Abstract Compressibility parameters of fine-grained soils are mainly influenced by soil mineralogy, moisture content and soil diameter to height ratio (D/H). The British and American standards suggested that to obtain accurate engineering properties; it is necessary to use D/H ratio of 4 and 2.5 respectively to eliminate friction between the soil and the structure. In the current study, various D/H ratios were adopted ranging from 0.5 to 11. The D/H ratios effect on some compressibility parameters such as coefficient of consolidation (cv), compression index (cc) and coefficient of volume compressibility (mv) were analysed. Additionally, the impact of the D/H ratio on the acquire cv values were also presented where three methods were used namely: Casagrande, Taylor and Inflection method. The scaling effects based on cv ratio [cv (√t) / cv (log t)] from Oedometer tests using different D/H ratios are also presented. The results showed that Taylor’s method is the most appropriate way to achieve an accurate cv and an increase in pressure leads to a reduction in cc and a gradual decrease in mv. The validation of the experimental results on a finite element software package PLAXIS was completed. Keywords: Compressibility, D/H ratio, Fine-grained soil, Friction
The ultimate capacities of single piles utilized in ten projects in Basra-Iraq are
evaluated using: various interpretations of pile load test results; several static
methods based on site investigation programs; and the finite element method via
(PLAXIS-3D).For the well-behaved tests, it is realized that the load-settlement data
can be best fitted by a hyperbola. Accordingly, Rollberg method well-harmonizes the
test results and allows various interpretation methods to be applied on the
extrapolated curves. It is found that, the static methods spread over a wide range of
values. Finite element analyses exhibited good agreement to the measured values. It
produces failure loads, almost, similar to that obtained from Rollberg method. The
finite element analyses revealed local settlement of (0.6% - 1.8%) of the pile diameter
to mobilize the ultimate skin resistance.
Benefit analysis of subgrade and surface improvements in flexible pavements 2IAEME Publication
This document discusses analyzing the benefits of improving subgrade soil and surface layers in flexible pavements. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine optimal additives for subgrade stabilization and crumb rubber content for surface modification. A software program called FPAVE was used to evaluate pavement thickness for different combinations of conventional, stabilized, and modified layers. Analysis found that combinations with both subgrade and surface improvements had lower strains and required less thickness, resulting in a 50% cost benefit compared to conventional flexible pavements.
Laboratory Assessment of Energy Efficiency in Vibraotry Compaction of Granula...Garrett Osborne
This document describes a laboratory test method for assessing the energy efficiency of vibratory compaction of granular materials. The method tracks material density and energy consumption during compaction using a vibratory hammer. Density-energy curves are produced to evaluate both the maximum achievable density and the compactibility, or rate of density increase with energy. Testing of a granular concrete mix found that higher compactibility leads to more energy-efficient compaction by reaching the target density with less total energy. This approach can guide selection of optimal compaction variables like frequency to improve sustainability of earthworks construction.
Finite element simulation and investigation of thin wall impeller casting ija...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
In case of casting of thin wall impeller structure, the prediction of shrinkage defect is a difficult operation and failure of such thin wall structure is a commonly encountered problem. Such failures are due to non-uniform heat transfer rate. The uniformity of heat transfer rate may enhance by placing the runner at appropriate position and riser based on the geometrical attributes. An attempt is made for the analysis of optimization in the placement of runner and riser. The present work focuses on the simulation of aluminum thin wall pump impeller blade using commercially available software (ANSYS) and experiments for optimum placement of risers and reducing defects.
Assessment of Soil Structure Interaction on RCC Underpass BridgeIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the soil-structure interaction of reinforced concrete underpass bridges. It presents a case study of single cell and double cell underpass bridge models analyzed using finite element software. Three foundation conditions are considered: rigid supports, springs at the base only, and springs at the base and sidewalls. Results for bending moment, shear force, and axial thrust are presented for different load combinations and subgrade modulus values. The study found that accounting for soil-structure interaction reduces stresses in the structure compared to assuming rigid supports. Stresses were lowest for the load combination of dead load, earth pressure, and water pressure.
HVOF Sprayed WC-Cocr Coating on Mild Steel: Microstructure and Wear Evaluationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Experimental estimate of ultimate bearing capacity and settlement for rectangIAEME Publication
The document summarizes experimental tests conducted to estimate the ultimate bearing capacity and settlement of rectangular footings on sand. Laboratory model tests were performed on footings with varying sizes (100mm x 125mm, 100mm x 150mm, etc.) and a constant depth of sand cushion below the footing of 900mm. The tests measured how loading intensity affected settlement. Log-load vs log-settlement curves were plotted from the results, and the point of intersection was used to determine ultimate bearing capacity and corresponding settlement. Bearing capacity factors were computed and compared to theoretical values. The tests found that as footing size increased, ultimate bearing capacity and settlement values also increased, while the bearing capacity factor decreased.
Structural evaluation of low volume road pavements using pavement dynamic con...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Static and dynamic cone penetration tests are widely used in Foundation engineering for measuring the penetration resistance of the
ground and for relating it to the degree of compaction and safe bearing capacity of soils. In Highway Engineering, Pavement
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) is used for rapid in-situ strength evaluation of subgrade and other unbound pavement layers. In
the present studies, an attempt has been made to identify the strength and thickness of different pavement layers of newly constructed
low volume roads in the State of Karnataka, India using dynamic cone penetration studies and was compared with actual
measurements at the site. The evaluation of pavement test stretches was made for a period of two years, and changes in penetration
resistance of different pavement layers were measured. A Software was used to analyze the DCP data and to correlate with field
observation. The results have favoured the possibility of using dynamic cone penetrometer as a quality control and pavement
monitoring tool for low volume roads, eliminating the need for a Benkelman beam or a falling weight deflectometer.
Keywords: Pavement Dynamic Cone Penetrometer, CBR, Subgrade, Rural roads
The ultimate capacities of single piles utilized in ten projects in Basra-Iraq are
evaluated using: various interpretations of pile load test results; several static
methods based on site investigation programs; and the finite element method via
(PLAXIS-3D).For the well-behaved tests, it is realized that the load-settlement data
can be best fitted by a hyperbola. Accordingly, Rollberg method well-harmonizes the
test results and allows various interpretation methods to be applied on the
extrapolated curves. It is found that, the static methods spread over a wide range of
values. Finite element analyses exhibited good agreement to the measured values. It
produces failure loads, almost, similar to that obtained from Rollberg method. The
finite element analyses revealed local settlement of (0.6% - 1.8%) of the pile diameter
to mobilize the ultimate skin resistance.
Benefit analysis of subgrade and surface improvements in flexible pavements 2IAEME Publication
This document discusses analyzing the benefits of improving subgrade soil and surface layers in flexible pavements. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine optimal additives for subgrade stabilization and crumb rubber content for surface modification. A software program called FPAVE was used to evaluate pavement thickness for different combinations of conventional, stabilized, and modified layers. Analysis found that combinations with both subgrade and surface improvements had lower strains and required less thickness, resulting in a 50% cost benefit compared to conventional flexible pavements.
Laboratory Assessment of Energy Efficiency in Vibraotry Compaction of Granula...Garrett Osborne
This document describes a laboratory test method for assessing the energy efficiency of vibratory compaction of granular materials. The method tracks material density and energy consumption during compaction using a vibratory hammer. Density-energy curves are produced to evaluate both the maximum achievable density and the compactibility, or rate of density increase with energy. Testing of a granular concrete mix found that higher compactibility leads to more energy-efficient compaction by reaching the target density with less total energy. This approach can guide selection of optimal compaction variables like frequency to improve sustainability of earthworks construction.
Finite element simulation and investigation of thin wall impeller casting ija...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
In case of casting of thin wall impeller structure, the prediction of shrinkage defect is a difficult operation and failure of such thin wall structure is a commonly encountered problem. Such failures are due to non-uniform heat transfer rate. The uniformity of heat transfer rate may enhance by placing the runner at appropriate position and riser based on the geometrical attributes. An attempt is made for the analysis of optimization in the placement of runner and riser. The present work focuses on the simulation of aluminum thin wall pump impeller blade using commercially available software (ANSYS) and experiments for optimum placement of risers and reducing defects.
Assessment of Soil Structure Interaction on RCC Underpass BridgeIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the soil-structure interaction of reinforced concrete underpass bridges. It presents a case study of single cell and double cell underpass bridge models analyzed using finite element software. Three foundation conditions are considered: rigid supports, springs at the base only, and springs at the base and sidewalls. Results for bending moment, shear force, and axial thrust are presented for different load combinations and subgrade modulus values. The study found that accounting for soil-structure interaction reduces stresses in the structure compared to assuming rigid supports. Stresses were lowest for the load combination of dead load, earth pressure, and water pressure.
HVOF Sprayed WC-Cocr Coating on Mild Steel: Microstructure and Wear Evaluationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Experimental estimate of ultimate bearing capacity and settlement for rectangIAEME Publication
The document summarizes experimental tests conducted to estimate the ultimate bearing capacity and settlement of rectangular footings on sand. Laboratory model tests were performed on footings with varying sizes (100mm x 125mm, 100mm x 150mm, etc.) and a constant depth of sand cushion below the footing of 900mm. The tests measured how loading intensity affected settlement. Log-load vs log-settlement curves were plotted from the results, and the point of intersection was used to determine ultimate bearing capacity and corresponding settlement. Bearing capacity factors were computed and compared to theoretical values. The tests found that as footing size increased, ultimate bearing capacity and settlement values also increased, while the bearing capacity factor decreased.
