Abstract Many RC structures are influenced by different adverse conditions, where the serviceability and structural capacity may be decreased. Some structural disorders may be observed due to inadequacy of reinforcement provided, strength of concrete or the difference in grade of concrete used during construction. This requires the application of strengthening measures. Hence the structure is thoroughly investigated for quality, strength of concrete and other design aspects. A major part of the investigation also involves the feasibility of one additional floor over the existing RC structure where the deficiency of reinforcement is analyzed for the proposed additional load. The appropriate strengthening measures for the deficient RC members are presented based on the analysis of the structure and also considering the different site constraints. Keywords - RC structure, structural disorder, feasibility, strengthening measures
Construction Diagnostic Centre (CDC) is a consultancy & a construction material testing laboratory
offering Non Destructive/ Material Testing (NDT), Quality Control, & Repair / Rehabilitation Consultancy services.
CDC has been a pioneer in the field of NDT as well as Repair & Rehabilitation Consultancy in Pune and Western Maharashtra, since 1993.
An offshoot of a parent company viz ‘Ranade Consultants’, a firm established in 1960, CDC draws on its vast and rich experience in Structural
/ RCC / Project Management & Architectural consultancy.
Construction Diagnostic Centre Pvt Ltd - Company profilecdcpune
CDCPL offers following services
1) Structural Audit & Certification
2) Non Destructive Testing
3) Construction Material Laboratory Testing
4) Repair & Rehabilitation Consultancy
5) Concrete Quality Control and Audit
Construction Diagnostic Centre (CDC) is a consultancy & a construction material testing laboratory
offering Non Destructive/ Material Testing (NDT), Quality Control, & Repair / Rehabilitation Consultancy services.
CDC has been a pioneer in the field of NDT as well as Repair & Rehabilitation Consultancy in Pune and Western Maharashtra, since 1993.
An offshoot of a parent company viz ‘Ranade Consultants’, a firm established in 1960, CDC draws on its vast and rich experience in Structural
/ RCC / Project Management & Architectural consultancy.
Construction Diagnostic Centre Pvt Ltd - Company profilecdcpune
CDCPL offers following services
1) Structural Audit & Certification
2) Non Destructive Testing
3) Construction Material Laboratory Testing
4) Repair & Rehabilitation Consultancy
5) Concrete Quality Control and Audit
Finite element analysis of jacketed reinforced concrete column subjected to u...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF REINFORCEMENT COUPLERS AS REPLACEMENT OF BENT BARrk pandey
In reinforced concrete structures, it is essential to enhance the performance of
beam–column joints in moderate and severe seismic susceptibility areas. An attempt has
been made to study and evaluate the performance of exterior beam–column joint using
proper reinforcement anchorage and joint core detail. The anchorages are detailed as per
ACI-352 (Mechanical anchorage), ACI-318 (900Standard bent anchorages) and IS-456 along
with confinement as per IS-13920. Significant improvements were observed in seismic
performance, ductility and strength while using stirrups bar in combination with mechanical
anchorage detail for higher seismic prone areas, apart from resolution to reducing
congestion of reinforcement in joint core. To assess the performances of anchorages and
joint details, three groups of three specimens each were tested under monolithic loading.
The test results are evaluated and presented in this paper.
The main aim of this paper is to identify the type of bracing for the better seismic
performance of the structure by building steel bracings at different floor
levels.Duringearthquakes the human loss is mainly due to the failure of structures.
Seismic deficitstructures will crumble even at low magnitude earthquakes.Many
existing structures need to be retrofitted,installation of steel bracing for existing
structure will be easiest way instead of buildingshear walls.Steel tubular X-bracing
system have been installed to the strcuture at different floor levels for choosen G+5
RCC building and analyzed by Non-linear static push over analysis.Six cases are
considered in this study, in each case the placement of bracing were changed to find
out the better performane of the structue with variation in the placement of bracings at
different storey levels.The comparisions made between these six cases by keeping base
model as ideal model along with the parameters like base shear,displacement and
inter-storey drift.After comparing it was found that there is a significant increase of
Base Shear by 14.90%,16.53% for case-3,case-5 models respectively when compared
with basemodel i.e. case-1with out bracing. The displacement is reduced by 17.39%,
17.39% for case-3 and case-5models respectively when compared with base model.
