International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Deals with what is activated sludge, mechanisms and kinetics of treatment, design of activated sludge process, secondary clarifiers and their design and bulking sludge, raising sludge and foaming of ASP.
Waste to Watts: Anaerobic Digestion of Livestock Manure (Sood)Iwl Pcu
By: Dave Sood, Consultant, The presentation will cover key aspects of anaerobic digestion:
-Methane Production from Manure
-AD and Its Benefits
-AD Process
-Operating Conditions for AD
-Manure Characteristics and Digester Types
-AD and Water Quality
-Manure Characteristics and Digester Types
-Economic Analysis
-AD in Europe
-Why Digesters Fail?
-Cold Climate Digesters
-Key to Successful Digesters in Cold Climates
-A success story & Carbon Credits: Haubenschild Dairy, Minnesota, USA
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Deals with what is activated sludge, mechanisms and kinetics of treatment, design of activated sludge process, secondary clarifiers and their design and bulking sludge, raising sludge and foaming of ASP.
Waste to Watts: Anaerobic Digestion of Livestock Manure (Sood)Iwl Pcu
By: Dave Sood, Consultant, The presentation will cover key aspects of anaerobic digestion:
-Methane Production from Manure
-AD and Its Benefits
-AD Process
-Operating Conditions for AD
-Manure Characteristics and Digester Types
-AD and Water Quality
-Manure Characteristics and Digester Types
-Economic Analysis
-AD in Europe
-Why Digesters Fail?
-Cold Climate Digesters
-Key to Successful Digesters in Cold Climates
-A success story & Carbon Credits: Haubenschild Dairy, Minnesota, USA
Low Cost Anaerobic Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste Leachateiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Bijay Thapa, Nawa Raj Khatiwada, Anish Ghimire and Bikash Adhikari . “Study of Pollutant Removal in Activated Sludge Process Using Lab Scale Plant by Intermittent Aeration” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 01-07.
Leachate generation from tsdf and its treatment optionsAyushi Chaturvedi
Introduction to Hazardous waste landfill and Leachate
Supportive Data and figures
Real Episode due to Leachate Contamination
Leachate Generation Factors
TSDF - Introduction
TSDF – Case Study
Literature Review
List of Applicable leachate treatment Technologies
Biosolids Minimization Using Alkaline Sludge Hydrolysis and BNR ProcessLystek
This paper presents a pilot-scale evaluation of an integrated approach to sludge management utilizing a combination of biological nutrient removal and biosolids alkaline hydrolysis, as well as attempts to explore the impact of recycled alkaline hydrolysates on sludge yield and anaerobic digestion. The novel concept of converting an existing conventional activated sludge (CAS) wastewater treatment plant in St. Marys, Ontario to BNR and integrating it with Lystek technology emerged to reduce sludge production and spare the plant expansion of its sludge storage facilities.
A pilot study was undertaken to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed BNR system and to assess the impact of recycling Lystek-treated sludge to the BNR system and anaerobic digester. The pilot plant produced effluent comparable to that of the full-scale plant with biological nitrification/denitrification and phosphorous removal.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
Low Cost Anaerobic Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste Leachateiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Bijay Thapa, Nawa Raj Khatiwada, Anish Ghimire and Bikash Adhikari . “Study of Pollutant Removal in Activated Sludge Process Using Lab Scale Plant by Intermittent Aeration” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 01-07.
Leachate generation from tsdf and its treatment optionsAyushi Chaturvedi
Introduction to Hazardous waste landfill and Leachate
Supportive Data and figures
Real Episode due to Leachate Contamination
Leachate Generation Factors
TSDF - Introduction
TSDF – Case Study
Literature Review
List of Applicable leachate treatment Technologies
Biosolids Minimization Using Alkaline Sludge Hydrolysis and BNR ProcessLystek
This paper presents a pilot-scale evaluation of an integrated approach to sludge management utilizing a combination of biological nutrient removal and biosolids alkaline hydrolysis, as well as attempts to explore the impact of recycled alkaline hydrolysates on sludge yield and anaerobic digestion. The novel concept of converting an existing conventional activated sludge (CAS) wastewater treatment plant in St. Marys, Ontario to BNR and integrating it with Lystek technology emerged to reduce sludge production and spare the plant expansion of its sludge storage facilities.
