IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This documentation details the design of a Distributed Web content caching system in a LAN, using the SDN OpenFlow model. This system was successfully implemented on GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) to test the performance improvements.
This distributed web-caching helps reduce access delays of frequently requested web content (web pages, files - pdfs, images,etc.) within the LAN by more than 50% compared to a LAN without this caching system. Further, this model helps in reducing load on the access links as every repeated request need not be fetched from the main server located in some other geographical area.
The distribution of caching servers in the LAN aim at load balancing the requests and also tackle the issue of single point of failure as in a centralized caching system.
This documentation details the design of a Distributed Web content caching system in a LAN, using the SDN OpenFlow model. This system was successfully implemented on GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) to test the performance improvements.
This distributed web-caching helps reduce access delays of frequently requested web content (web pages, files - pdfs, images,etc.) within the LAN by more than 50% compared to a LAN without this caching system. Further, this model helps in reducing load on the access links as every repeated request need not be fetched from the main server located in some other geographical area.
The distribution of caching servers in the LAN aim at load balancing the requests and also tackle the issue of single point of failure as in a centralized caching system.
Covert Timing Channels using HTTP Cache HeadersDenis Kolegov
In this presentation covert timing channels using HTTP cache headers are described. Peculiarities of programming implementation of the covert channels depending on HTTP cache headers, threat model, programming language (C, JavaScript, Python, Ruby) and environment (web-browser, malicious software) are considered. The basic characteristics of the implemented covert channels are provided. Module and extension implementing ETag-based covert timing channels that were implemented in BeEF framework are discussed.
The web has dramatically evolved over the last 20+ years, yet HTTP - the workhorse of the Web - has not. Web developers have worked around HTTP's limitations, but:
--> Performance still falls short of full bandwidth utilization
--> Web design and maintenance are more complex
--> Resource consumption increases for client and server
--> Cacheability of resources suffers
HTTP/2 attempts to solve many of the shortcomings and inflexibilities of HTTP/1.1
A brief introduction to task communication in real time operating system.It covers Inter-process communication like concepts of shared memory , message passing, remoteprocedure call .Interprocess communication (IPC) refers specifically to the mechanisms an operating system provides to allow the processes to manage shared data. Typically, applications can use IPC, categorized as clients and servers, where the client requests data and the server responds to client requests.Many applications are both clients and servers, as commonly seen in distributed computing.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An algorithm for design of brick lining for irrigation channelseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Covert Timing Channels using HTTP Cache HeadersDenis Kolegov
In this presentation covert timing channels using HTTP cache headers are described. Peculiarities of programming implementation of the covert channels depending on HTTP cache headers, threat model, programming language (C, JavaScript, Python, Ruby) and environment (web-browser, malicious software) are considered. The basic characteristics of the implemented covert channels are provided. Module and extension implementing ETag-based covert timing channels that were implemented in BeEF framework are discussed.
The web has dramatically evolved over the last 20+ years, yet HTTP - the workhorse of the Web - has not. Web developers have worked around HTTP's limitations, but:
--> Performance still falls short of full bandwidth utilization
--> Web design and maintenance are more complex
--> Resource consumption increases for client and server
--> Cacheability of resources suffers
HTTP/2 attempts to solve many of the shortcomings and inflexibilities of HTTP/1.1
A brief introduction to task communication in real time operating system.It covers Inter-process communication like concepts of shared memory , message passing, remoteprocedure call .Interprocess communication (IPC) refers specifically to the mechanisms an operating system provides to allow the processes to manage shared data. Typically, applications can use IPC, categorized as clients and servers, where the client requests data and the server responds to client requests.Many applications are both clients and servers, as commonly seen in distributed computing.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An algorithm for design of brick lining for irrigation channelseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Conceptual design of injection mould tool for main body part of an air inflatoreSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Sc idt soft computing based intrusion detection technology in smart home secu...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Enhancing proxy based web caching system using clustering based pre fetching ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Evaluvation of noise level and its adverse effect in metal die manufacuturing...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Optimization of workload prediction based on map reduce frame work in a cloud...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis of quality of service in cloud storage systemsijfcstjournal
Cloud storage is a system composed of multiple computers that cooperate to optimally save lots of files.