There is a reduction of inter-storey drift by 33.33%, 33.33% for case-3 and case-5
models respectively when compared with base model. Case-3 and case-5 braced
frames has been significantly performed well with the reduction in storey drifts and
displacements and increase in base shear
COMPARISON OF THE EFFICIENCY OF A TRAPEZOIDAL SHAPED STEEL AND R.C.C STRUCTUREIAEME Publication
Objectives: Reinforced concrete structures are the extremely useconvenience in construction and economical forhigh rise buildings these R.C.C structures are no more convenient and economical due to variation
in parameters such as decrease indirections and complicatedformwork. Thus for the designers, it has
producing optimized and economical design for highrisebuildings. In addition inclusion of
wind and seismic parameters is necessary for designing of high rise buildings. Use of steel in
rise buildings helps in overcoming the above problems due to its enhanced performance by
neglecting the difficulties in manufacturing of steel. But many designerstructural system due to its complexity in analysis and design. From the past studies adoption ofsteel structural system gives highly durable, economical and improved seismic performance
characteristics to the buildings. The accounsymmetrical (Trapezoidal) molded G+12, R.C.C. andsteelworking under the impact of windand seismic conditions utilizing ETABS
time period than R.C.C. It shows steel building are flexible and R.C.C is a rigid building.
Deflection of the beams in R.C.C. is very much lesser than steel. The deflection of the beam andsteel is an average of 5.5times higher than R.C.C. In all the analysis cases, dein the relevant codes has not been exceeded. Whencomparing the support reactions, the reaction of
the base of the steel is very less and compared to R.C.C. The size of the footing for R.C.C will behigher than the footing for steel
Retrofitting Of Reinforced Concrete Column by Steel JacketingIJERA Editor
Reinforced concrete structures often require strengthening to increase their capacity to sustain additional loads,
due to change in use that resulted in additional live loads, deterioration of the load carrying elements, design
errors, construction problems during erection, aging of structure itself or upgrading to confirm to current code
requirements. These situations may require additional concrete elements or the entire concrete structure to be
strengthened, repaired or retrofitted. Common methods for strengthening columns include concrete jacketing,
fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) jacketing and steel jacketing. All these methods have been shown to effectively
increase the axial load capacity of columns.
The experimental study was carried out on RC column on designed and detailed using IS 456:2000 provisions.
The concrete mix design being performed after conducting numerous material test and cube test to validate
expected strength as per specified grade of concrete. The trial testing conducted to estimate load at 1st crack and
failure load for normal RC column with capturing displacement using dial gauges at regular load increment in
UTM. The loading conditions are decided based on failure load to induce cracks in column under 85% loading
of the failure one. In all fifteen specimen casted and tested with three samples for failure load estimation, three
samples each for plate jacketing & angle battening system and three samples each for plate jacketing & angle
battening with column preloaded to 85% of its failure load. The angle batten system proves to be better
compared to full plate retrofitting in terms of load carrying capacity and enhancing confinement effect.
Finite element analysis of jacketed reinforced concrete column subjected to u...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF REINFORCEMENT COUPLERS AS REPLACEMENT OF BENT BARrk pandey
In reinforced concrete structures, it is essential to enhance the performance of
beam–column joints in moderate and severe seismic susceptibility areas. An attempt has
been made to study and evaluate the performance of exterior beam–column joint using
proper reinforcement anchorage and joint core detail. The anchorages are detailed as per
ACI-352 (Mechanical anchorage), ACI-318 (900Standard bent anchorages) and IS-456 along
with confinement as per IS-13920. Significant improvements were observed in seismic
performance, ductility and strength while using stirrups bar in combination with mechanical
anchorage detail for higher seismic prone areas, apart from resolution to reducing
congestion of reinforcement in joint core. To assess the performances of anchorages and
joint details, three groups of three specimens each were tested under monolithic loading.