A pilot study was undertaken to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed BNR system and to assess the impact of recycling Lystek-treated sludge to the BNR system and anaerobic digester. The pilot plant produced effluent comparable to that of the full-scale plant with biological nitrification/denitrification and phosphorous removal.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
Review of research on bio reactors used in wastewater ijsit 2.4.6IJSIT Editor
The review presented in this paper focuses on reactors used in wastewater treatment for bio
hydrogen production (e.g. batch reactors, complete mix reactors, plug flow reactors, bio-film reactors,
suspended reactors, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, anaerobic baffled reactors, upflow packed-bed
attached growth reactors, attached growth fluidized bed reactors, anaerobic sequencing batch reactor, hybrid
/ high rate reactors and membrane separation reactors. It is clear from the review that development of these
reactors can be considered a grown up research for which good design and scale-up guidelines are available
Electricity Generation from Biogas Produced in a Lab-Scale Anaerobic Digester...inventionjournals
The sludge produced during wastewater treatment should be stabilized in order to minimize the damage to the environment. This study includes the evaluation of sludge stabilization and biogas formation by anaerobic digestion in order to generate electricity using stirling motor.The study was carried out with the raw sludge form the thickener of the wastewatertreatment plant. The main aim of the study is to provide sludge stabilization resulting biogas production by reduction of organic matter and to generate electricity. Anaerobic digestion studies were carried out using a laboratory scale anaerobic reactor with a volume of 7L.Under themesophilic condition, the sludge age was maintained at 10 days during the first 20 days of operation, while the reactor was operated for 90 days until the end of the run, with a sludge age of 20 days.The results have changed in the range of 42-52% after the organic matter reduction obtained from the anaerobic digestion. Concentrations of 3735.7300 ppm, 5060.5768 ppm, and 6951.4013 ppm biogas were obtained. Biogas was turned on by mechanical energy with a Stirlingmotor and then turned to direct current and the lamps with 3V 20mA each were run for 60 minutes
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
CH-2 Activated sludge treatment for wastewaterTadviDevarshi
Physico-chemical and biological treatment strategies and their evaluation, Theory of activated sludge process (ASP), extended aeration systems, trickling filters (TF), aerated lagoons, stabilization ponds, oxidation
ditches, sequential batch reactor, rotating biological contactor, etc., Mass balancing in ASP and TF and their design.
Cars are a very important part of this modern world because they give luxury and comfort. Even
though they are comfortable, some problems always keep arising on the safety side. After a lot of research they
rectified certain problems using air bags, auto parking, turbo charger, pedal shift…, etc.
And now we are going to discuss about one such problem that arises on the safety side. An unsuspected
accident occurs when people smash their fingers in between the car doors. Due to this kind of accident around
120,000 people are injured every year. But this was not taken as a very major safety concern for the customer.
To avoid this kind accident due to car doors, we are introducing “SAFETY DOOR LOCK SYSTEM”
with the help of “HYDRAULIC PISTON AND IR SENSORS”.
The major working process of the “SAFETY DOOR LOCK SYSTEM”is, when a person places his/her
hand or fingers in the gap between the door and the outer panel, at the time when the closing action of the door
takes place, the Sensors start to transmit the Infra Red Rays to the Receivers at the
other end, and so even if someone closes the door without anybody‟s knowledge the hydraulic piston will
automatically come out and stop the door from closing and prevent the person from the unsuspected accident
and minor injuries by the car door and ensure maximum safety to the customer.
Extrusion can be defined as the process of subjecting a material to compression so that it is forced to
flow through an opening of a die and takes the shape of the hole. Multi-hole extrusion is the process of
extruding the products through a die having more than one hole. Multi-hole extrusion increases the production
rate and reduces the cost of production. In this study the ram force has calculated experimentally for single hole
and multi-hole extrusion. The comparison of ram forces between the single hole and multi-hole extrusion
provides the inverse relation between the numbers of holes in a die and ram force. The experimental lengths of
the extruded products through the various holes of multi-hole die are different. It indicates that the flow pattern
is dependent on the material behavior. The micro-hardness test has done for the extruded products of lead
through multi-hole die. It is observed that the hardness of the extruded lead products from the central hole is
found to be more than that of the products extruded from other holes. The study suggests that multi-hole
extrusion can be used for obtaining the extruded products of lead with varying hardness. The micro-structure
study has done for the lead material before and after extrusion. It is observed that the size of grains of lead
material after extrusion is smaller than the original lead.
Analysis of Agile and Multi-Agent Based Process Scheduling Modelirjes
As an answer of long growing frustration of waterfall Software development life cycle concepts,
agile software development concept was evolved in 90’s. The most popular agile methodologies is the Extreme
Programming (XP). Most software companies nowadays aim to produce efficient, flexible and valuable
Software in short time period with minimal costs, and within unstable, changing environments. This complex
problem can be modeled as a multi-agent based system, where agents negotiate resources. Agents can be used to
represent projects and resources. Crucial for the multi-agent based system in project scheduling model, is the
availability of an effective algorithm for prioritizing and scheduling of task. To evaluate the models, simulations
were carried out with real life and several generated data sets. The developed model (Multi-agent based System)
provides an optimized and flexible agile process scheduling and reduces overheads in the software process as it
responds quickly to changing requirements without excessive work in project scheduling.