Structural evaluation of low volume road pavements using pavement dynamic con...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Static and dynamic cone penetration tests are widely used in Foundation engineering for measuring the penetration resistance of the
ground and for relating it to the degree of compaction and safe bearing capacity of soils. In Highway Engineering, Pavement
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) is used for rapid in-situ strength evaluation of subgrade and other unbound pavement layers. In
the present studies, an attempt has been made to identify the strength and thickness of different pavement layers of newly constructed
low volume roads in the State of Karnataka, India using dynamic cone penetration studies and was compared with actual
measurements at the site. The evaluation of pavement test stretches was made for a period of two years, and changes in penetration
resistance of different pavement layers were measured. A Software was used to analyze the DCP data and to correlate with field
observation. The results have favoured the possibility of using dynamic cone penetrometer as a quality control and pavement
monitoring tool for low volume roads, eliminating the need for a Benkelman beam or a falling weight deflectometer.
Keywords: Pavement Dynamic Cone Penetrometer, CBR, Subgrade, Rural roads
Structural evaluation of low volume road pavements using pavement dynamic con...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study on strength characteristics of soil using soil stabiliser rbi – 81eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Seismic Response of Concrete Gravity Dam in AfghanistanIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the seismic response of concrete gravity dams in Afghanistan. The study uses 3D finite element analysis in ANSYS to analyze four cases of a concrete gravity dam: 1) without an opening in Kabul, 2) without an opening in Herat, 3) with an opening in Kabul, and 4) with an opening in Herat. The analysis includes static, modal, harmonic, and response spectrum analysis. The results show that stresses and deformations are highest for the dam with an opening in Kabul, which has a peak ground acceleration of 48%g. In general, the dams perform less safely under the response spectrum analysis compared to the other analysis methods. The study aims to evaluate seismic design of concrete
Optimum replacement depth to control heave of swelling claysAhmed Ebid
The behavior of unsaturated swelling soils under changing of moisture content was intensively studied by many researchers since the 1950’s. Many proposed formulas and techniques were used to classify, describe and predict the swelling behavior and parameters of such type of soil. On the other hand, many techniques are used to allow structures to be founded on swelling soils without suffering any damages due to the soil heave. Replacing the swelling soil with granular mixture is one of the most famous and cheapest techniques especially in case of light structures on shallow layer of swelling soil. The aim of this research is to develop a simplified formula to estimate the heave of swelling soil considering the effect of replaced layer. The developed formula is used to estimate the required replacement depth to avoid damage due to excessive heave.
Today, retrofitting of the old structures is important. For this purpose, determination of capacities for these buildings, which mostly are non-ductile, is a very useful tool. In this context, non-ductile RC joint in concrete structures, as one of the most important elements in these buildings are considered, and the shear capacity, especially for retrofitting goals can be very beneficial. In this paper, three famous soft computing methods including artificial neural networks (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and also group method of data handling (GMDH) were used to estimating the shear capacity for this type of RC joints. A set of experimental data which were a failure in joint are collected, and first, the effective parameters were identified. Based on these parameters, predictive models are presented in detail and compare with each other. The results showed that the considered soft computing techniques are very good capabilities to determine the shear capacity.
Moisture penetration causes many direct and indirect distresses in flexible asphalt pavement. Due to damage in asphalt concrete and binder by moisture are the prime concern of failure for flexible pavement worldwide. The causes and prediction are investigated in this study. The asphalt binder was modified with carbon nanotubes (CNT) with very small percentages. The modified binder was simulated with moisture damage with AASHTO T-283 methods. In this study, polymer and carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been added to liquid asphalt binder to examine whether the resulting modified binder has improved moisture damage resistance. Using laboratory tested data, an artificial intelligence modeling technique has been utilized to determine the moisture damage behavior of the modified binder. Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) provides the best prediction for wet and dry samples AFM readings with R2 values respectively 0.6407 and 0.8371.
This document discusses predicting the setting of concrete mixtures through experimental work conducted under laboratory and field conditions. The key points are:
1) Initial and final setting times were determined using penetration resistance testing on concrete mixtures with varying temperatures, cements, and supplementary cementing materials.
2) A model is presented to correlate setting times to the degree of hydration, which characterizes the formation of hydration products over time. Initial and final set are found to occur at consistent degrees of hydration regardless of curing conditions.
3) Models are developed to predict setting based on the degree of hydration and water-cementitious ratio, accounting for temperature effects through an equivalent age maturity function.
Triaxial test on soil important insights -formatted paperSamirsinh Parmar
This document discusses triaxial testing of soils under stress-controlled and strain-controlled loading modes. It provides a brief history of triaxial testing and describes key aspects of the test including the apparatus, sample preparation, procedures, and analysis of results. It explains that triaxial tests are useful for determining soil shear strength parameters and simulating three-dimensional stress conditions in the field. The document also summarizes important insights from previous studies comparing results of stress-controlled and strain-controlled triaxial tests.
Framework for assessment of shear strength parameters ofIAEME Publication
This document discusses a framework for assessing the shear strength parameters of residual tropical soils. It begins by providing background on shear strength and how it is typically measured through laboratory tests like direct shear tests and triaxial tests. However, these tests have limitations in simulating field conditions. The objective of the paper is then presented - to develop a phenomenological model to predict shear strength parameters from index properties that are easier to measure, like liquid limit and maximum dry density. This could provide a way to rapidly estimate shear strength when traditional testing methods are not available or feasible. The paper reviews previous studies on correlating index properties with shear strength and predicting unsaturated soil strength. It then discusses soil state and volumetric strain, and defines bulk modulus as
This document presents a study that uses gene expression programming (GEP) to develop a model for predicting sediment transport in sewers under no-deposition conditions. The study first reviews existing sediment transport equations developed using dimensional analysis and semi-experimental methods. It then describes using GEP to present six different models considering effective parameters on sediment transport. The best model is selected by comparing their performance on validation data not used in model development. The results show the GEP model achieves a root mean squared error of 0.12 and mean average percentage error of 2.56 on the training data, and 0.14 and 2.82 respectively on the validation data. This performance is compared to existing sediment transport equations.
This study aims to investigate the effect of single cavity when it presence at a
specific location within the homogenous soil, on the behavior of seepage and uplift
pressure under a hydraulic structure. The results are analyzed to introduce
deterministic formulae for calculating the amount of seepage and the uplift pressure
head. The work was done in three stages by using experimental investigation; the first
stage includes 36 models of 75mm in diameter cavity, while the second and the third
stages includes eight models for each with 100mm and 34mm diameter of cavity,
respectively. The results shows that, when the cavity presence at the left side its impact
was positive on the seepage behavior. While the influence was changed to a negative
impact when the cavity presence at the right side, except at some specific locations. The
statistical software has been employed to generate the two deterministic formulae, and
the results of multiple regressions are checked by statistical indices for the purpose of
recognizing the reliability of the proposed formulae.
A comparison on slope stability analysis of aydoghmoosh earth damdgjd
1. The document compares slope stability analysis of the Aydoghmoosh Earth Dam in Iran using limit equilibrium methods, finite element analysis, and finite difference methods.
2. Safety factors calculated using the simplified Bishop method and finite element analysis were similar at 1.494 and 1.596, respectively.
3. The finite difference method produced a safety factor of 1.79, around 12% higher than the finite element method. This is because the finite element method accounts for elasticity modulus in its calculations.
Study on the effects of ceramic particulates (sic, al2 o3 and cenosphere) on ...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper investigates the sliding wear behaviour of three different composites. Three different reinforcements are under taken for this study namely SiC, Al2O3 and Cenosphere. Along with it percentage reinforcement is also varied from 8wt% to 16wt.%. Other factors applied normal load and sliding speed are also considered. Taguchi design of experimental technique is employed for the study of sliding wear. It is observed that SiC reinforced composites show better wear resistance than Al2O3 and Cenosphere reinforced composites. Regression and artificial neural network (ANN) is used to develop a model to predict the wear loss. It is observed that artificial neural network is more efficient than regression. Keywords: A. Metal-matrix composites (MMCs); B.Wear; C.Taguchi D. Nueral Network
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Statistical evaluation of compression index equationsIAEME Publication
This document discusses statistical evaluation of equations for predicting the compression index (Cc) of soils. Twelve commonly used equations that predict Cc based on parameters like liquid limit, plasticity index, dry density, and void ratio are considered. Statistical analysis is performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the equations. One-way and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests are conducted using a database of 178 soil samples to compare predicted and observed Cc values. The tests indicate that soil classification and prediction method have a significant influence on the deviation between predicted and observed Cc. Certain models are found to be applicable only to some soil classification groups. The best models for different soil groups and for all soil types are identified using statistical tests.
An Investigation of the Interlayer Adhesion Strength in Deeper Layers of the ...AM Publications
A road pavement structure is typically composed of different layers arranged one on top of the other, all supported by a natural or improved subgrade. The main purpose of this configuration is to provide the most effective structure with adequate potential to spread traffic loading from the surface to the subgrade with minimum damage. In spite of material properties and construction techniques, researchers have shown that the overall pavement performance is significantly influenced by the interlayer adhesion condition throughout the pavement structure ([8], [11], [21], [22]). Lack of intimate contact between layers results in them acting as individuals rather than as a thick bonded unit. This therefore induces overloading of layers which leads to premature deterioration of the entire structure due to traffic induced distresses. This work, therefore investigated the interlayer adhesion characteristics between the granular base and the lightly cemented subbase of a typical South African pavement structure. The influence of bonding condition on the overall pavement performance was also studied. A series of interlayer direct shear tests was run on 300 x 300 mm samples made of two layers: a 100mm G2 Granular Base (GB) compacted on top of the 100mm Cement Treated Subbase (CTSB) composed of a G5 material stabilised with 1.8% of cement. Effects of the CTSB scarification, normal pressure and moisture conditions were analysed whereby the results of the interlayer strength tests were compared with those of intra-layer strength tests. The comparative analysis showed that scarifying the CTSB before laying the GB enhances intimate contact between two layers and stimulates the unison interaction which, according to structural modelling results, improves the overall pavement performance.
