial Viability
It is forecasted that year one's contribution margin will be $55,000 and will have a stable annual
growth of $15,000 in contribution margin for the next four years. The return of investment period
will be at year three of its operation.
2.2 Commercial Viability
The kumara chips market is estimated to grow by 5% per annum due to the increase demand for
healthier eating alternatives. Haka Chips is hoping to be available on both the physical and the
virtual markets through advance technology, media, and internet

Water Quality Of The Thames River
The purpose of this proposal is to promote the restructuring and upgrade of the existing Springbank
Dam that sits on the Thames River to the City of London as well as the Department of Environment
and Climate Change Canada.
The following issues in London will be addressed:
Water Pollution in the Thames River
Controversy of the malfunctioning Springbank Dam The Thames River is located in southwestern
Ontario that flows west through the City of London. (Figure 1) The river is mainly used for
recreational purposes such as boating, canoeing and fishing by the people of London. However, the
river is currently heavily polluted, posing public health risks as well as damaging the fragile
ecosystems that exist within and around the Thames ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(London 4) Too much phosphorous promotes excessive algae and plant growth, leading to harming
the water quality, as well as decreasing the amount of oxygen in the water that many aquatic
lifeforms need to survive. Algal blooms, excessive algae growth, will cause deaths to large amounts
of fish and also harm humans if they come into contact with the polluted water or consume the
affected organisms living in the algae–infested water. (United States Environmental Protection
Agency) An example of widespread algal blooms is shown in Figure 2 where much of the visible
water is covered in algae, slowly suffocating the life that lives within the water.
Bacteriological quality standards are used to prevent diseases and sicknesses that can be contracted
through the uses of the river's water, such as swimming. Escherichia Coli (E. coli), a harmful group
of bacteria commonly found in the intestine of animals and humans, is used as an indicator of
pathogens. (Figure 3) Another indicator is the Total Coliform quality which is the total number of
Coliform bacteria, such as E. coli, which exist in the river. Coliform bacteria is used as an indicator
because they usually exist where other pathogens of fecal origins exists. Although disinfection
periods try to clean the water, the

Effect Of A Riparian Buffer Zone Essay
Introduction For our project this semester my team studied the effects that a riparian buffer zone had
on both Adams Lake and Chapman Pond. We also looked at how climate change effects Adams
Lake and Chapman Pond. A riparian buffer zone is where vegetation is grown around a water source
to help keep sediment, phosphorous, pesticides, and other harmful things from getting into the water
systems (Correll, 2016). The affects that riparian buffer zones have on our water systems and the
change in climate is extremely important. My team believed that the water quality would be better in
a body of water that had a riparian buffer zone (Chapman Pond) than a body water without a
riparian buffer zone (Adams Lake). Methods The study took place on Adams Lake and Chapman
Pond on the Ferrum College campus in Ferrum, Virginia from October to November, 2016. Adams
Lake served as the study site without a riparian buffer zone, and Chapman Pond was the site with an
established riparian buffer zone. The measurements on Adams Lake were taken in the section of the
bank with the least amount of vegetation present. On Chapman Pond, the measurements were taken
in the most heavily wooded section, in order to get an accurate estimate of the effects of an
established riparian buffer zone. Total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, bacteria levels,
turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and temperature were the parameters examined. The parameters were
measured on two different occasions, and data was

A Brief Note On The Water Treatment Systems
Water treatment systems The groundwater source is from GoldCentury gold mine, whereby excess
groundwater is pumped out of mine at a maximum volumetric flow rate of 477L/s. It contains
contaminants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metal impurities, sulphates,
bicarbonates, microorganisms, dissolved minerals and objectionable gases, but focuses on the
removal of dissolved inorganic contaminants such as calcium and iron. The most prevalent
dissolved minerals which are Calcium and Magnesium, also known as hardness, can be removed by
precipitation, requiring softening steps. The purification system designed is based more on
efficiency over cost effectiveness. The purpose of treating the groundwater in this assignment, is to
purify it to drinking standards to hydrate mineworkers underground during heated, intense mine–
work operations, and for operating certain equipment and tools. Figure 1: Mine groundwater
treatment plant schematic Figure 1 shows the following unit operations: A settling tank is installed
to allow large particles such as to settle so that they can easily be removed. The retention time is
around 30 minutes or 0.5 hours. Aeration removes excess and objectable gases. A packed tower
stripping system is used which removes 99.95% (or 179.91mg/L) of VOCs. This process also
reduces the pH of the water and has a retention time of 22.716 minutes (0.3786hr). Chemical
precipitation is performed on larger molecules which make up the suspended solids