Effects of Cutting Tool Parameters on Surface Roughnessirjes
This paper presents of the influence on surface roughness of Co28Cr6Mo medical alloy machined
on a CNC lathe based on cutting parameters (rotational speed, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius).The
influences of cutting parameters have been presented in graphical form for understanding. To achieve the
minimum surface roughness, the optimum values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were
respectively, 318 rpm, 0,1 mm/rev, 0,7 mm and 0,8 mm. Maximum surface roughness has been revealed the
values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were respectively, 318 rpm, 0,25 mm/rev, 0,9
mm and 0,4 mm.
Possible limits of accuracy in measurement of fundamental physical constantsirjes
The measurement uncertainties of Fundamental Physical Constants should take into account all
possible and most influencing factors. One from them is the finiteness of the model that causes the existence of
a-priori error. The proposed formula for calculation of this error provides a comparison of its value with the
actual experimental measurement error that cannot be done an arbitrarily small. According to the suggested
approach, the error of the researched Fundamental Physical Constant, measured in conventional field studies,
will always be higher than the error caused by the finite number of dimensional recorded variables of physicalmathematical
models. Examples of practical application of the considered concept for measurement of fine
structure constant, speed of light and Newtonian constant of gravitation are discussed.
Performance Comparison of Energy Detection Based Spectrum Sensing for Cogniti...irjes
With the rapid deployment of new wireless devices and applications, the last decade has witnessed a growing
demand for wireless radio spectrum. However, the policy of fixed spectrum assignment produces a bottleneck for more
efficient spectrum utilization, such that a great portion of the licensed spectrum is severely under-utilized. So the concept of
cognitive radio was introduced to address this issue.The inefficient usage of the limited spectrum necessitates the
development of dynamic spectrum access techniques, where users who have no spectrum licenses, also known as secondary
users, are allowed to use the temporarily unused licensed spectrum. For this purpose we have to know the presence or
absence of primary users for spectrum usage. So spectrums sensing is one of the major requirements of cognitive radio.Many
spectrum sensing techniques have been developed to sense the presence or absence of a licensed user. This paper evaluates
the performance of the energy detection based spectrum sensing technique in noisy and fading environments.The
performance of the energy detection technique will be evaluated by use of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves
over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading channels.
Comparative Study of Pre-Engineered and Conventional Steel Frames for Differe...irjes
In this paper, the conventional steel frames having triangular Pratt truss as a roofing system of 60 m
length, span 30m and varying bay spacing 4m, 5m and 6m respectively having eaves level for all the portals is at
10m and the EOT crane is supported at the height of 8m from ground level and pre-engineered steel frames of
same dimensions are analyzed and designed for wind zones (wind zone 2, wind zone 3, wind zone 4 and wind
zone 5) by using STAAD Pro V8i. The study deals with the comparative study of both conventional and preengineered
with respect to the amount of structural steel required, reduction in dead load of the structure.
Flip bifurcation and chaos control in discrete-time Prey-predator model irjes
The dynamics of discrete-time prey-predator model are investigated. The result indicates that the
model undergo a flip bifurcation which found by using center manifold theorem and bifurcation theory.
Numerical simulation not only illustrate our results, but also exhibit the complex dynamic behavior, such as the
periodic doubling in period-2, -4 -8, quasi- periodic orbits and chaotic set. Finally, the feedback control method
is used to stabilize chaotic orbits at an unstable interior point.
Energy Awareness and the Role of “Critical Mass” In Smart Citiesirjes
A Smart City could be depicted as a place, logical and physical, in which a crowd of heterogeneous
entities is related in time and space through different types of interactions. Any type of entity, whether it is a
device or a person, clustered in communities, becomes a source of context-based data.
Energy awareness is able to drive the process of bringing our society to limit energy waste and to optimize
usage of available resources, causing a strong environmental and social impact. Then, following social network
analysis methodologies related to the dynamics of complex systems, it is possible to find out, emergent and
sometimes hidden new habits of electricity usage. Through an initial Critical Mass, involving a multitude of
consumers, each related to more contexts, we evaluate the triggering and spreading of a collective attitude. To
this aim, in this paper, we propose a novel analytical model defining a new concept of critical mass, which
includes centrality measures both in a single layer and in a multilayer social network.
A Firefly Algorithm for Optimizing Spur Gear Parameters Under Non-Lubricated ...irjes
Firefly algorithm is one of the emerging evolutionary approaches for complex and non-linear
optimization problems. It is inspired by natural firefly‟s behavior such as movement of fireflies based on
brightness and by overcoming the constraints such as light absorption, obstacles, distance, etc. In this research,
firefly‟s movement had been simulated computationally to identify the best parameters for spur gear pair by
considering the design and manufacturing constraints. The proposed algorithm was tested with the traditional
design parameters and found the results are at par in less computational time by satisfying the constraints.