EFFECT OF CONCENTRATED ECCENTRIC LOAD IN LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION OF RECTANGULA...IAEME Publication
Objectives: To study the effect of Relative Rigidity of soil interaction behaviour on the rectangular plates.Methods: Analysis was done for a rectangular footing subjected to the eccentric concentrated load in the longitudinal direction up to the middle one third of its longer span dimension, the loss of contact phenomena was analyzed by the finite element method using ANSYS 12.0 software and the Critical Relative Rigidity (CRR) values i.e. the relative rigidity (RR) at which the soil medium just starts experiencing loss of contact with the footing were obtained for various L/B (1.2 to 2.0) ratios up to the two way distribution. Findings: With the increase in the eccentricity of concentrated load the CRR values were decreased and as the L/B ratio increases, the CRR values increased. Improvements: Effect of Relative Rigidity of soil interaction behaviour concept can be extended to different types of plates like square, circular, and loss of contact phenomena should be analysed.
Effect of free surface boundary and wall flexibility in seismic design of liq...eSAT Journals
1) The document analyzes the effect of fluid-structure interaction on the modal characteristics of cylindrical steel water tanks with and without considering the free surface effect of the liquid.
2) Finite element models of shallow and tall tanks were created in ANSYS and modal analysis was performed considering different conditions such as with and without liquid sloshing.
3) The effect of liquid mass on the convective and impulsive modes was observed to decrease the natural frequencies more for the impulsive modes due to greater participation of the liquid mass. Flexibility of the tank wall was also found to increase the slosh frequencies.
This document discusses applying the NCHRP-1-28 resilient modulus model to characterize blended unbound granular materials in Sudan. An experimental testing program measured the resilient modulus of blended samples using dynamic triaxial tests. The NCHRP-1-28 model was used to predict resilient modulus values, which showed good agreement with measured values, being 8-10% lower, providing conservative estimates. The materials tested included natural gravels blended with sand and crushed stone to meet gradation specifications for base materials. Measured properties like density, CBR and gradation are reported for the blended samples.
Effect of fines on liquefaction using shake table testeSAT Journals
calamities resulting into considerable damages. One of the most detrimental
effects caused due to earthquake is liquefaction. This paper deals with experimental investigation of effects of fines content on
liquefaction behavior using shake table test. A test program consisted of total 19 tests conducted on saturated cohesionless sand
with varying amount of non-plastic silt. The behavior of such silty sand in the relative density range 30 to 60% has been studied
by subjecting the specimens to a specific acceleration of 0.54g. Effect of silt content and the relative density on generation of pore
pressure and thereby initiation of liquefaction has been studied. The results obtained from the present study showed that cyclic
stress ratio (CSR) values decrease with the increase in fines content for lower relative densities. Delay in development of pore
pressure is observed with the increasing fines content. This indicates that higher silt contents at higher densities offer better
resistance to liquefaction. Further, for lower densities and lesser silt contents liquefaction occurred at pore pressure ratio even
less than one. The trend observed for CSR and relative density is similar when compared with triaxial test reported in literature.
The points where liquefaction has occurred in the field, when checked in the present study, they lie in ‘YES’ zone of liquefaction.
Keywords: Relative Density, Cyclic Stress Ratio, Pore Pressure Ratio, Liquefaction Resistance, Initiation of
Liquefaction
The document presents a development plan for the town of Preston Beach in Western Australia. It discusses developing the site which has complex ground conditions, including soft compressible soils, into a financially viable and sustainable community. The initial master plan proposes residential, commercial, and recreational districts along with transportation and renewable energy infrastructure. Key challenges addressed are ground improvement, water resources, coastal erosion, acid sulfate soils, waste management and water efficiency. The presentation concludes by seeking to refine the master plan and develop a business plan to guide the planned population increase from 185 to 25,000 residents.
This document appears to be information about a finite element analysis software called PLAXIS used for soil and rock analyses. It provides details on a project file for analyzing pile foundations named "Karoon Pile" that was created and last modified on January 20, 2016 by the user "Peykav Co".
Structural evaluation of low volume road pavements using pavement dynamic con...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study on strength characteristics of soil using soil stabiliser rbi – 81eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Seismic Response of Concrete Gravity Dam in AfghanistanIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the seismic response of concrete gravity dams in Afghanistan. The study uses 3D finite element analysis in ANSYS to analyze four cases of a concrete gravity dam: 1) without an opening in Kabul, 2) without an opening in Herat, 3) with an opening in Kabul, and 4) with an opening in Herat. The analysis includes static, modal, harmonic, and response spectrum analysis. The results show that stresses and deformations are highest for the dam with an opening in Kabul, which has a peak ground acceleration of 48%g. In general, the dams perform less safely under the response spectrum analysis compared to the other analysis methods. The study aims to evaluate seismic design of concrete
Optimum replacement depth to control heave of swelling claysAhmed Ebid
The behavior of unsaturated swelling soils under changing of moisture content was intensively studied by many researchers since the 1950’s. Many proposed formulas and techniques were used to classify, describe and predict the swelling behavior and parameters of such type of soil. On the other hand, many techniques are used to allow structures to be founded on swelling soils without suffering any damages due to the soil heave. Replacing the swelling soil with granular mixture is one of the most famous and cheapest techniques especially in case of light structures on shallow layer of swelling soil. The aim of this research is to develop a simplified formula to estimate the heave of swelling soil considering the effect of replaced layer. The developed formula is used to estimate the required replacement depth to avoid damage due to excessive heave.
Today, retrofitting of the old structures is important. For this purpose, determination of capacities for these buildings, which mostly are non-ductile, is a very useful tool. In this context, non-ductile RC joint in concrete structures, as one of the most important elements in these buildings are considered, and the shear capacity, especially for retrofitting goals can be very beneficial. In this paper, three famous soft computing methods including artificial neural networks (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and also group method of data handling (GMDH) were used to estimating the shear capacity for this type of RC joints. A set of experimental data which were a failure in joint are collected, and first, the effective parameters were identified. Based on these parameters, predictive models are presented in detail and compare with each other. The results showed that the considered soft computing techniques are very good capabilities to determine the shear capacity.
Moisture penetration causes many direct and indirect distresses in flexible asphalt pavement. Due to damage in asphalt concrete and binder by moisture are the prime concern of failure for flexible pavement worldwide. The causes and prediction are investigated in this study. The asphalt binder was modified with carbon nanotubes (CNT) with very small percentages. The modified binder was simulated with moisture damage with AASHTO T-283 methods. In this study, polymer and carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been added to liquid asphalt binder to examine whether the resulting modified binder has improved moisture damage resistance. Using laboratory tested data, an artificial intelligence modeling technique has been utilized to determine the moisture damage behavior of the modified binder. Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) provides the best prediction for wet and dry samples AFM readings with R2 values respectively 0.6407 and 0.8371.
This document discusses predicting the setting of concrete mixtures through experimental work conducted under laboratory and field conditions. The key points are:
1) Initial and final setting times were determined using penetration resistance testing on concrete mixtures with varying temperatures, cements, and supplementary cementing materials.
2) A model is presented to correlate setting times to the degree of hydration, which characterizes the formation of hydration products over time. Initial and final set are found to occur at consistent degrees of hydration regardless of curing conditions.
3) Models are developed to predict setting based on the degree of hydration and water-cementitious ratio, accounting for temperature effects through an equivalent age maturity function.
Triaxial test on soil important insights -formatted paperSamirsinh Parmar
This document discusses triaxial testing of soils under stress-controlled and strain-controlled loading modes. It provides a brief history of triaxial testing and describes key aspects of the test including the apparatus, sample preparation, procedures, and analysis of results. It explains that triaxial tests are useful for determining soil shear strength parameters and simulating three-dimensional stress conditions in the field. The document also summarizes important insights from previous studies comparing results of stress-controlled and strain-controlled triaxial tests.
Framework for assessment of shear strength parameters ofIAEME Publication
This document discusses a framework for assessing the shear strength parameters of residual tropical soils. It begins by providing background on shear strength and how it is typically measured through laboratory tests like direct shear tests and triaxial tests. However, these tests have limitations in simulating field conditions. The objective of the paper is then presented - to develop a phenomenological model to predict shear strength parameters from index properties that are easier to measure, like liquid limit and maximum dry density. This could provide a way to rapidly estimate shear strength when traditional testing methods are not available or feasible. The paper reviews previous studies on correlating index properties with shear strength and predicting unsaturated soil strength. It then discusses soil state and volumetric strain, and defines bulk modulus as
This document presents a study that uses gene expression programming (GEP) to develop a model for predicting sediment transport in sewers under no-deposition conditions. The study first reviews existing sediment transport equations developed using dimensional analysis and semi-experimental methods. It then describes using GEP to present six different models considering effective parameters on sediment transport. The best model is selected by comparing their performance on validation data not used in model development. The results show the GEP model achieves a root mean squared error of 0.12 and mean average percentage error of 2.56 on the training data, and 0.14 and 2.82 respectively on the validation data. This performance is compared to existing sediment transport equations.