The test results are evaluated and presented in this paper.
The main aim of this paper is to identify the type of bracing for the better seismic
performance of the structure by building steel bracings at different floor
levels.Duringearthquakes the human loss is mainly due to the failure of structures.
Seismic deficitstructures will crumble even at low magnitude earthquakes.Many
existing structures need to be retrofitted,installation of steel bracing for existing
structure will be easiest way instead of buildingshear walls.Steel tubular X-bracing
system have been installed to the strcuture at different floor levels for choosen G+5
RCC building and analyzed by Non-linear static push over analysis.Six cases are
considered in this study, in each case the placement of bracing were changed to find
out the better performane of the structue with variation in the placement of bracings at
different storey levels.The comparisions made between these six cases by keeping base
model as ideal model along with the parameters like base shear,displacement and
inter-storey drift.After comparing it was found that there is a significant increase of
Base Shear by 14.90%,16.53% for case-3,case-5 models respectively when compared
with basemodel i.e. case-1with out bracing. The displacement is reduced by 17.39%,
17.39% for case-3 and case-5models respectively when compared with base model.
There is a reduction of inter-storey drift by 33.33%, 33.33% for case-3 and case-5
models respectively when compared with base model. Case-3 and case-5 braced
frames has been significantly performed well with the reduction in storey drifts and
displacements and increase in base shear
COMPARISON OF THE EFFICIENCY OF A TRAPEZOIDAL SHAPED STEEL AND R.C.C STRUCTUREIAEME Publication
Objectives: Reinforced concrete structures are the extremely useconvenience in construction and economical forhigh rise buildings these R.C.C structures are no more convenient and economical due to variation
in parameters such as decrease indirections and complicatedformwork. Thus for the designers, it has
producing optimized and economical design for highrisebuildings. In addition inclusion of
wind and seismic parameters is necessary for designing of high rise buildings. Use of steel in
rise buildings helps in overcoming the above problems due to its enhanced performance by
neglecting the difficulties in manufacturing of steel. But many designerstructural system due to its complexity in analysis and design. From the past studies adoption ofsteel structural system gives highly durable, economical and improved seismic performance
characteristics to the buildings. The accounsymmetrical (Trapezoidal) molded G+12, R.C.C. andsteelworking under the impact of windand seismic conditions utilizing ETABS
time period than R.C.C. It shows steel building are flexible and R.C.C is a rigid building.
Deflection of the beams in R.C.C. is very much lesser than steel. The deflection of the beam andsteel is an average of 5.5times higher than R.C.C. In all the analysis cases, dein the relevant codes has not been exceeded. Whencomparing the support reactions, the reaction of
the base of the steel is very less and compared to R.C.C. The size of the footing for R.C.C will behigher than the footing for steel
Retrofitting Of Reinforced Concrete Column by Steel JacketingIJERA Editor
Reinforced concrete structures often require strengthening to increase their capacity to sustain additional loads,
due to change in use that resulted in additional live loads, deterioration of the load carrying elements, design
errors, construction problems during erection, aging of structure itself or upgrading to confirm to current code
requirements. These situations may require additional concrete elements or the entire concrete structure to be
strengthened, repaired or retrofitted. Common methods for strengthening columns include concrete jacketing,
fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) jacketing and steel jacketing. All these methods have been shown to effectively
increase the axial load capacity of columns.
The experimental study was carried out on RC column on designed and detailed using IS 456:2000 provisions.
The concrete mix design being performed after conducting numerous material test and cube test to validate
expected strength as per specified grade of concrete. The trial testing conducted to estimate load at 1st crack and
failure load for normal RC column with capturing displacement using dial gauges at regular load increment in
UTM. The loading conditions are decided based on failure load to induce cracks in column under 85% loading
of the failure one. In all fifteen specimen casted and tested with three samples for failure load estimation, three
samples each for plate jacketing & angle battening system and three samples each for plate jacketing & angle
battening with column preloaded to 85% of its failure load. The angle batten system proves to be better
compared to full plate retrofitting in terms of load carrying capacity and enhancing confinement effect.