Disadvantages Of Refractometer
INTRODUCTION
A refractometer is aneoptical device that takes advantage of the fact that light passing through a
liquid bends or refracts. The refractometer is a tool. It is used to help you select higher quality of
foods containing more vitamins and minerals. They are also used to determine the concentration of
dissolved solids in a solution. Cooking oil, molasses, syrup, and other thick liquids require a
refractometerqcalibrated to read 30–90 Brix. Refractometer also is used in wine making. (Harrill,
1998) refractometer is also used to test to quality of fruits and vegetables.
A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the density of a liquid as compared to that of water.
Hydrometers usually consist of a calibrated glass tube ending in ... Show more content on
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Why?
Temperature is an essential parameter because the index of refraction is affected by temperature.
The speed of light in a liquid will increase when the temperature increases. For instance, according
to Hanson (2006), when there is 1°C increasing in temperature, many organic liquids the index of
refraction decreases by nearly %0.05
What are the advantages and disadvantages of both instruments in measuring total soluble solid
content? Refractometer advantages: İnexpensive instrument
Refractometer disadvantages: Tedious calibration No instrument protocol Operator dependent
readings( limited accuracy) Long and difficult thermosetting (water bath is required after each
experiment)
Hydrometer advantages: Quick instrument Simple method Inexpensive instrument
Hydrometer disadvantages; Breakable glassware especially be careful when it is dropped into
solution Difficult to clean and dry it needs to be sure that it is cleaned well because not enough to
clean can cause measurement mistake Operator dependent readings Large sample volume required
("Comparision of different measuring techniques for density and

Case Study On Ground Water Analysis
We are doing work on our topic named "A Case Study Report on Ground Water Analysis (G.I.D.C
sanala road Morbi)". We have gone step by step; our 1st stage was DESIGN THINKING with mind
mapping. Design thinking means thinking of all advantageous angles and aspects for the optimum
solution of the product problem. In this stage we can understand actually what design is; its
importance and socio–economical relevance. At that time we converted our design thinking to the
foster innovation by application of Relevance of Design and Design Thinking in engineering.
Here, we have discussed 1st AEIOU Summary & Mind mapping canvas
1.1 AEIOU SUMMARY & MIND MAPPING CANVAS
AEIOU frame work is briefly able to give idea of our user, pollution, communication for our
product, required parts, activities ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Activities:–
Main activity: – Water Testing
Sub Activity: – DO (Dissolved Oxygen) measurements TDS (Total Dissolved solids) Hardness
Measurements (Ca2+, mg2+) Conductivity
2. Environment:–
Table Water Condition: – The Condition exist at ground level for water.
Hygienic Conditions: – Water's effect on Human health
Stable Testing Environment: – Water parameters changes by the span of time thus stable Condition
is to be maintained.
3. Interaction:–
Interaction between: – People–––––––with Analyzer
Test Procedure––––––– with Standards by Government.
Lab Technician–––––––with Instruments
Special notes: – Interactions in this case is carried out from living person to non–living object.
4. Object:–
Testing Kit: – Water analyzing kit
Apparatus: – Burette, pipette, flask, beakers, etc.
Chemicals: – Titration Chemicals, indicator, buffers
5. Users:–
Table 2.1.1: Role and responsibilities of present user.
Sr. No. Role Responsibilities
1. Public To operate/test the nearby ground

Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants ( Uwtps ) Essay
Abstract:
Visakhapatnam city has two Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants (UWTPs) in the city, located at 1
town and Mudasarlova (Arilova) village, Andhra Pradesh, India. These plants are planned and built
with an intend to oversee wastewater in order to minimize and/or expel organic matter, solids,
nutrients, disease–causing organisms, pollutants and different toxins, before it re–enters a water
body. The concentrations were assessed from two sewage treatment units; the largest STP situated at
1 Town with handling capacity of 38 MLD took after by Arilova STP of 13MLD capacity. It was
uncovered from the execution, examine that effectiveness of the two treatment plants was poor
concerning expulsion of total dissolved solids as rather than the evacuation in different parameters
like total suspended solids, BOD and COD. In 1 Town STP,TDS, TSS, BOD and COD removal
efficiency was 2.6, 97.71, 95.18, 80.54 % and respectively, while in Mudasarlova STP,TDS, TSS,
BOD and COD removal efficiency was 1.0, 90.89, 89.5, 75.18 % and respectively. The order of
decrease efficiency was TDS < COD < BOD< TSS and TDS < COD < BOD < TSS respectively in
1Town STP and Mudasarlova STP. Furthermore, the issues connected with the operation and
support of wastewater treatment plants is examined.
Keywords: Total suspended solids, Total dissolved solids, Chemical oxygen demand, Biochemical
oxygen demand, Mixed liquor suspended solids, Sludge volume index
INTRODUCTION
One–fourth of the world 's population is

Reverse Osmosis For Wastewater Recycling

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