This study aims to investigate the effect of single cavity when it presence at a
specific location within the homogenous soil, on the behavior of seepage and uplift
pressure under a hydraulic structure. The results are analyzed to introduce
deterministic formulae for calculating the amount of seepage and the uplift pressure
head. The work was done in three stages by using experimental investigation; the first
stage includes 36 models of 75mm in diameter cavity, while the second and the third
stages includes eight models for each with 100mm and 34mm diameter of cavity,
respectively. The results shows that, when the cavity presence at the left side its impact
was positive on the seepage behavior. While the influence was changed to a negative
impact when the cavity presence at the right side, except at some specific locations. The
statistical software has been employed to generate the two deterministic formulae, and
the results of multiple regressions are checked by statistical indices for the purpose of
recognizing the reliability of the proposed formulae.
A comparison on slope stability analysis of aydoghmoosh earth damdgjd
1. The document compares slope stability analysis of the Aydoghmoosh Earth Dam in Iran using limit equilibrium methods, finite element analysis, and finite difference methods.
2. Safety factors calculated using the simplified Bishop method and finite element analysis were similar at 1.494 and 1.596, respectively.
3. The finite difference method produced a safety factor of 1.79, around 12% higher than the finite element method. This is because the finite element method accounts for elasticity modulus in its calculations.
Study on the effects of ceramic particulates (sic, al2 o3 and cenosphere) on ...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper investigates the sliding wear behaviour of three different composites. Three different reinforcements are under taken for this study namely SiC, Al2O3 and Cenosphere. Along with it percentage reinforcement is also varied from 8wt% to 16wt.%. Other factors applied normal load and sliding speed are also considered. Taguchi design of experimental technique is employed for the study of sliding wear. It is observed that SiC reinforced composites show better wear resistance than Al2O3 and Cenosphere reinforced composites. Regression and artificial neural network (ANN) is used to develop a model to predict the wear loss. It is observed that artificial neural network is more efficient than regression. Keywords: A. Metal-matrix composites (MMCs); B.Wear; C.Taguchi D. Nueral Network
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Statistical evaluation of compression index equationsIAEME Publication
This document discusses statistical evaluation of equations for predicting the compression index (Cc) of soils. Twelve commonly used equations that predict Cc based on parameters like liquid limit, plasticity index, dry density, and void ratio are considered. Statistical analysis is performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the equations. One-way and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests are conducted using a database of 178 soil samples to compare predicted and observed Cc values. The tests indicate that soil classification and prediction method have a significant influence on the deviation between predicted and observed Cc. Certain models are found to be applicable only to some soil classification groups. The best models for different soil groups and for all soil types are identified using statistical tests.
An Investigation of the Interlayer Adhesion Strength in Deeper Layers of the ...AM Publications
A road pavement structure is typically composed of different layers arranged one on top of the other, all supported by a natural or improved subgrade. The main purpose of this configuration is to provide the most effective structure with adequate potential to spread traffic loading from the surface to the subgrade with minimum damage. In spite of material properties and construction techniques, researchers have shown that the overall pavement performance is significantly influenced by the interlayer adhesion condition throughout the pavement structure ([8], [11], [21], [22]). Lack of intimate contact between layers results in them acting as individuals rather than as a thick bonded unit. This therefore induces overloading of layers which leads to premature deterioration of the entire structure due to traffic induced distresses. This work, therefore investigated the interlayer adhesion characteristics between the granular base and the lightly cemented subbase of a typical South African pavement structure. The influence of bonding condition on the overall pavement performance was also studied. A series of interlayer direct shear tests was run on 300 x 300 mm samples made of two layers: a 100mm G2 Granular Base (GB) compacted on top of the 100mm Cement Treated Subbase (CTSB) composed of a G5 material stabilised with 1.8% of cement. Effects of the CTSB scarification, normal pressure and moisture conditions were analysed whereby the results of the interlayer strength tests were compared with those of intra-layer strength tests. The comparative analysis showed that scarifying the CTSB before laying the GB enhances intimate contact between two layers and stimulates the unison interaction which, according to structural modelling results, improves the overall pavement performance.
EFFECT OF CONCENTRATED ECCENTRIC LOAD IN LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION OF RECTANGULA...IAEME Publication
Objectives: To study the effect of Relative Rigidity of soil interaction behaviour on the rectangular plates.Methods: Analysis was done for a rectangular footing subjected to the eccentric concentrated load in the longitudinal direction up to the middle one third of its longer span dimension, the loss of contact phenomena was analyzed by the finite element method using ANSYS 12.0 software and the Critical Relative Rigidity (CRR) values i.e. the relative rigidity (RR) at which the soil medium just starts experiencing loss of contact with the footing were obtained for various L/B (1.2 to 2.0) ratios up to the two way distribution. Findings: With the increase in the eccentricity of concentrated load the CRR values were decreased and as the L/B ratio increases, the CRR values increased. Improvements: Effect of Relative Rigidity of soil interaction behaviour concept can be extended to different types of plates like square, circular, and loss of contact phenomena should be analysed.
Effect of free surface boundary and wall flexibility in seismic design of liq...eSAT Journals
1) The document analyzes the effect of fluid-structure interaction on the modal characteristics of cylindrical steel water tanks with and without considering the free surface effect of the liquid.
2) Finite element models of shallow and tall tanks were created in ANSYS and modal analysis was performed considering different conditions such as with and without liquid sloshing.
3) The effect of liquid mass on the convective and impulsive modes was observed to decrease the natural frequencies more for the impulsive modes due to greater participation of the liquid mass. Flexibility of the tank wall was also found to increase the slosh frequencies.
This document discusses applying the NCHRP-1-28 resilient modulus model to characterize blended unbound granular materials in Sudan. An experimental testing program measured the resilient modulus of blended samples using dynamic triaxial tests. The NCHRP-1-28 model was used to predict resilient modulus values, which showed good agreement with measured values, being 8-10% lower, providing conservative estimates. The materials tested included natural gravels blended with sand and crushed stone to meet gradation specifications for base materials. Measured properties like density, CBR and gradation are reported for the blended samples.
Effect of fines on liquefaction using shake table testeSAT Journals
calamities resulting into considerable damages. One of the most detrimental
effects caused due to earthquake is liquefaction. This paper deals with experimental investigation of effects of fines content on
liquefaction behavior using shake table test. A test program consisted of total 19 tests conducted on saturated cohesionless sand
with varying amount of non-plastic silt. The behavior of such silty sand in the relative density range 30 to 60% has been studied
by subjecting the specimens to a specific acceleration of 0.54g. Effect of silt content and the relative density on generation of pore
pressure and thereby initiation of liquefaction has been studied. The results obtained from the present study showed that cyclic
stress ratio (CSR) values decrease with the increase in fines content for lower relative densities. Delay in development of pore
pressure is observed with the increasing fines content. This indicates that higher silt contents at higher densities offer better
resistance to liquefaction. Further, for lower densities and lesser silt contents liquefaction occurred at pore pressure ratio even
less than one. The trend observed for CSR and relative density is similar when compared with triaxial test reported in literature.
The points where liquefaction has occurred in the field, when checked in the present study, they lie in ‘YES’ zone of liquefaction.
Keywords: Relative Density, Cyclic Stress Ratio, Pore Pressure Ratio, Liquefaction Resistance, Initiation of
Liquefaction
The document presents a development plan for the town of Preston Beach in Western Australia. It discusses developing the site which has complex ground conditions, including soft compressible soils, into a financially viable and sustainable community. The initial master plan proposes residential, commercial, and recreational districts along with transportation and renewable energy infrastructure. Key challenges addressed are ground improvement, water resources, coastal erosion, acid sulfate soils, waste management and water efficiency. The presentation concludes by seeking to refine the master plan and develop a business plan to guide the planned population increase from 185 to 25,000 residents.
This document appears to be information about a finite element analysis software called PLAXIS used for soil and rock analyses. It provides details on a project file for analyzing pile foundations named "Karoon Pile" that was created and last modified on January 20, 2016 by the user "Peykav Co".
This PhD thesis develops a backanalysis methodology using multiple optimization techniques to identify soil parameters in geotechnical problems. The methodology is applied to parameter identification for the Hardening Soil Model using data from tunneling and excavation case studies. Gradient-based methods, genetic algorithms, and a hybrid method are evaluated. An automated backanalysis code is developed and a synthetic tunnel case study is used to validate the methodology. Real case studies of a tunnel and large excavation then demonstrate the potential of the approach.
Mohammadhosein Gholampour is an Iranian civil engineer and geotechnical specialist with over 10 years of experience in international projects in Denmark, Germany, and Iran. He has expertise in geotechnical and structural design, numerical modeling, deep excavation design, project management, and more. Currently living in Denmark, he is looking to relocate and has managed projects worth hundreds of millions of dollars on time and within budget.
Contribution to long term performance of piled raft foundation in clayey soilIAEME Publication
This document summarizes previous research on piled raft foundations in clayey soils. It discusses how numerical modeling using finite element methods has been used to analyze load distribution, settlement behavior over time, and the effects of different pile configurations. The document reviews several studies that have developed finite element and boundary element models to simulate the behavior of piled raft foundations, soil-structure interaction, and time-dependent consolidation settlement. It also discusses how pile raft foundations can reduce settlement and differential settlement more cost effectively than pile groups or rafts alone.