Due to a file or server failure in this system, the service may be stopped and users may get no response from the system.In this paper, we analyze how to apply quality of service in cloud storage systems to improve fault tolerance and availability.
Analysis of quality of service in cloud storage systemsijfcstjournal
Data replication is generally used for increasing
accessibility, availability, performance and scalability
of database systems. For implementing data replication mechanisms, we encounter with some consistency
problems.One of the important problems for implementing data replication mechanism is consistency. In this paper,
the performance tradeoffs of consistency models for semi-active data replication protocol in distributed systems
are analyzed.A brief deliberation about consistency models in data replication is shown.Research on how client-centric guarantees relate to data-centric models is discussed.How guaranteeing conditions of data -centric consistency models and client-centric consistency models is provided, is also analyzed.Analysis of the consistency models guarantee in terms of multi-client and single
client for the semi-active data replication protocol without failure and leader death is presented. The experimental results show that semi-active data replication protocol is appropriate for distributed systemsby multi- client replication such as web services.
The Grouping of Files in Allocation of Job Using Server Scheduling In Load Ba...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Guarding Fast Data Delivery in Cloud: an Effective Approach to Isolating Perf...Zhenyun Zhuang
LNCS 2015
Cloud-based products heavily rely on the fast data
delivery between data centers and remote users - when data
delivery is slow, the products’ performance is crippled. When
slow data delivery occurs, engineers need to investigate the issue
and find the root cause. The investigation requires experience
and time, as data delivery involves multiple playing parts
including sender/receiver/network.
To facilitate the investigations, we propose an algorithm
to automatically identify the performance bottleneck. The
algorithm aggregates information from multiple layers of
data sender and receiver. It helps to automatically isolate
the problem type by identifying which component of
sender/receiver/network is the bottleneck. After isolation, successive
efforts can be taken to root cause the exact problem.
We also build a prototype to demonstrate the effectiveness of
the algorithm.
MODIFIED BITTORRENT PROTOCOL AND ITS APPLICATION IN CLOUD COMPUTING ENVIRONMENTIJCSEA Journal
BitTorrent is widely used as a protocol for file sharing and has gained popularity due to its scalability and performance advantages. This paper proposes a modification to the BitTorrent protocol for Peer-to-Peer communication [1]. The proposed method has been implemented and performance measured on an experimental set up. Results reveal the performance gains that can be obtained. The paper also discusses how the modified BitTorrent protocol can be used to improve Peer-to-Peer communication in a Cloud computing environment.
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Techno...ijcseit
In this paper, we focuses on caching and replication algorithm for content distribution in peer to peer
networks. Caching and replication is a key strategy for improve the reliability, availability, and
performance in peer to peer networks. This paper gives a brief introduction to caching, replication and
various algorithms have been discussed and a detailed study has been performed. The comparison table
shows it clearly that an algorithm satisfies the caching and replication requirement.
Survey on caching and replication algorithm for content distribution in peer ...ijcseit
In this paper, we focuses on caching and replication algorithm for content distribution in peer to peer
networks. Caching and replication is a key strategy for improve the reliability, availability, and
performance in peer to peer networks. This paper gives a brief introduction to caching, replication and
various algorithms have been discussed and a detailed study has been performed. The comparison table
shows it clearly that an algorithm satisfies the caching and replication requirement.
Implementing a Caching Scheme for Media Streaming in a Proxy ServerAbdelrahman Hosny
In the past few years, websites have moved from being
static web pages into rich media applications that use audio,
images and videos heavily in their interaction with users. This
change has made a dramatic change in network traffics
nowadays. Organizations spend a lot of effort, time and money
to improve response time and design intermediary systems that
enhance overall user experience. Media traffic represents
about 69.9-88.8% of all traffic. Therefore, enhancing networks
to accommodate this large traffic is a major trend. Content
Distribution Networks (CDNs) are now largely deployed for a
faster delivery of media. Redundancy and caching are also
implemented to decrease response time.