The Effect of Orientation of Vortex Generators on Aerodynamic Drag Reduction ...irjes
One of the main reasons for the aerodynamic drag in automotive vehicles is the flow separation
near the vehicle’s rear end. To delay this flow separation, vortex generators are used in recent vehicles. The
vortex generators are commonly used in aircrafts to prevent flow separation. Even though vortex generators
themselves create drag, but they also reduce drag by delaying flow separation at downstream. The overall effect
of vortex generators is more beneficial and proved by experimentation. The effect depends on the shape,size and
orientation of vortex generators. Hence optimized shape with proper orientation is essential for getting better
results.This paper presents the effect of vortex generators at different orientation to the flow field and the
mechanism by which these effects takes place.
An Assessment of The Relationship Between The Availability of Financial Resou...irjes
The availability of financial resources is an important element in impacting the success of a planning
process for an effective physical planning. The extent to which however, they are articulated in the process
remained elusive both in scholarly and public discourse. The objective of this study wastherefore, to examine
the extent to which financial resources affect physical planning. In doing so, the study examinedwhether
financial resources were adequate or not to facilitate planning processes in Paidha. According to the study
findings,budget prioritization and ceilings are still a challenge in Paidha Town Council. This is partly due
limited level of knowledge of physical planning among the officials of Paidha Town Council. As a result, there
were no dedicated budget line for routine inspection of physical development plan compliance and enforcement
tools in Paidha. In conclusion, in addressing uncoordinated patterns of physical development that characterize
Uganda‟s urban centres, a critical starting point ought to be the analysis of physical planning process. The
research of this kind is not only significant to other emerging urban centres facing poor a road network,
mushrooming informal settlements and poor social services including poor pattern of residential and commercial
developments but also to all institutions that are involved in planning these towns. Knowing the extent of need
for financial influences in planning may assist local authorities to take the processes of planning seriously which
will help enhance the sustainable development of emerging urban centres including Paidha.
The Choice of Antenatal Care and Delivery Place in Surabaya (Based on Prefere...irjes
- Person's desire to do a pregnancy examination is determined by the service place that suits the tastes
and facilities owned by it. Until now, the utilization of antenatal care by pregnant women is still low (Mardiana,
2014). The purpose of the study is to analyze factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care and delivery place
in Surabaya city based on the preferences and choice theory.
Type of survey research is cross sectional approach, the population is mothers who have children aged 1-
12 months in Surabaya. The large sample of 250 mothers who have children aged 1-12 months in 2013 is taken
by simple random sampling technique. Variables of the research are the preference elements and steps, choice
elements and steps, utilization of antenatal care and delivery place. Data were collected through questionnaires
and secondary data were then analyzed with descriptive statistics in the form of a frequency distribution, shown
by the schematic diagram.
The result showed that the preference elements and steps showed almost half (42.9%) desire to give birth
in a health care because of information got from someone else, while the choice element and step shows the
bulk (57.1%) of the criteria of delivery place chosen is a safe, comfortable and cheap delivery place, the labor
place which is the main choice most (57.1%) is cheap, comfortable, close.
Conclusion of the research based on the preferences and choice theory can be found three (3) new
theories, they are preferences become choice, preferences do not become choice, choice is preceded by
preferences
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
1. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 2319-1821
Volume 2, Issue 5(May 2013), PP.46-53
www.irjes.com
www.irjes.com 46 | Page
Start-Up Of An Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor
Treating Low-Strength Wastewater Inoculated With
Non-Granular Sludge
K.R.Venkatesh, M.Rajendran & A.Murugappan
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Annamalai University,
Annamalai Nagar- 608 002, Tamilnadu, India.
Abstract :The upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process is known to be energy conservative
biotechnology. Its low cost and low skill requirement render it to be a viable technology for reducing organic
pollution loads. However, this system is facing a challenge in the treatment of low-strength wastewater
especially inoculated with non-granular sludge. This work was performed to emphasis an in-depth
understanding of an UASB reactor start-up process inoculated with digested slurry for treating synthetic
wastewater of chemical oxygen demand (COD) around 700-1000 mg/L. The lab scale reactor with an effective
volume of 9.97 L was operated under ambient temperature (24-350
C). At the end of start-up period that lasted
for 84 days, this system achieved 90.8% COD removal and a biogas evolution of 4.72 L/d (457 L / kg COD
removal) at an organic loading rate (OLR) of 1.293 kg COD/ m3
d. Concurrently, the volatile fatty acids (VFA)/
alkalinity ratio was found as 0.184. It confirms the stability of the reactor.