The document provides information about construction of the Mount Pleasant Station for the Eglinton Crosstown LRT project. Key details include:
- Construction will begin in fall 2016 and involve supporting excavation, utility relocation, and installing a concrete roof slab to allow work under the roadway.
- The station will be built using a modified cut-and-cover method to minimize road disruption. It will feature a main entrance preserving a heritage facade and a secondary entrance.
- Temporary traffic and pedestrian changes like road closures and sidewalk restrictions will be needed during construction stages from 2016-2017. Nearby TTC bus stops will also be relocated.
- Safety is the top priority, and the project
ICWES15 - Challenging Design: Foundations for Tall Buildings. Presented by M...Engineers Australia
This document discusses the challenges in designing foundations for tall buildings and provides examples of two tall building projects. It outlines the major design issues, process, and criteria for tall building foundations. It then describes the foundation systems and performance assessments for the Incheon 151 Tower in Korea and Nakheel Tall Tower in Dubai as case studies. Both cases involved complex subsurface conditions that required advanced numerical modeling to analyze foundation behavior and ensure stability and acceptable settlement.
Numerical Simulation of Pile using PLAXISDr. Naveen BP
This document summarizes field tests and numerical simulations conducted by Naveen B.P. on various geotechnical structures. It describes field load tests on single piles under vertical and lateral loads. It also discusses numerical modeling of pile load tests in PLAXIS and compares the results to field data. Additionally, it examines soil nailing analysis, lateral monitoring of secant pile walls, and a comparison of FLAC 3D and PLAXIS 3D for laterally loaded pile analysis. The document provides details of field experience with various pile load tests and numerical modeling techniques for evaluating pile behavior.
Review of Causes of Foundation Failures and Their Possible Preventive and Rem...THE NORTHCAP UNIVERSITY
This document provides a review of common causes of foundation failures and possible preventative and remedial measures. It discusses 12 different causes of foundation failures including load transfer failures, drag down and heave in expansive soils, collapsible soils, lateral loads, construction errors, unequal support, water level fluctuations, earthquakes, vibrations, landslides, uplift, and concludes with recommendations. Preventative measures include soil improvement techniques, structural options like piles, quality assurance in mitigation, and construction controls. Remedies include underpinning, soil nailing, and preventing differential settlement.
The document describes the foundation design for the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the world's tallest building. The foundation system is a piled raft founded on deep deposits of carbonate soils and rocks. Extensive geotechnical investigations and testing were conducted. The tower is supported by 1.5m diameter bored piles 47.5m long, with a 3.7m thick raft at -7.55m. Load testing and analyses showed the piled raft foundation would experience settlements of 45-62mm, meeting tolerances. The foundation design and performance has exceeded expectations.
This document summarizes the development of an approximate nonlinear analysis method for piled raft foundations. The method models pile-soil interaction, pile-soil-pile interaction, and raft-soil-pile interaction in a multilayered soil profile. It considers effects like apparent stiffness reduction and stiffness hardening. Comparison to 3D FEM analysis shows the method generates similar load-settlement behavior and is sufficiently accurate for design. Further refinement could involve intelligent soil springs and modeling of variable raft shapes, validated through field testing.
161115 FDTB - from pile group to piled raft_Benoit LatapieBenoit Latapie
This document discusses foundation design for tall buildings, focusing on combined pile raft foundations (CPRF). It provides an introduction to CPRF, explaining that they combine the bearing resistance of rafts and piles to share building loads. The piles act as settlement reducers while the raft provides additional load capacity and stiffness governs the design. The document then presents a case study of a confidential project that analyzed settlements using different modeling methods. It also reviews existing tall buildings in Dubai founded on CPRF and their predicted settlements. Finally, it discusses considerations for preliminary pile load testing and the benefits of using the BS8004:2015 foundation design code of practice.
IRJET- Interpretation of Compressive Strength in Concrete Cube and CylinderIRJET Journal
This document presents a study on interpreting the compressive strength of concrete cubes and cylinders using destructive and non-destructive testing methods. Concrete cubes and cylinders of varying grades (M20, M25, M30, M40) were tested at 28 days using compressive testing (destructive) as well as rebound hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity (non-destructive) tests. The results found that the average compressive strengths from cubes were higher than cylinders. Regression analysis was used to develop relationships between the different test methods. Equations relating compressive strength to rebound number and pulse velocity were developed for both cubes and cylinders.
An experimental study on mud concrete using soil as a fine aggrgate and ld sl...eSAT Journals
Abstract Aggregates are important ingredients of concrete. Sand is used abundantly after air and water. The extensive use of these natural resources is exploiting the environment every day. many alternative materials are being used, viz., slag sand, manufactured sand, quarry dust etc., as fine aggregates; Materials such as steel slag, blast furnace slag are being used as replacement for coarse aggregates. This paper reports the result of different mixes obtained by partial replacement of Natural coarse aggregates (NCA) and complete replacement of fine aggregates (FA) by alternative material such as LD slag and Natural soil respectively. This paper reports the result of different mixes obtained by partial replacement of natural coarse aggregates (CA) and complete replacement of fine aggregates (FA) by alternative material such as LD slag and Natural soil respectively. The wet compressive strength ranged from 16MPa to 20MPa for cubes made of Natural Sand and Natural Coarse Aggregates MIX-D. The wet compressive strength ranged from 18-26MPa for MIX-A; The value obtained for MIX-A was found to be 20% more compared to MIX-D. The split tensile strength ranged from 1.16-1.51MPa for MIX-A, it was concluded that, the mud concrete mix prepared with soil and LD slag gave the satisfactory result which was intended to achieve by normal conventional concrete mix MIX-D. The flexural strength ranged from 3.04-3.41MPa for MIX-A and 2.84-3.45MPa for M4, , it was concluded that, the mud concrete mix prepared with soil and LD slag gave the satisfactory result which was intended to achieve by normal conventional concrete mix. The mud concrete with Soil and LD slag cut down the cost of mix up to 43% when compared with normal conventional concrete of equivalent grade. Keywords: MUD Concrete, LD Slag, NCA, Alternative Materials, Wet Compressive Strength.
Experimental and Analytical Study on Uplift Capacity -Formatted Paper.pdfSamirsinh Parmar
Horizontal Plate Anchor,
Cohesion less soil,
Uplift anchor,
The uplift capacity of the anchor,
Breakout factor,
ground anchors,
Experimental analysis,
Analytical Verification,
Embedment Ratio
Size effect of plain concrete beams–an experimental studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The paper analyses the size dependency of the fracture energy (GF) and the effective length of fracture process zone (Cf) of concrete
determined as per the Bazant’s Size effect method and RILEM Work-of-fracture methods. The fracture parameters (GF,Cf) are
determined by measuring the maximum loads of geometrically similar notched plain concrete (M25) specimens of different sizes in a
size ratio of 1:5 with different pre-cast notch depths (a/d=0.15, 0.30 and 0.45) under three point bending through load-deflection
curves. In each notch depth ratio, 15 beams are cast and tested with 03 similar specimens in each size of the beams. Total beams
tested are 45.The variation of both the fracture energy and the effective length of fracture process zone as a function of the specimen
size and notch depth is determined using Bazant’s Size effect method and RILEM Work-of-fracture method. Fracture energy and
Fracture process zone length determined by Size effect method are found to be decreasing with the increasing notch depth ratios.
Fracture energy calculated using Work-of-fracture method is increasing with the increase in size of specimen and decreasing with the
increasing notch depth ratios.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IRJET- Strength Behaviour of Hardened ConcreteIRJET Journal
The document discusses testing conducted on hardened concrete cylinders drilled from a dam in India to study their stress-strain behavior and determine elastic parameters. 10 concrete cylinder samples were tested for properties like unit weight, water absorption, ultrasonic pulse velocity, modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, and crushing strength. The stress-strain curves of 2 samples tested under controlled strain conditions showed increased strain at failure compared to conventional testing. The results are presented in a table and figures showing typical stress-strain behaviors.
IRJET-Experimental Study on Concrete Properties using Pet in Tension ZoneIRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental study on using PET fibers in the tension zone of concrete beams to improve their ductile properties. Several concrete beams were cast - a control beam without fibers and beams with PET mesh made of continuous fibers placed in the tension zone during casting. Tests were performed to analyze the flexural strength and crack width properties. The results showed that the beams with PET fiber mesh in the tension zone had slightly higher flexural strength and wider crack widths compared to the control beam without fibers. As more layers of PET mesh were added, the crack width decreased. Therefore, the PET fiber mesh was found to improve the ductile properties of concrete beams.
IRJET- Study of Variation in Bearing Capacity with Respect to Degree of Satur...IRJET Journal
This study examined how the bearing capacity of soil is affected by the degree of saturation. Tests were conducted on soil samples from 5 sites to determine properties like moisture content, density, grain size, cohesion, and friction angle. Triaxial tests under dry, saturated, and field conditions were used to establish relationships between saturation and shear strength. Bearing capacity was calculated using Terzaghi's equation for a square footing. Results showed that bearing capacity decreases with increasing saturation as friction angle reduces, despite increases in cohesion and density. An equation was proposed relating bearing capacity and degree of saturation. The study concluded saturation significantly impacts bearing capacity in coarse-grained soils due to effects on friction angle.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Abstract The present research work is to determine buckling load per unit length in rectangular plate with circular cut-outs under bi-axial compression using 2D finite element analysis. The commercial finite element analysis software ANSYS has been successfully executed. The buckling factors are evaluated by changing the position of the holes, length to thickness ratio. The effect of changing the position of holes, a/b ratio, b/t ratio and buckling load per unit length is discussed. The results shows that buckling load per unit length is in clamped-clamped boundary conditions and buckling load is more at top positioned hole, decreases with increase in aspect ratio, decrease with increase breadth to thickness ratio. Keywords: Buckling analysis, Finite element method, Buckling load per unit length , carbon/epoxy composite plate, aspect ratio, b/t ratio, and Biaxial load.