Study on soundness of reinforced concrete structures by ndt approacheSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Seismic evaluation of mutistorey building with soft storeyeSAT Journals
ABSTRACT Most of the reinforced concrete (RC) structures are not designed to resist major or moderate earthquakes. The designs of such building are regularly done by using gravity loading without considering the earthquake load. Thus these buildings are vulnerable during the event of an earthquake.. In present study bare frame and soft storey are modeled considering special and ordinary moment resisting frame (SMRF & OMRF) for medium soil profile under zone III. The masonry infill panels were modeled as equivalent diagonal strut seven and ten storey buildings are considered to represent medium and high rise buildings , equivalent static and response spectrum analysis was performed on bare frame, infill frames as brick and infill frame as solid concrete block using SAP 2000 V15 software. Nonlinear static pushover analysis carried out for default-hinge properties, M, PM, V and P hinges are applied to beam, column and strut available in some programs based on the FEMA-356 and ATC-40 guidelines. While such documents provide the hinge properties for several ranges of detailing, programs may implement averaged values. The performance of building frames were compared with bare frame, in terms of ductility, safety, and stiffness. The investigation concludes that the performance of the buildings having non-ductile moment resisting frames can be improved by adding infill walls and SMRF building models are found more resistant to earthquake loads as compared to the OMRF building models in terms of performance level, performance point and hinging variation the performance of building for OMRF lies in LS to CP range where as SMRF are found under life safety range ,this shows in high seismicity region the ductile detailing must be adopted to avoid the vulnerability of building for tremor loads.
Key Words: Soft Storey, OMRF, SMRF, Pushover Analysis, Ductility, Stiffness, Performance Levels
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Similar to Soundness & feasibility of additional floor on existing rc building with a comparative study on strengthening measures (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
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• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
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• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
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NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Soundness & feasibility of additional floor on existing rc building with a comparative study on strengthening measures
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | August-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 178
SOUNDNESS & FEASIBILITY OF ADDITIONAL FLOOR ON
EXISTING RC BUILDING WITH A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON
STRENGTHENING MEASURES
Shruthi Asundi V1
, R. G. Talasadar2
1
PG Student, Department of Civil, BLDEA’S Dr. P G Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology, Viayapur,
India.
shruthi.asundi@gmail.com
2
Prof., Department of Civil, BLDEA’S Dr. P G Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology, Viayapur, India
rtalasadar@gmail.com
Abstract
Many RC structures are influenced by different adverse conditions, where the serviceability and structural capacity may be
decreased. Some structural disorders may be observed due to inadequacy of reinforcement provided, strength of concrete or the
difference in grade of concrete used during construction. This requires the application of strengthening measures. Hence the
structure is thoroughly investigated for quality, strength of concrete and other design aspects. A major part of the investigation
also involves the feasibility of one additional floor over the existing RC structure where the deficiency of reinforcement is
analyzed for the proposed additional load. The appropriate strengthening measures for the deficient RC members are presented
based on the analysis of the structure and also considering the different site constraints.
Keywords - RC structure, structural disorder, feasibility, strengthening measures.
---------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Many RC structures are influenced by different adverse
conditions which in turn show the deterioration of the
structure. Lack of quality in concrete and standards of
workmanship or construction supervision, and also factors
like environmental influences can decrease the serviceability
of the structure (e.g [2]). Thus the structure is left with the
option either the demolition or the repair of the structure.
The existing RC building -“Prestige Excelsior” an IT
campus, at Exora Business Park at Bangalore, comprises of
Basement + Ground + nine upper floors. An organisation,
intend to occupy the building for setting of their office and
an additional floor in this existing building. On account of
this, it was recommended to carry out structural evaluation
of the building. This study involves the analytical
investigation of the existing building for soundness and
feasibility of one additional floor over the building(e.g[4]).
In response to this, assessment tests were carried out and the
durability issues in RC members were detected by NDT (e.g
[1]).