In this project, we are implementing a caching scheme for
media streaming in a proxy server. Unlike CDNs, which
require huge infrastructure, our caching proxy server will be
as simple as a piece of software that is portable and can be
installed in small as well as large scales. It may be deployed in
a university network, company’s private network or on ISPs
servers. This caching scheme, specially tailored for media
streaming, will reduce traffic and enhance network efficiency
in general.
Index Terms – Proxy servers, Caching, Media streaming
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 03 | Mar-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 313
REDUCING DOWNLOAD TIME THROUGH MIRROR SERVERS
Renuka Gowardhan1
, Avinash Dhole2
, Sanjay Kumar3
1
Student, 2
HOD, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Raipur Institute of Technology, CG, India
3
HOD, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, PRSU, CG, India
renuka.gowardhan@gmail.com, avi_dhole33@rediffmail.com
Abstract
Downloading large files on internet is very time consuming and usually slow process. As internet is expanding and the size of data on
internet is also become larger the user is in need of the download approach which reduces the download time. Parallelization can be
the motivation in the direction to download time reduction. The most reliable protocol which is most widely used is File Transfer
Protocol. On internet files are replicated on number of servers. These duplicate servers are called Mirror servers which are designed
to provide reliability and increase availability. In traditional FTP the client tries to download a file from the single servers. The
selection of server is done on the basis of distance. Generally the server which is geographically closest to the client is selected for file
download. Parallel FTP proposes simultaneous downloads of disjoint file portion from multiple servers. Parallel FTP server selects
file server for the requesting client on the basis of variety of QoS parameter such as Available Bandwidth and Server Utilization. We
perform a simulation based comparative study between Traditional FTP and Parallel FTP. In our approach we also tried to add
some more QoS parameter which are Hop Counts and Delay. The file download time is inversely proportional to number of hops and
directly proportional to idleness of servers. The simulation is done on Network Simulator -2.
Index Terms: Hop Counts, Protocol, Delay, Mirror Server, Replication
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Downloading a large file on internet is a slow and time
consuming process. Users require an efficient technique which
can reduce the download time. Parallelization can be a major
motivation towards Download time reduction. Internet is a
wide collection of interconnected computers allowed to use
common protocols to server million of users over the world. In
a network each channel has certain capacity for transmitting
information called bandwidth. During the transmission of data
resource availability can change drastically. This can make
download process very slow. Delay is the total time required
to reach the destination. Hop count is the number of devices
through which data or packet is travelled.
Downloading is the process of transferring a file from server
to our machine. A Protocol is set of rules which are
responsible for end to end transmission. Mirror servers are the
exact replicated servers of file servers which are used to
provide the reliable access to large downloads. FTP is the
most reliable data transfer. In network a file is stored in
multiple servers for load distribution.
QoS factors which affect the downloading are Bandwidth,
delay, Variation in delay, synchronization between multiple
streams, server availability and utilization. Study of traffic
parameters have shown that file size distribution is unbounded
on size.
Common technique or frame work to reduce download time is
parallelization. Initially server selection techniques Involve
selecting a server which is geographically closest to client.
Various studies concluded that the server which is closest
must be highest congestion and causes delay[]
.In
parallelization instead of downloading a file from single
server mirror servers are used and disjoint portions of a file
can be downloaded simultaneously in parallel.
Parallel FTP scheme contains a PFTP server within each client
system. The PFTP file server is capable of communication
with file servers located on different places in internet. In
Parallel FTP client initially contacts the PFTP server when a
particular file is to be downloaded. The PFTP server then
selects the suitable mirror servers from which the file can be
downloaded in parallel. This information is sent back to the
client who then initiates Parallel FTP session. Selection of
suitability Mirror servers is done on the basis of QoS
parameters.