Keywords: alkalinity, anaerobic treatment, biogas, start-up, volatile fatty acids.
I. INTRODUCTION
Wastewater may be categorized as low-strength, medium strength, high strength and very high strength
based upon the concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD), bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD),
suspended solids (SS) and nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Generally the stronger the
effluent, the greater the investment in infrastructure and energy inputs required to achieve environmentally
sound treatment objective [1]. Several techniques are already available to attain the goals of environmental
protection and resource conservation. In the case of wastewater treatment, combination of different methods can be
used, viz. physical, chemical and biological. The last method, which constitutes the main units of wastewater
treatment plants, can be divided into two classes such as aerobic and anaerobic [2].
Aerobic process, which are widely used for the treatment of wastewater have two distinct disadvantages
like high energy requirement and excess sludge production, which require handling, treatment and disposal [3]. In
contrast, anaerobic processes generate energy in the form of biogas, and produce sludge in significantly lower
amounts than those resulting from aerobic systems. In the absence of molecular oxygen anaerobic process
convert organic material into methane, a fuel that can yield a net energy gain process operation. Anaerobic
processes have gained popularity over the past 20 years. It have been already applied successfully for the
treatment of different type of wastewater and geared mainly towards high concentrated soluble wastewater [4].
The most common reactor type used for anaerobic digestion of wastewater is the continuously stirred tank
reactors (CSTR). The main problem of this reactor is the removal of active biomass from the system that leads
to long retention time. It has been overcome by immobilizing the active biomass, referred as high rate systems.
A typical such reactor is upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor [5].
In the UASB process, wastewater flows through bed (granular or flocculent), where different physical
and biochemical mechanisms act in order to retain and biodegrade organic substances. Solubilisation and
hydrolysis of SS is a slow process accomplished by extracellular enzymes excreted by acidogenic bacteria.
Readily biodegradable substances are quickly acidified and then converted into methane and other biogas
components [6]. The great success of the UASB process lies in its capability to retain a high concentration of
active sludge due to granule formation. It allows the application of high loading rates and maintenance of high
solids retention time at a low hydraulic retention time (HRT) so that efficient treatment can be carried out in a
temperature climate as well [7].
Low-strength wastewater such as domestic sewage (COD concentration 500-1000 mg/L), are at
present treated mainly aerobically. However, due to considerable operation and maintenance cost, studies are
being conducted to develop economically more attractive high rate anaerobic systems [8]. UASB reactor system
is facing a challenge in the treatment of low-strength wastewater. Nevertheless, more efficient anaerobic
2. Start-up of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor treating low-strength wastewater inoculated
www.irjes.com 47 | Page
systems have been developed and they are being successfully applied for treatment of low-strength wastewater
such as domestic wastewater, particularly under tropical conditions where artificial heating can be avoided [9].
The production and quality of granular/flocculent sludge is influenced by the composition of wastewater, reactor
design and technological condition. Moreover, the formation of granular/flocculent sludge with good settling
characteristics and activity is also a critical factor in dealing with low-strength wastewater [10]. In general, the
operational conditions induce an ecological selection that leads to the formation of microbial aggregates, the so-
called ‘granules’ [11]. Granules are the best inoculum for the start-up of UASB reactors due to their high
specific activity and settleability. However, they are not always available. Consequently, very often the start-up
process and the tentative granule formation have to be performed with an inoculum of diffuse sludge collected
in conventional anaerobic digesters. There is lack of data on the operating conditions during the start-up of a
UASB reactor that uses diffuse sludge as the inoculum. On the contrary, when treating wastewaters with COD
values lower than 1500 mg/L, which are low- strength wastewater in the anaerobic treatment field, the start-up
of UASB reactors is difficult and thus much less full-scale reactors are in operation under these conditions than
in the case of medium and high strength effluents [9].
Keeping this in mind, the experimental work here described was focused on the anaerobic treatment of
low-strength wastewater under tropical conditions. The main objective of this work was to look into the start-up
process performance of a lab scale UASB reactor inoculated with digested slurry, which was collected from an
active biogas plant. The operational parameters such as COD, upflow velocity, total alkalinity, volatile fatty
acids (VFA) concentration, total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS) and pH were
investigated. In addition to that, biogas generation and COD removal efficiency were also calculated.
II. METHODS
2.1 Experimental set-up
UASB reactor employed in this study was fabricated using transparent plexiglass tube of 0.1 m
diameter vertical cylindrical shape with a total volume of 11.78 L. The reactor essentially had an internal
effective working volume of 9.97 L and the remaining volume of 1.81 L was kept for gas liquid solid (GLS)
separation arrangement. The overall height of the reactor was 1.5 m and effective height being kept as 1.27m.