Testing of concrete structures is often necessary to
determine the suitability of the structures. Such testing
should be conducted without causing any damage to the
existing structures. This is nothing but Non Destructive
Testing (NDT). The strength of concrete, surface hardness
and absorption, reinforcement location, size and distance
from the surface are known from NDT. Sometimes, testing
of existing concrete structures is carried out by partially
damaging the surface of the members of the structure. This
is generally called semi destructive testing. However the
surface is repaired after the test. For example, core test is
considered to be a semi destructive test.
There are many NDT and semi destructive test methods
which have been applied for the testing of hardened
concrete. In the present project, the existing RC structure is
tested by the following tests;
a. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test
b. Rebound Hammer Test
c. Core Test
1.1 Strengthening Measures
Strengthening measures are nothing but the method of
rehabilitating the deficient members of the existing RC or
steel structure. Strengthening measures are carried out in
order to achieve the required strength in RC or steel
members of the structure. These are also intended to prevent
the structure from demolition, instead bring it to the
normalcy. There are various methods of strengthening
measures which have been used for strengthening of
different structural members. Some of the methods
recommended for the members of existing building are
concrete encasement, carbon fiber wrapping and steel plate
bonding for RC columns, laminates for RC slabs, beams and
drop regions.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | August-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 179
2. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
2.1 Physical Observations
Following are the physical observations consequent to
detailed inspection at various lelvels of the building :
1. Cracks were observed in screed concrete at few
locations along the line of columns.
2. Presence of honeycombs and voids were observed in
column, predominantly at lift interface especially at
top region of column.
3. Presence of honeycombs and voids were observed in
beams, sunken slab and at slab drop region at few
locations.
4. Basement ceiling slab was observed to be punctured
by a series of core holes (250 mm dia – 5 to 6 holes),
cutting the existing slab reinforcement to facilitate
utilities.
5. Excessive accumulation of debris and waste
materials was observed over the ground floor slab.
6. Presence of cracks was observed in few RC beams.
7. Presence of spalled or loose concrete was observed
along the construction joint at few locations of
construction joint.
8. Presence of separation cracks between wall and RC
members was observed at few locations.
9. Patchup work was observed to be carried out on few
RC columns and beams.
10. Exposure of rebar and presence of honeycombs/voids
were observed in lift interface at beam column
junctions at few floor levels.
2.2 Evaluation Tests/Study
Non-destructive tests to assess the quality/strength of in-situ
concrete in RC members.
a) Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test(UPVT) on RC columns
and beams.
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test was carried out on RC
columns and beams at randomly selected members in all the
floors by forming uniform grids. From the results of the
UPVT, the pulse velocity measured was varying in the range
3.5km/sec to 4.5km/sec & above. From this, it is inferred
that the quality grading of concrete in the tested RC columns
and beams falls in the range of “Medium to Good concrete”,
as per IS:13311 – (Part-I)-1992-(Reaffirmed in 2013).
b) Rebound Hammer test on RC slabs and drops.
Rebound Hammer test was carried out on RC slabs
randomly to evaluate the hardness/quality and strength of
concrete in all the floors. From the results of the Rebound
Hammer test, it is inferred that the estimated strength of
concrete in the tested RC members is varying in the range
36 N/mm2
to 44 N/mm2
as per IS:13311 – (Part-II)-1992-
(Reaffirmed in 2013).
c) Semi-Destructive tests to assess strength of in-situ
concrete in columns, beams and slabs.
In order to assess the strength of in-situ concrete in columns,
beams and slabs semi-destructive core test was adopted. The
extracted core samples were subjected to compressive
strength test after necessary trimming and capping as per the
guidelines of IS:516-1959-(Reaffirmed in 2013). The grades
of concrete found in the field after conducting tests in RC
columns at different floors are as below:
Basement and Ground floor : M27
First floor : M29
Second floor : M28
Third and fourth floor : M32
Fifth and Sixth floor : M33
Seventh floor : M30
Eighth floor : M33
Ninth floor : M27
The photographs of cracks, honeycombs and other distress
observed in RC members of the existing building during site
inspection and also the photographs of conducting NDT are
as shown below:
Fig 1 View of the building
Fig 2 Honeycombed concrete
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | August-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 180
Fig 3 Exposure of reinforcement at column – beam junction
3. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS & DESIGN
VERIFICATION
An independent 3D analysis was carried out using software
package ETABS 13.1.3. The structure was analyzed as a
three dimensional frame for dead load, live load, seismic
load, wind loads and their combinations.