Full Paper - Ratcheting Uplift of Buried Pipelines in Sand (P. Chitas)Pagkratios Chitas
This document summarizes an experimental study on the ratcheting failure mechanism of buried offshore pipelines in sand. Small-scale laboratory tests were conducted using a pipe section buried in dry silica sand at various densities and embedment depths. Both monotonic and cyclic (load-controlled) pull-out tests were performed to simulate upheaval buckling and ratcheting failure. The test results were analyzed to investigate controlling parameters, validate prediction methods, and determine adequate soil cover required to resist ratcheting. The experimental setup, soil sample preparation, and testing procedure are described in detail.
IRJET - Effectiveness of Concrete Ingredients on Isat in DCC CubesIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that assessed the effectiveness of different concrete ingredients on initial surface absorption test (ISAT) values in dry conditioned concrete cubes. Six different concrete mixtures were prepared varying slump, water-cement ratio, and compressive strength. ISAT tests were conducted on 72 concrete cubes according to BS 1881 standards after drying for 3 days at 105±5°C. The results showed that ISAT values increased at initial testing for mixtures with lower compressive strength and water diffusion coefficient, and decreased with higher strength, constant slump, and over time. Higher water-cement ratios and slump also increased ISAT values. The study aimed to interpret the influence of drying conditions and mixture proportions on ISAT results.
This study establishes correlations between destructive and non-destructive testing of concrete compressive strength. Concrete cubes were cured for 7, 14, and 28 days and tested destructively via compression and non-destructively using a rebound hammer. Regression analysis found strong linear correlations (R2 91.6-97.9%) between rebound number and compressive strength. Models were able to predict compressive strength to within 1.3-1.8% of actual values on average, indicating rebound hammer can be used to accurately estimate compressive strength non-destructively.
IRJET - An Experimental Investigation on Concrete with of Partial Replacement...IRJET Journal
1. The document presents the results of an experimental investigation on the use of hypo sludge as a partial replacement for cement in concrete.
2. Hypo sludge, a waste product from paper mills, was used to replace cement at levels of 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight.
3. Concrete mixtures were tested to determine their compressive strength, flexural strength, and other properties at curing periods of 7 and 28 days.
4. The test results showed that concrete with a 5% replacement of cement with hypo sludge achieved strengths close to that of normal concrete, indicating hypo sludge's potential as a supplementary cementitious material.
Characterization of Differential Concrete Mix Designs by Ultrasonic Pulse Vel...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that characterized different concrete mix designs using ultrasonic pulse velocity testing. Six mix designs were tested with varying water-cement ratios, slump, and compressive strengths. Concrete cubes were cast and tested for ultrasonic pulse velocity and compressive strength at various ages. The objectives were to examine how drying conditions and mix properties influence ultrasonic pulse velocity results, determine the relationship between velocity and compressive strength, and develop charts relating non-destructive test results to mix designs. Results aimed to improve accuracy of using non-destructive methods to evaluate concrete strength.
Nondestructive material testing with ultrasonicsFatma Abdalla
Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) testing is a non-destructive testing method used to evaluate the quality and strength of concrete structures. UPV works by measuring the speed that ultrasonic pulses travel through the concrete, with higher velocities indicating higher quality concrete of greater density, homogeneity, and strength. The document describes experiments conducted to determine the relationship between UPV test results and compressive concrete strength for samples with varying water-cement ratios. UPV and compressive strength tests were performed on concrete samples at different ages. The results showed that UPV and strength increase with age and samples with lower water-cement ratios have higher UPV and strength. Correlation curves were developed to allow predicting concrete strength from
IRJET - Prolonged Transitional Zone Effectiveness in Pre-Conditioned SCC Cube...IRJET Journal
This document presents research on evaluating the initial surface absorption of pre-conditioned concrete cubes using the initial surface absorption test (ISAT). Seventy-two concrete cubes with six different mixture designs were tested. The mixtures varied the water-cement ratio, slump, and compressive strength. ISAT values were highest at initial testing times of 10 minutes and decreased over longer durations of 30 and 60 minutes. Cubes with lower compressive strength or higher water-cement ratios exhibited higher ISAT values compared to stronger mixtures. The research aims to understand how saturated conditioning of the cubes influences ISAT values and correlates absorption rates with diffusion properties and mixture designs.
Experimental Investigation on Concrete with coarse Aggregate Replaced with Wa...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on concrete with coarse aggregate replaced with waste concrete aggregate. Concrete mixtures were prepared by replacing the natural coarse aggregate with 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% waste concrete aggregate. The compressive strength and flexural strength of the concrete mixtures were then tested at various curing ages. The results showed that concrete mixtures with up to 30% replacement of natural aggregate with waste concrete aggregate exhibited similar strength properties. However, strength was reduced with 40% replacement, with the 40% replacement concrete showing a 14.36% lower compressive strength and 27.45% lower flexural strength compared to the natural aggregate concrete. Therefore, the study concluded that up to 30% replacement can be considered optimal without comprom
Behavior of self compacting concrete using ppc and opc with different proport...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on the behavior of self-compacting concrete using Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with different proportions of fly ash. Six concrete cube samples were created for each mix, with fly ash replacing 15%, 25%, and 35% of the cement. The samples were tested at 7 and 28 days to analyze properties like slump flow, compressive strength, etc. The results showed the 25% fly ash replacement samples achieved only 55% of the target strength at 7 days with PPC, but gained 92% of the strength at 28 days. The OPC samples performed better, with strengths 40-60% higher than the equivalent PPC samples.
This document discusses techniques for measuring wear of bulk materials and advanced surface coatings. It begins by defining wear and explaining that wear occurs even in the hardest materials through mechanisms like plastic deformation and brittle fracture. It then discusses that wear testing is important for minimizing component failure in industries. Various wear testing techniques are described, including pin-on-disc testing where a stationary pin is pressed against a rotating disc under a load to simulate different wear modes. Other techniques involve characterizing coatings through hardness testing or evaluating coatings and materials in actual machining tests on equipment. Selecting the appropriate wear test depends on factors like the contact conditions and environment being simulated.
Similar to The impact of the diameter to height ratio on the compressibility parameters of saturated fine grained soils (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested circular concrete-filled steel tube columns with varying parameters. 45 specimens were tested with different fiber percentages (0-2%), tube diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios (D/t from 15-25), and length-to-diameter (L/d) ratios (from 2.97-7.04). The results found that columns filled with fiber-reinforced concrete exhibited higher stiffness, equal ductility, and enhanced energy absorption compared to those filled with plain concrete. The load carrying capacity increased with fiber content up to 1.5% but not at 2.0%. The analytical predictions of failure load closely matched the experimental values.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate morphometric parameters and runoff for the Yagachi catchment area in India over a 10-year period. Morphometric analysis was conducted to understand the hydrological response at the micro-watershed level. Daily runoff was estimated using the SCS curve number model. The results showed a positive correlation between rainfall and runoff. Land use/land cover changes between 2001-2010 were found to impact estimated runoff amounts. Remote sensing approaches provided an effective means to model runoff for this large, ungauged area.
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
The impact of the diameter to height ratio on the compressibility parameters of saturated fine grained soils
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 8
THE IMPACT OF THE DIAMETER TO HEIGHT RATIO ON THE
COMPRESSIBILITY PARAMETERS OF SATURATED FINE-GRAINED
SOILS
T. Nguedia Rosine1
, T. Toma Sabbagh2
1
Ph.D. student, Civil Engineering Research Group, The University of Salford, School of Computing, Science and
Engineering, Newton Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK
2
Lecturer, Civil Engineering, The University of Salford, School of Computing, Science and Engineering, Newton
Building, Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, UK
Abstract
Compressibility parameters of fine-grained soils are mainly influenced by soil mineralogy, moisture content and soil diameter to
height ratio (D/H). The British and American standards suggested that to obtain accurate engineering properties; it is necessary
to use D/H ratio of 4 and 2.5 respectively to eliminate friction between the soil and the structure. In the current study, various
D/H ratios were adopted ranging from 0.5 to 11. The D/H ratios effect on some compressibility parameters such as coefficient of
consolidation (cv), compression index (cc) and coefficient of volume compressibility (mv) were analysed. Additionally, the impact
of the D/H ratio on the acquire cv values were also presented where three methods were used namely: Casagrande, Taylor and
Inflection method. The scaling effects based on cv ratio [cv (√t) / cv (log t)] from Oedometer tests using different D/H ratios are
also presented. The results showed that Taylor’s method is the most appropriate way to achieve an accurate cv and an increase in
pressure leads to a reduction in cc and a gradual decrease in mv. The validation of the experimental results on a finite element
software package PLAXIS was completed.