The reactor had one influent port at the bottom, one effluent port and five sampling ports (Figure. 1). The GLS
separator attached at the top of the reactor was essentially a set of two inverted cones with intermediate overlap
to facilitate effective biogas collection. Gas was collected from the outer inverted cone as well as below the dead
corners of the inner cone. The treated effluent collected by a pipe attached above the GLS separator was
connected to a water seal to prevent the escape of gas. A peristaltic pump (Miclins PP 15) was used for feeding
wastewater as uniformly as possible over the reactor bottom, passes through the sludge bed in the reactor. The
reactor was operated at mesophilic temperature (24 - 35°C).
2.2 Synthetic wastewater preparation
In this study, synthetic wastewater was prepared, in which organic COD was provided by sucrose and
dried milk powder. About 1000 mg/L of COD contains 750 mg of sucrose and 250 mg of dried milk powder.
The ratio of soluble to particulate COD in the feed was around 80:20. The synthetic wastewater was then
neutralized to a value of pH ~ 7.2 by using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Urea and KH2
PO4
were added as sources
of nitrogen and phosphorus respectively to maintain COD: N: P ratio. A ratio of 300:5:1 was maintained as
COD: N: P during start-up period [12]. The pH in the feed tank was adjusted to a value ~ 7 after every 10 -12
hours. The fresh feed was prepared daily. Trace elements like ferric chloride, copper sulfate, magnesium
chloride, calcium chloride were added appropriately.
2.3 Seed sludge
Digested slurry was collected from an active biogas plant located at Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai
University, Annamalai Nagar. After analyzing the concentration of total suspended solids (TSS) and volatile
suspended solids (VSS), this sludge was used as seed. Initially about 50% reactor volume was filled up with this
active sludge.
3. Start-up of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor treating low-strength wastewater inoculated
www.irjes.com 48 | Page
1. Feed inlet, 2. Peristaltic pump, 3. Effluent outlet,
4. Biogas collection, 5. Gas measurement unit,
6. Sampling ports, 7. Effluent collecting tank,
8. 10 cm diameter and 150 cm tall plexiglass tube,
9. Gas liquid solid separation system
Figure1. Schematic diagram of UASB reactor showing experimental setup
2.4 Analysis
During the operation of the reactor, temperature, sludge bed height and biogas production were
monitored and recorded daily. Feed and treated effluent was taken for the analysis of COD, pH, total alkalinity
and VFA on daily basis. TSS and VSS were determined once in a week. Liquid samples were collected from the
influent, effluent and sampling ports along the reactor. Quality control was ensured using standards as well as
duplicates while performing analysis. All the parameters were determined according to standard method for the
examination of water and wastewater [13]. COD was determined by open reflux method. VFA was determined
by distillation method and measured as acetic acid per liter. Biogas evolved was collected by water displacement
method. The water in the gas collector was acidified with sulfuric acid to reduce the solubility of one of the
constituents of biogas carbon dioxide (CO2), for optimum measurement of biogas volume.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Characteristic of seed sludge and inoculation
Initially the seed sludge (digested slurry) had a TSS content of about 70,100 mg/L and VSS content of
about 28,000 mg/L. Similar type of sludge was used as seed sludge for treating sago wastewater in a Hybrid
UASB reactor [14]. Lettinga and Hulshoff Pol [15] revealed that in order to avoid excessive sludge washout, the
amount of seed sludge must be small enough to maintain the sludge bed within the reactor upon increasing the
space-loading rate, and large enough to prevent a needless delay of the reactor start up. They also suggested,
when using thick digested slurry of relatively low specific methanogenic activity, 12 to 15 kg VSS/ m3
sludge
can be used because expansion washout will be limited in that case. While using s sludge with higher specific
4. Start-up of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor treating low-strength wastewater inoculated
www.irjes.com 49 | Page
activity, the amount of seed sludge should not exceed approximately 6 kg VSS/ m3
, because more seed sludge
will be washed out due to the occurrence of sludge bed expansion. Hence, initially about 50% reactor volume
was filled up with this active sludge having VSS concentration of about 28,000 mg/L. Accordingly the VSS
concentration in the entire reactor at the start-up was about 14,000 mg/L (14 kg VSS/m3
). Hickey et. al., [16]
recommended Sludge with 40% reactor volume might be enough to accelerate start-up.
3.2. Reactor Start-up
The start-up period is considered as the period taken for stable operation to be achieved. This is a
crucial step for the stable operation of the UASB and other anaerobic reactors, at a designed organic loading rate
(OLR). One of the main points stressed is the inoculation with high quality methanogenic sludge. Sludge of
poor quality can also be used [17]. If self-inoculation can be effected, the start-up periods can go up to or
beyond 6 months and other complications could arise [4]. In addition, operating temperature is prominent during
start-up. In this work, the UASB reactor after seeding was operated at a temperature between 240
C and 350
C.