Our paper is organized as follows Section 2 provide the
related work to our approaches. Section 3 provides details on
Parallel FTP approach and simulation techniques
implementation to perform measures. Next section covers the
result of comparative studies and future scope of our
approach.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 03 | Mar-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 314
2. RELATED WORK
Initially study has been done and researchers proposed
different techniques for selecting mirror server. These
techniques are based on single mirror server and client
communication. The work similar to our technique is Dynamic
Parallel Access Technique. The file is partitioned into small
blocks which are downloaded from all mirror servers parallel.
The server which is highest throughput sends largest part of
file. Dynamic Parallel Access Technique uses the server
selection algorithm based on bandwidth prediction performed
best. DPAT can be implemented on internet without any
modification at mirror servers. DPAT proposes downloading
large file by multiple HTTP servers simultaneously.
DPAT proposes downloading large files by connecting to
multiple HTTP servers simultaneously. The file is partitioned
into small blocks and client requests a block from each server.
When the transfer of one block from any mirror server is
completed, the client requests the next block from the same
server until the complete file is received.
Another limitation of DPAT is that the mirror servers do not
have any knowledge about the next block of file they are
expected to send until client request for download.
Many Peer- to- Peer application provide simultaneous and
partial download. The limitation of Peer-to-Peer applications
is application must be installed in all machines which are
participated in file sharing. Almost all peer-to-peer approaches
allow users to download files directly from the peer who has
the copy of desired file. The peer-to-peer approaches tries to
facilitate file sharing among all servers without central entity
called server. Many peer-to- peer applications provide the
advantage of parallel (partial) data transfer. For each data
transfer unknown machines or remote machines are allowed
and need to be trusted.
Parallel FTP approach works in continuous connection
establishment without requiring multiple repeated
connections.
3. METHODOLOGY
We are presenting an approach to optimize the process of
downloading using File Transfer Protocol by selecting
multiple servers. The criteria of selecting mirror servers are
server availability, Delay, Hop Counts and Bandwidth.
Parallelization reduces the burden on any single server path.
QoS parameters are used to check the suitability of servers.
The portion of file downloaded from each server is distributed
on the basis of suitability.
Parallel FTP is implemented on application level. Three main
working entities of Parallel FTP are.
1. PFTP Server
2. PFTP Client
3. Mirror Servers
For each download client sends a request to PFTP server.
When PFTP server receives a request it gather information for
each mirror server and executes the suitability algorithm to
find out the best suited servers who contain the requested file.
Suitability is calculated in terms of Hop counts, resource
availability and delay. On the basis of respective suitability the
file is distributed.
Fig -1: Parallel FTP entities interaction
Fig -2 : Parallel FTP entities communication stages
After getting the suitability PFTP server sends this
information with an inform message containing suitability and
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 03 | Mar-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 315
client details to all mirror servers. The mirror server then
sends a confirm message to PFTP server. PFTP server sends a
reply to requesting client with selected mirror server
information and suitability. The reply message from PFTP
server tells client to what amount of file is downloaded from
each mirror server. Client uses this information to reassemble
the file after session is ended and download is completed.
After completing the transmission the mirror servers sends
complete message to PFTP server, PFTP then deactivate the
session. Suitability of mirror servers is calculated recursively
for each download request and database is updated
accordingly.
Parallel FTP Server:
It is the central entity of our framework which is places within
the system of each client and can be accessed by peers close to
it.
Parallel FTP Database:
The database contains data about network like file server
utilization, Hop counts, Delay and list of files on mirror
servers. Server utilization can be measured as server’s
memory and CPU utilization. A special client is placed at
mirror servers and sends information about mirror server
utilization. File information consist of file replication map of
mirror servers that indicates which file is replicated at which
server.
Parallel FTP Client:
The Parallel FTP client is an FTP client with additional
capabilities of partial file transfer and flow monitoring. A
Parallel FTP client measures the available bandwidth before
sending request to retrieve information from PFTP server.
PFTP Client sends a request containing a file name and
available bandwidth to PFTP server. After getting reply from
server the PFTP client establish session with selected mirrors
and download disjoint portions of requested file partially.