Keywords: Compressibility, D/H ratio, Fine-grained soil, Friction
-------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The diameter to height (D/H) ratio criteria is used to reduce
friction between the soil and structure. The American
Standard suggested a minimum value of 2.5 with a value
greater than four most suitable [5]. While the British
Standard proposed a value of 4 with a cell diameter of
75mm and height 20mm are mostly applicable [10]. No
available data were found to validate the D/H ratio proposed
by the American Standard. Morris and Lockington [21]
conducted a self-weight consolidation test on fine-grained
marine, riverine and lacustrine soils with a diameter to
height (D/H) ratio ranging from 1.9 to 4.1. The findings
showed that the final void ratio were relatively comparable
and was due to the sample particle sizes. Morris and
Lockington neglected the effect of D/H ratio from the self-
weight consolidation test. Berry and Reid [8] stated that the
greater the soil thickness, the more likely friction will occur,
and smaller soil sample have no friction.
During conventional consolidation test, the lateral pressure
acting on the side walls of the sample container produce
frictional resistance to the compression of the sample.
Taylor [26] investigated the effect of side friction in
consolidation tests and showed that the frictional force
varies from 12-22% of the applied pressure for remoulded
clay and 10-15% for undisturbed clay. Therefore, the thinner
the sample the less side friction due to the small lateral
surface area in contact with the wall of the Oedometer
apparatus. Leonards and Girault [19] used steel Oedometer
cell and show that friction can significantly alter the result.
Thus, by applying greased Teflon, it eliminates friction
provided the D/H ratios exceed six. Sivrikaya and Togrol
[25] investigated the effect of clay thickness on secondary
compression. Sivrikaya and Togrol [25] designed a new
Oedometer cell capable to measure the frictional effect
between the specimen and the cell. The outcomes revealed
that side friction does not remain constant with time but
slightly increases at a decreased rate. Kolay and
Bhattacharya [17] conducted consolidation tests on kaolin
soil with Teflon large diameter (120mm) with a D/H ratio
six. The comparison of the results of previous tests (D/H
ratio 3) with Kolay's investigation showed that cv is affected
by the apparatus side friction and a correction factor for
different consolidation characteristics was applied. The
correction factor derived by Kolay and Bhattacharya [17]
was to reduce side friction.
The effect of D/H ratio scale was not previously investigated
on cc and mv. The importance of cc is in the direct
calculation of settlement of structures from the relationship
of pressure and void ratio. It is used as its value does not
change with a change in confining pressure for normally
consolidated clays [1, 24]. On the other hand, mv is also the
most suitable compressibility parameters for direct
settlement calculation. Its variability with confining pressure
makes it less useful when correlating with some engineering
properties [24]. Hence, cc and mv have been studied to
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 9
obtain a relationship with some design parameters. These
parameters include internal friction angle, recompression
index (cr), moisture content, liquid limit (LL) and specific
gravity (Gs).
On the other hand, the effect of D/H ratio on some
engineering properties such as shear strength (τ), modulus of
elasticity (E) and the stress-strain relationship was
previously investigated. These design parameters were
studied using Triaxial and Oedometer tests. Dirgeliene and
Stragys [14] proposed a reduction in the standard D/H ratio
in Triaxial test from 2 to 1 to eliminate friction. While
Grisso et al. [15] showed that the D/H ratio of a Triaxial soil
sample has little effect on the compacted soil as compared to
smaller D/H ratio. On the other hand, during Triaxial testing,
it was observed that at constant cell pressure, the modulus of
elasticity decreases with an increase in the D/H ratio [18].
In the current study, the effect of D/H ratios on
compressibility parameters is presented and it effect of cv
ratio [cv (√t) / cv (log t)]. More emphasis are employed in the
different method used to obtain cv and the how much impact
the D/H ratio has on the rate of consolidation of fine-grained
soils. Numerical simulation was also carried out to model
test results, using PLAXIS, to show the compatibility of the
numerical analysis with the test. During numerical
modelling, the Mohr-Coulomb (MC) model that is probably
the most used in the modelling of consolidation tests was
used. This model is mostly used due to their simplicity, and
specific parameters are easily obtained.
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
The sample preparation and test set up as described in the
British and American standard were adopted [9, 7]. A well-
known consolidation test was carried out using the
Oedometer apparatus. This test model the one-dimensional
consolidation of subsoil when pressed by structures only in a
vertical direction (the lateral strains are considered to be
negligible). The test was run over a period of 24 hours at
certain load increments under double drainage condition
under equal strain (where a porous stone was used for
uniform strain loading). Data were obtained using a
computerised system connected to each Oedometer test with
an accuracy of ±0.1%. The system was able to read data
from six channels simultaneously.
At each D/H ratio, the initial moisture content and void ratio
were calculated from the tested fine-grained soil. The
properties of the soils used (Table 1) were obtained as per
the standard methods [4, 9, 3, 7, 6]. In order to get the
undrained shear strength (cu), the soil was compacted at a
mould 100mm diameter and the vane size of 25mm was
used. The vane was inserted at a depth of 10mm within the
compacted soil with moisture content ranging from 35% to
61% with cu of 0.28 to 12kN/m2
respectively. The
mineralogy analysis of the soil was obtained using X-ray
diffraction (XRD), and the principal clay minerals present in
the clay is shown in Table1.
Table 1: Soil Properties summary
LL PL PI Gs cu
(kN/m2
)
Mineralog
y
Kaoli
n clay
63
%
32.4
%
30.6
%
2.
6
0.28 –
12
Kaolinite
and Quartz
Where; LL = liquid limit, PL = plastic limit, PI = plasticity
index, Gs is specific gravity and cu = undrained shear
strength (kN/m2
)
2.1 Diameter to Height Scale Range
A series of Oedometer tests were conducted at different D/H
ratio as shown in Table 2. For valid comparison in the D/H
ratio, the average of the initial moisture content was
considered
Table-2: Scale range Oedometer tests
D/H 0.5 1 1.5 2 (a) 2 (b) 3 4 5 6.5 11
Diameter (mm) 100 150 250 150 250 250 100 150 150 250
Height (mm) 200 130 200 80 130 80 23 30 23 23
Test T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10
Initial moisture
content
91% 74% 55% 65% 55% 55% 80% 60% 59% 64%
Average
moisture content
66%
2.2 Frictionless Boundary Condition
Previous researchers have shown that in order to reduce
friction, Telfon grease is applied to the wall of the
Oedometer apparatus by D/H ratio of 6. Kolay and
Bhattacharya [17] used Telfon with kaolin soil and found
that friction has an effect on cv. Moreover due to this side
friction in the consolidation test apparatus, the vertical
pressure on any horizontal plane will decrease with sample
depth. As side friction is a function of pressure, it is
expected that the e-log p graph becomes flatter with an
increase in side friction, thereby producing a small value of
the compression index [16]. In the current study, Vaseline
was applied to the Oedometer wall to reduce friction. Figure
1 shows the e – log p curve obtained in this study that
contradicts the statement by Healy and Ramanjaneya [16]
thus side friction was eliminated in this study. The e – log p
curve in Figure 1 shows a gradual decrease in void ratio
with an increase in pressure except at D/H 0.5 and 5 where
the graph becomes flatter. Thus, taking Healy’s statement,
friction was not reduced at D/H 0.5 and5.
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Fig-1: e-log p curve at different D/H ratios
2.3 Frictional Stress
Many studies have been performed to investigate the effect
of sample thickness on both primary and secondary
compression. Testing soil sample in the laboratory with
considerable great thickness will involve friction problem.
Sivrikaya and Togrol [25] revealed that the frictional stress
does not remain constant during the test and slightly
increases with a decrease in time for soil thickness of 60mm
and diameter 75mm (D/H 1.25). Friction was found to be
most significant at low stresses where the clay soil is still
over-consolidated [25]. In the current study, the clay is term
normally consolidated, and Figure 1 shows friction was
eliminated with reference to Healy and Ramanjaneya [16]
statement. Sivrikaya and Togrol [25] derived an expression
to obtain the frictional stress (τ) as shown in equation 1.
τ =
𝑇
𝜋𝐷𝐻
(1)
Where, D is soil diameter (mm); H is soil height (mm), and
T is the load transmitted to the ring (N).
Figure 2 shows the application of equation 1 in the current
study. It was observed that at a pressure less than 150kPa,
there is no significance difference in frictional stress. The
observation was at all scales except at D/H 2(b), 6.5 and 5,
where D/H 2(b) being greatly influenced. Figure 2 is
contradictory to Sivrikaya and Togrol [25], where it is
observed that the friction stress is most significant the high
stresses for normally consolidated soils under primary
consolidation. The difference in findings is due to D/H 1.25
used by Sivrikaya [25] on overconsolidated soils and 10
D/H ratios utilised in this study on normally consolidated
soils. Hence, the present study at D/H 1 and 1.5 normally
consolidated can directly be compared with D/H 1.25 over-
consolidated which shows the difference in findings is due
to the fine-grained soil state.
Fig-2: Frictional stresses at various D/H ratios
3. RESULTS
In this section, tests arise from the laboratory model, and
numerical analyses are shown. A discussion emphasised in
the response of fine-grained soils at different D/H ratio
scale. Furthermore, its effect on compressibility parameters
is presented.
3.1 Experimental Results
3.1.1 Stress-Strain Distribution
The vertical stress distribution within the soil matrix derived
from the finite element analysis corresponding to the
maximum loading and was normalized by the applied
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pressure. Figure 3 shows a variation in strain at different
D/H ratio under 55kPa and 110kPa. It displays the
fluctuation in strain with D/H ratio observed at both
loadings. The importance of D/H ratio, as stated in the
American standard, is confirmed. At D/H ratio less than 2.5,
the curve is difficult to construe, thus provide an uncertainty
in the curve fitting procedure in obtaining the coefficient of
consolidation (cv).
a)
b)
Fig-3: Time-deformation relationship at: a) 55kPa and b) 110kPa
3.1.2 Effect of D/H Ratio Scale on cc and mv
Compressibility parameters investigated were: coefficient of
consolidation (cv), compression index (cc) and coefficient of
volume compressibility (mv). The compressibility
parameters cc and mv are important in the calculation of
settlement of structures. cc is used to determine the primary
consolidation settlement of the normally consolidated soil.