This comes under the mesophilic range (200
C to 450
C). Fluctuations within this range were not enough to cause
any real impact on performance and in terms of reaction kinetics [18].
To begin with, the sludge has a VSS / TSS ratio of about 0.40. Poor generation of biogas at the initial
stage of start-up shows that sludge activity was initially low. At the same time, feed concentration of less than
1000 mg/L of COD helped in controlling the excessive volatile fatty acids (VFA) formation and guarded against
the excessive pH drop. An inhibition of methanogenesis generally results in an increase of VFA concentration
and a sudden drop in pH [19]. The upflow velocity is also an important operational parameter in anaerobic
digesters. It maintains the mixing and hydraulic retention time of the substrate and biomass [20]. The upflow
velocity maintained initially was low of about 0.106 m/h. No recirculation was employed to allow the lighter
fraction of biomass to wash out from the reactor. The upflow velocity maintained during start-up phase is
presented in Figure. 2. Accordingly, the OLR maintained during start-up phase is presented in Figure. 3.
COD removal rate during first four weeks were low in the range of 30-35% (based on total influent
COD and total effluent COD) (Figure. 3). The low removal efficiency during start-up phase can possibly be
attributed to the presence of unadapted seed sludge [10].Sufficient upflow velocities were maintained in the
reactor, in order to facilitate sludge blanket formation offering higher area for contact between sludge and
wastewaters. During period of 30 to 40 days higher upflow velocity of 0.128 m/h was tried (Figure. 2). This
upflow velocity was preferred to permit the wash out of voluminous (poorly settling) sludge. This amounted to
higher OLR of more than 2.1 kg COD/m
3
d (Figure. 3). However, these operating parameters made start-up
operation unstable as evidenced by increase in VFA concentration in the effluent. Hence, the upflow velocity
had to be controlled to a value of about 0.102 m/h after day 44 (Figure.2).
Many researchers suggest that the hydraulic retention times (HRTs) should not be allowed to less than
6 h and it should be less than 18 h during start-up period to treat any type of wastewater. At lower HRT, the
possibility of washout is more prominent. This makes it difficult to maintain the effective number of useful
microorganisms in the system [21]. For this reason, after day 3, the HRTs were varied between 10 h and 18 h
during start-up period.
Figure 2. Feed, effluent COD concentrations and upflow velocity maintained during start-up period
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Time,days
COD,mg/L
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
Upflowvelocitym/h
COD mg/L Influent COD mg/L Effluent
Upflow velocity m/h
5. Start-up of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor treating low-strength wastewater inoculated
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Figure 3. Organic loading rate maintained and % COD removal during start-up period
As discussed earlier during start-up period COD: N: P ratio was maintained as 300:5:1. N and P
supplementation was necessary characteristics. COD: N: P should be at least 300:5:1 for efficient rapid start-up
[12], [22]. Likewise, neutralization by alkali to a value of pH 7.0 - 7.2 was also necessary, particularly during
start-up. In addition, optimal methanogenesis is known to take place at a neutral pH. The well-being of a reactor
can often be judged by the examination of pH value of influent and the treated effluent. Variations in pH of the
influent and effluent are presented in Figure. 4. The value of pH slightly fell during the initial days of operation,
indicates the prevalence of acid fermentation over methanogens. However, after the initial drop, pH of the
treated effluent was in the range of 7.2 - 8.3. It indicates healthy anaerobic environment, which is favorable for
methanogenic organisms [23].
Figure 4. Feed and effluent pH during reactor start-up period
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Time, days
%CODremoval
0.000
0.500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.000
3.500
4.000
4.500
5.000
OLR,KgCOD/m3d
% COD Removal
OLR, kg COD/ m3 d
6. Start-up of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor treating low-strength wastewater inoculated
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Time, days
VFA,Alkalinity,mg/L
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
VFA/alkalinityratio
Alkalinity mg/L Effluent
VFA mg/L Effluent
VFA/alkalinity ratio
Total alkalinity, VFA concentration and pH are effective indicators of the stability of the
reactor and of the correct balance between acidification and methanogenesis. The acidogenic element of the
overall digestion processes will generate acids, but under normal conditions this would be buffered by the
alkalinity in the reactor (expressed as calcium carbonate). Alkalinity may also be caused due to evolution of
CO2, during decomposition of organic matter [24]. In an anaerobic digester, a bicarbonate alkalinity (as CaCO3)
of about 1000 to 3000 mg/L was required for stable operation [25]. Disparity to this, Van Haandel and Lettinga
[26] shows an average alkalinity with a range of 220-390 mg/L for the successful operation of a UASB reactor
over 200 days. On this basis, sufficient alkalinity was available in the reactor. The alkalinity value of the treated
effluent considerably increases as the reactor progressing towards steady state conditions (Fig. 5). Methogenisis,
in particular is known to become unstable when the VFA / alkalinity ratio value is above 0.3 [27], [28]. From
the beginning of the experiment, the effluent VFA values were less than 225 mg/L. The bicarbonate ion
concentration or bicarbonate alkalinity is approximately equivalent to the total alkalinity for most wastes when
the volatile acid concentration is very low [29]. On this aspect, total alkalinity measured during the entire period
of operation represents bicarbonate alkalinity. In this work, VFA/alkalinity ratio after 40 days was 0.5. As the
reactor progresses towards stabilization, the ratio gradually decreases. At the end of start-up period, the VFA/
alkalinity ratio was found as 0.184 (Fig. 5). Most researchers revealed that a value of greater than 0.40 for this
ratio indicate reactor instability.