The grades of concrete and reinforcing steel considered are
as per design worked out during construction of the
building.
Foundation : M25
Columns : M45 Foundation to second floor
M40 3rd to 4th floor
M35 5th to 6th floor
M30 7th floor to terrace
Beams/Slabs : M25
Further a theoretical analysis has been carried out by
creating a model using ETABS software. From the analysis,
it is observed that the existing structure is safe for designed
grade of concrete and loads. Based on the field test results,
another model for reduced grade of concrete which was used
actually in the field during construction has been analyzed.
From the analysis, it was seen that there was a lot of
deficiency in the reinforcement in many of the RC columns,
beams, slabs and drops at various levels of the structure.
This indicates that the structure is not safe for existing loads.
As there is a requirement of one additional floor over the
existing structure, it was found to be not feasible. From the
above considerations, it was recommended for the
rehabilitation of the existing structure by strengthening
deficient RC members in order to meet the required strength
and also for the additional load of the required additional
floor.
4. RESULTS
4.1 RC Slabs, Column & Beams Strengthening
Details:
The deficiency in the structural members are made good by
providing strengthening measures in the form of plate
bonding, carbon wrapping and encasement in columns.
Beams and slabs are strengthened by providing laminates.
The typical details of the above strengthening measures are
given below:
For RC Columns:
1. Concrete Encasement – 20 bars of 20 and lateral
ties 8 @ 200 c/c with 12 shear connectors at
600c/c was proposed.
2. Plate Bonding - 600x8mm plate 30 of 12 dia bolts
on both the faces of the column.(as per ACI 440.2R-
08)
3. Carbon Fibre Wrapping - 2 plies of 0.25mm
thick.(as per ACI 440.2R-08)
For RC Beams:
4. Carbon Laminates – 2 number of laminates of
1.4mm thick along the length of the beam.(as per
ACI 440.2R-08)
For RC Slabs:
5. Carbon Laminates – 2 number of laminates of
1.4mm thick along both the directions.(as per ACI
440.2R-08)
4.2 Strengthening Works in Progress
The photographs of above strengthening works which were
proposed are shown in the following figures:
Fig 4 Column strengthened by plate bonding
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | August-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 181
Fig 5 Column strengthened by carbon fiber wrapping
Fig 6 Reinforcement tied in place for column being
strengthened by encasement
Fig 7 Slab Drop being strengthened by Laminates at top
4.3 Comparative Study on Strengthening Measures
In this project, study on strengthening measures has been
made based on site constraints. The deficient RC columns of
existing structure are strengthened by reinforced concrete
encasement, carbon wrapping and plate bonding methods. A
comparison study for RC column has been carried out on the
above mentioned strengthening measures. Generally RC
columns are subjected to major axial loading, it is required
to have greater compressive strength and moment carrying
capacity. All the above three strengthening measures
however improves the stiffness and ductility in RC columns,
but considering the factors like site constraints, ease of
construction and availability of construction materials, these
strengthening measures are adopted.
Concrete encasement is widely used for strengthening of RC
columns. This method increases the compressive strength in
RC columns and also improves the shear and flexural
capacity of beams. The materials used for construction are
also easily available and the method of construction is
simple when compared to carbon wrapping and plate
bonding methods. Thus concrete encasement has been
recommended for most of the RC columns in the existing
building. Based on the previous research and experimental
study on carbon fiber wrapping method, it is observed to be
very tedious method to handle and also economically
costlier. But this method gives best results for square and
circular columns. In the present project, this method has
been recommended for few square columns especially in
basement floor where existing parking space is not disturbed
which could not achieved by concrete encasement.