PFTP adjust according to dynamic QoS of network. A client
continuously monitors the data transfer rate from all mirror
servers. If any mirror servers transfers the data below the
expected value the file size is reduced and distributed to other
servers.
Ranking and Selection Process:
Ranking of suitable mirror server is done on the basis of
following information such as bandwidth, Hops , Delay,
Server availability.
Suitability Algorithm:
The core of the Parallel FTP is suitability algorithm. After
receiving the request from client PFTP server runs suitability
algorithm to find the set of suitable servers. The suitability is
used to decide the portion of file downloaded from each
mirror server.
Suppose the client requests for file F, PFTP server finds the
resources required to download the file, FR and the set of
mirror servers, M having file F.
M ⊂ MS
Where MS is a set of mirror servers, that are registered with
PFTP server. The suitability algorithm finds the suitability Sm
for all members of m on the basis of optimization variables.
The suitability of mirror servers are checked for Resource
availability AR. The value of Optimization variable must be
less than the threshold value.
MFinal ⊂ MS
MFinal ⊂ M
Here MFinal is the set of mirror servers to whom PFTP server
will send inform message after suitability algorithm finishes.
We assumed server availability from 0-1 randomly. These
parameters are called optimization parameters. On the basis of
these optimization variables suitability of each server is
calculated and then individual variables are combined to
calculate the overall suitability of server. Let M servers
contains the required file. Suitability on the basis of each
optimization variable OV is to be calculated. In our case
bandwidth, server availability is Direct Optimization
Variables. Hop counts and Delay are Indirect Optimization
Variables.
Let Resource availability of m mirror servers is RAVm then
suitability Sk can be calculated as
Sk on the basis of bandwidth BWm is calculated as
Sk according to Delay Dm is calculated as
Here HCk indicate the hop counts which have inverse effect
on download time, so in this case Sk for HCk can be
calculated as:
These suit abilities are added and combines suitability for each
mirror server is then calculated. On the basis of this findings
mirror servers are ranked and File is partitioned and allocated
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 03 | Mar-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 316
according to ranks. Largest part is allocated to the first ranked
computer.
Server Suitability Algorithm:
Client Suitability Algorithm:
4. SIMULATION
Following are the topologies considered for our comparative
study:
1. A topology with one client and 10servers, 10 routers and
5 clients which are linked together.
2. The interaction within this topology is dynamic
3. Data Travelling Capacity between client to router –
5mbps
4. Data Travelling Capacity between router to router -
10 mbps
5. Data Travelling Capacity between server to router –
5mbps.
Fig -2: Topology
We assumed there are maximum 5 mirror servers containing
replicas. We have added the two more QoS parameters to the
suitability algorithm which are Hop Counts and Server
Availability.
RESULT & FUTURE SCOPE
Use of multiple mirror servers to download a large file is the
best suited download to give fastest download. In this paper
we have simulated and compared the Traditional FTP and Our
Parallel FTP variation.
Table -1: Download time
Techniques 100kb 200kb 250kb 300kb
FTP 0.7610 1.3390 1.6939 1.9200
PFTP 0.3192 0.3990 0.4889 0.5040
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 03 | Mar-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 317
A server which runs the suitability algorithm also maintained a
database which contains number of hops between mirror
servers to client, idleness of each mirror server and percentage
of file to be downloaded from each server.
Parallel FTP is fair as the selection of mirror servers is based
on the available bandwidth between client and internet
gateway. PFTP is byte oriented approach and less data loss is
done if server fails only the penalty is client need to establish
connection again which require extra time.
The ability of our protocol is it can dynamically update the
division of file during transfer. Further studies can be done for
the dynamic selection of different file servers for each request.
More studies on routing algorithms should be done. The
routing algorithm adopted for transmission should find the
path which may not be shortest but it should be best suited
path.
ACKNOLEDGEMENTS
I want to thank Dr. Sanjay Kumar for his valuable feedback
and guidance and Mr. Avinash Dhole for guiding me and
supporting me in my research work.
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Chhattisgarh, India.
[7] www.wikipedia.com