The VFA concentration (measured as acetic acid) in the effluent during first 30 days was in the range
of 225-170 mg/L from that it fell down to 108 mg/L on day 50. Higher levels of VFA in the wastewaters during
the initial phases of operation indicate the prevalence of acid fermentation [26]. Subsequently, the VFA in the
effluent decreased and was in the range of 80 to 59 mg/L towards the end of start-up period. It indicates healthy
anaerobic environment and satisfactory methanogenic activity. The overall performance of the reactor during
the start-up was more than satisfactory. The selection of seed material plays a crucial role in minimizing time
required for initial bioflim establishment [30], [31]. It was likely that the slurry collected from an active biogas
plant and used as a seed had sufficient numbers of physiologically active microorganisms.
The biogas production up to 20 days was low, less than 1.4 L/d. Beyond day 48, however as soon as
VFA concentration was controlled to less than 110 mg/L, the gas production as well as COD conversion
efficiencies started showing marked improvement. By day 84, the gas production rate reached a value of about
4.92 L/d (Figure. 6) and the VFA in the effluent had reduced to less than 60 mg/L (Figure. 5). This shows that
the process of hydrolysis and acidification of the organic matter took place in proper condition.
Figure 5. Effluent VFA, Alkalinity and VFA / Alkalinity ratio during start-up period.
It was assumed that the reactor had reached steady state condition merely 78 days after inoculation.
This is because the results of effluent COD presented the same pattern i.e. approximately the same average COD
concentrations and the same range of variations during the whole operation period after 78 days. There was no
7. Start-up of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor treating low-strength wastewater inoculated
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recycling of sludge during entire operation. Effluent recycle was not necessary to fluidize the sludge bed as
sufficient contact between the wastewater and sludge is guaranteed even at low organic loading rate in UASB
reactor [32]. The start-up period for the reactor was completed in 84 days, as the VFA level in the effluent
stabilized gradually. The pH value of the treated effluent and increase in total COD removal efficiency (90.80%)
indicates good start-up.
Determination of VSS/TSS ratio gives correlation to the biomass growth and its quality. The VSS/TSS
ratios based on the average TSS and VSS concentrations in the reactor along with substrate utilization was
observed at different periods of operation. The biomass concentration profiles were obtained by the TSS and
VSS concentrations taken from sampling ports at various heights of the reactor (data not shown). At the time of
reactor startup, VSS/TSS was 0.40. There was a steady increase in VSS/TSS ratio throughout the operation.
The VSS/TSS ratio increased up to 0.64 by day 50 further increased to 0.80 on day 78. Initially the sludge bed
height inside the reactor was 0.70 cm. On day 50 and day 78, it was 0.40m and 0.45m respectively. However,
the experiment with the sludge morphological study was conducted at the end of the operational period.
Figure 6. Biogas production during start-up period
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The attributes gathered from this study points out the feasibility of UASB reactor for the treatment of
low-strength wastewater with COD values lower than 1000 mg/L, inoculated with non-granular sludge. The
development of sludge bed was observed during this start-up phase. Decrease in VFA values, increase in pH
values and alkalinity of the effluent, increase in biogas production rate and COD removal efficiency suggests
that phase separation, process of hydrolysis and acidification of the organic matter took place in proper
condition. It can be concluded that UASB reactor, inoculated by digested slurry requires 84 days for start-up and
may be a robust design for treating low-strength wastewater. Further investigation should be carried out for a
longer duration by varying OLR and HRTs to study the steady state and shock load performance. Effect of
variation in influent parameters on sludge activity and characteristics should be further studied.
V. Acknowledgement
One of the authors (K.R.Venkatesh) is thankful to the authorities of the Annamali University for
providing necessary facilities to carry out his research work.
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