In the existing structure, few deficient RC columns could
not be strengthened either by Concrete Encasement or
Carbon fiber wrapping. This is because all four sides of the
column are not accessible to carry out the above two
strengthening measures. These RC columns are strengthened
by providing plate bonding method where deficiency has
been improved by providing steel plates only on two
accessible opposite faces of the existing columns. However
RC slabs, beams and drops are recommended to be
strengthened by providing appropriate number of laminates.
Though concrete encasement could be easier method for
strengthening of these RC members but in order to avoid
additional encased dead weight of concrete in slabs and
beams, strengthening by laminates are recommended.
5. CONCLUSION
The project brings out the following conclusions;
1. Structural information about the existing status are
drawn.
2. Evaluation test of the existing structure turns out to
be very essential.
3. The construction was found to be not compliant with
the drawings and specifications given.
4. Improper construction practices were observed which
caused minor cracks in RC members of the structure.
5. Improper shuttering work and workmanship during
construction led to minor construction defects.
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | August-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 182
6. The in situ concrete strength in RC columns was less
compared to the design strength. The core test results
indicated that the concrete grades in the existing
structure were not as per design grades.
7. The existing “Prestige Excelsior” building is
recommended to be rehabilitated for existing loads as
per the theoretical analysis.
8. Construction of one additional floor over the existing
structure was not feasible without strengthening the
existing RC members of the structure.
9. After the strengthening of RC members of the
existing building for the required deficiency of
additional load, it was made feasible for the
construction of one additional floor over the existing
building.
10. The grades of concrete in the field for footing, slabs
and beams were as per design.
11. Adequate strengthening measures are given to bring
the building to normalcy for the proposed loads.
12. RC columns are proposed to be strengthened by
encasement, carbon wrapping and plate bonding
considering the site constraints in the existing
building.
13. Slabs and beams are proposed to be strengthened by
laminates.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank Civil Aid Techno Clinic Pvt. Ltd.
This work was supported in part by a grant from Civil Aid
Techno Clinic Pvt. Limited.
REFERENCES
[1] Handbook on Non Destructive Testing of Concrete
Structures” International Atomic Agency, Vienna,
2002.
[2] Piotr Berkowski, Grzegorz Dmochowski, Marta
Kosior-Kazberuk “Analysis of Structural and
Material Degradation of a Car Park’s RC Bearing
Structure due to City Environmental Issues” 11th
International Conference on Modern Building
Materials, Structures and Techniques, MBMST 2013.
[3] Lokesh V, B Shivkumara Swamy, S. Vijaya “Study
on Soundness of Reinforced Concrete Structures by
NDT Approach” International Journal & Research in
Engineering and Technology. eISSN:2319-1163
pISSN:2321-7308.
[4] “Testing of Concrete in Structures” 3rd
Edition by
J.H.Bungey & S.G.Millard.
[5] “Non-Destructive testing of concrete method of test-
Ultrasonic pulse velocity”, IS: 13311-(Part-1)-1992-
(Reaffirmed in 2004), Bureau of Indian standards,
New Delhi.
[6] “Non-Destructive testing of concrete method of test-
Rebound hammer”, IS: 13311-(Part-2)-1992-
(Reaffirmed in 2004), Bureau of Indian standards,
New Delhi.
[7] “Methods of Tests for Strength of Concrete” IS:516-
1959 (Reaffirmed in 2004).
[8] ACI Committee 214, Recommended Practice for
Evaluation of Strength Test Results of Concrete
(ACI 214-77), American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, Mich., 1977, 14pp.
[9] “Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally
Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete
Structures” by ACI Committee 440. ACI 440.2R-08.
[10] Externally Bonded FRP Reinforcement for RC
Structures fib TG 9.3
[11] IS 456:2000”Plain and reinforced concrete-code of
practice”july 2000.
[12] IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002 Criteria for Earthquake
Resistant Design of Structures.
[13] IS 875 (Part 1) – 1987 Code of Practice for Design
Loads(Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and
Structures.
[14] IS 875 (Part 2) – 1987 Code of Practice for Design
Loads(Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and
Structures.
[15] IS 875 (Part 3) – 1987 Code of Practice for Design
Loads(Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and
Structures.