Normally consolidated soils are a type of soil whose present
effective overburden pressure is the maximum pressure that
the soil was subjected to in the past [8]. Thus, the soil in this
study can normally be termed consolidated. A high cc value
indicates greater compressibility and higher consolidation
settlements (Figure 4a). A fluctuation in cc value was
observed with D/H scale, as the load increases, cc reduces to
a value less than 0.1 as depicted in Figure 4a. At 55kPa,
there was a sharp rise in cc and mv with the maximum value
observed at D/H 0.5 and D/H 11 respectively (Figure 4b).
The lowest value is discerned at D/H 2(a & b) for cc and mv.
It does show that D/H has an influence on the magnitude of
settlement and kaolin clay compressibility with correlation
factor 0.052 and 0.090 for cc and mv respectively.
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a)
b)
Fig-4: Effect of D/H ratio on some compressibility parameters: a) cc and b) mv
Data obtained shows a gradual drop in mv with pressure at
all D/H ratios except at D/H 0.5 and 5. mv was found to
reduce at 220kPa and increase at 276kPa by 72% and 60%
respectively (Figure 4b). The findings validate that by
Retnamony et al. [22], where mv was found to decrease with
an increase in pressure for kaolinite soil except at D/H 0.5
and 5 at 220 – 276kPa. Thus, D/H scale has an effect on soil
compressibility; nevertheless, the outcome is less significant
with the overall mv value being less than 0.006 m2
/MN
exhibiting a very low compressibility.
3.1.3 Effect of D/H Ratio on the Ratio of [cv (√t) / cv
(log t)]
The values of cv were determined using Casagrande, Taylor,
and Inflection methods. Statistical analysis was carried out
using SPSS for a total of 120 cv values at various D/H ratios.
The analysis demonstrates the statistical significance of the
value of cv obtained using different methods. The outcome
showed a normality in cv values at all scale except at D/H 5.
At D/H 5, the values of cv were abnormal due to an outlier
found, which is due to the experimental curve not matching
the theoretical curve. There is no substantial difference in cv
value attained using the different method with a sizeable
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difference of 0.003. Thus, the value of cv obtained using
either test method is not significantly different. Hence,
Taylor’s method was found to be precisely more adequate to
get cv where scale is a concern (Figure 5b) [26]. As
compared to Casagrande and Inflection method, cv was
affected by the curve fitting procedure [11, 13, 20]. The
relationship in cv with pressure obtained using the three
method are depicted in Figure 5. The √t curve fitting
process was a straightforward process as the primary
consolidation part of the curve was easily identified. The
issue with the remaining methods at D/H less than 2.5
especially at D/H 0.5 was that the secondary consolidation
was not clearly observed rendering difficulty in deriving cv
from curve fitting procedure.
a)
b)
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c)
Fig-5: Applied pressure against the coefficient of consolidation (cv) obtained at a) Casagrande method, b) Taylor’s method and c)
Inflection method
Previous researcher’s showed that cv obtained using
Taylor’s method is higher than that attained using
Casagrande method and Inflection method gives quite a
similar result to that of Casagrande method [2, 12, 20, 23].
The reason being; Taylor’s method is affected by the initial
compression (leading to an increase in cv) and in some cases
secondary compression (decrease in cv value). Casagrande
and Inflection method are mostly dependent on a certain
amount of secondary compression being observed on the
strain-deformation curve. In the current study, the opposite
was found where the highest value in cv was attained using
the Inflection method, and Taylor’s method produced the
lowest value. The cause of this is due to D/H scale at a
particular scale (D/H < 2.5). Figure 6 shows the ratio of cv
√t / log t50, cv √t / log t60 and cv log t50 / cv log t60 with D/H
ratio scale. The outliers in Figure 6 are observed at D/H less
than 2.5 and are due to the experimental curve not matching
the theoretical curve. The outliers present the uncertainty in
the curve fitting process at D/H < 2.5 and the validity of the
recommended value by the standard. Therefore, D/H > 2.5 is
adopted as per the standard and values showed to be closely
packed together. Despite the outliers, the inflection and
Casagrande method was found to correlate well as deduced
by previous researchers.
a)
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b)
c)
Fig-6: cv √t / log t ratio at various D/H ratio
3.2 Numerical Simulation
Finite element analyses were implemented to validate
experimental results on the validity of D/H ratio scale on
fine-grained soils. The D/H ratio model was completed
using the Mohr-Coulomb model (MC). The finite element
model (FEM) was firstly calibrated against the experimental
data.
3.2.1 Finite Element Model
A geotechnical finite element program PLAXIS was used
for the simulation of the fully saturated fine-grained soils at
diverse D/H ratios. The one-dimensional model was
axisymmetric and discretized using 16 nodes elements. The
young’s modulus was assumed to be 1000 kN/m2
, and a
default coefficient of permeability (k) was employed in
PLAXIS with value 5.5x10-7
m/s. The boundary conditions
were set as permeable at both the top and bottom of the soil
profile with the side being impermeable. In order to achieve
comparative curve to the experimental data, the vertical load
was applied in double increments.
3.2.2 Model Calibration
In order to establish the validity of the FEM, it was first
compared with the experimental data under hydraulic
loading at different D/H ratio scale with an average initial
moisture content of 66%. Figure 7 shows the comparison
between the experimental data and FEM, which shows that
the FEM can simulate the stress-strain deformation of fine-
grained soil with good accuracy with a maximum difference
of 2%. The properties of the studied fine-grained soil used to
calibrate the model as is as shown in Table 3.
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Table-3: Fine-grained soil used in calibration of model
Scale D/H 0.5 D/H 1 D/H 1.5 D/H 2(a) D/H 2(b) D/H 3 D/H 4 D/H 5 D/H 6.5 D/H 11
e 2.53 2.49 2.43 1.88 1.97 1.20 2.09 1.50 1.65 1.61
cu 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00
γsat 14.33 15.00 14.40 15.20 15.40 17.00 17.30 15.90 15.70 15.8
Where; e is the void ratio, cu is the undrained shear strength (kN/m2
), and γsat is the saturated unit weight (kN/m3
).
a) b)
Fig-7: Comparison between experimental and numerical model at 110kPa for D/H 1; a) normalised FEM and b) experimental
model. Where; pexcess is the excess pore pressure and |u| is the soil deformation
3.2.3 Excess Pore Pressure Distribution
Practically, during consolidation under double drainage, an
excess pore water pressure (Pexcess) is observed at the mid-
height of the soil matrix. Figure 8 shows the difference in
excess pore pressure at various D/H ratios ranging from 0.5
to 11. It clearly shows that, as the D/H increases, Pexcess
concentration in the mid-height of the soil matrix increases.
At D/H 0.5, Pexcess is observed at the top of the soil, which is
mainly due to the scale and applied pressure proportion to
the soil profile. The proportion relates to the ratio of applied
pressure to scale on a fully saturated soil. Due to the
pressure being 55kPa at D/H 0.5 under 24hours, the ratio of
the pressure on the soil profile is trivial. However, as the
pressure increase, Pexcess was observed at the bottom of the
soil. Therefore, at D/H less than 2 fluctuations in behaviour
are found as compared to D/H greater than 2. Thus, the
minor difference in the recommended standard method is
not significant as the findings still validate that stated in the
British and American standard.
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Fig-8: Excess pore water pressure distribution under double drainage at different D/H ratio scale at 55kPa: a) D/H 0.5, b) D/H 1,
c) D/H 1.5, d) D/H 2(a), e) D/H 2(b), f) D/H 3, g) D/H 4, h) D/H 5, i) D/H 6.5 and j) D/H 11
In addition, from the trends discerned in Figure 8, D/H
yielded the highest excess pore pressure with the lowest
being observed at D/H 11. However, the value of D/H 0.5
can be deemed less accurate as the trend does not
correspond to the remaining scales. The flaws in trend at
D/H 0.5 was observed experimentally where the highest cv
and cc values were noted at this magnitude. Nevertheless,
D/H 1 and 2 (a&b) showed to produce adequate results that
are relatively comparable to the remaining scale. The
maximum values of Pexcess at D/H 1.5 and D/H 2(a&b) are
more or less analogous by 81% and 98% respectively.
4. CONCLUSION
A study of the influence of D/H ratio on compressibility
parameters was investigated. The significant influence of
D/H ratio was noticed on cv but was insignificant in cc and
mv. It was previously studied that scale has an impact on cv
but not taking D/H ratio into account. D/H ratio was
previously investigated at D/H 3 and 6 and showed it greatly
affect cv and D/H greater than 6 recommended. The
Standards suggested 2.5 and 4. The current study on Kaolin
clay showed that, at D/H greater than 1, adequate result in
the compressibility parameters are obtained. Previous
recommended D/H ratio values were in different soil sample
thus the difference D/H ratio values. D/H 0.5 showed to be
most problematic in obtaining the compressibility
parameters, and this was observed numerical where the
highest excess pore pressure was noted. In addition,
Casagrande and Inflection method were strenuous as the
experimental curve did not match the theoretical curve.
Therefore, in the absence of friction that is not usually
obtained in routine testing, it was observed that in terms of
D/H ratio, cv is easily attained using Taylor's method.
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