Database security is an important topic in DBMS course. This is my group presentation of this course. We discus three are security aspects, security problems, security controls, database and firewall.
what is security of database system
how we can handle database security
how database security can be check
what are the countermeasures of database security
Web application attacks can take many forms, including cross-site scripting (XSS), SQL injection, parameter tampering, command injection, session management issues, cookie poisoning, directory traversal, cross-site request forgery, and buffer overflows. XSS is a vulnerability that allows malicious JavaScript code to be injected and run in a user's browser, potentially accessing data. SQL injection involves inserting SQL commands into a database query to gain unauthorized access. Parameter tampering modifies URL parameters to change expected behavior.
Information security involves protecting information systems, hardware, and data from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, inspection, recording or destruction. The primary goals of information security, known as the CIA triad, are confidentiality, integrity and availability. Information is classified into different types like public, private, confidential and secret depending on who can access it and the potential damage of unauthorized access. Security also involves protecting physical items, individuals, operations, communications, networks and information assets.
A mail server is a computer that handles email delivery. It implements the client and server portions of SMTP to reliably transfer messages between servers using TCP port 25. A mail server stores users' incoming emails in their mailboxes and queues outgoing messages to be sent. The major components of electronic mail systems are user agents for composing/reading mail, mail servers for message storage and transfer using SMTP, and protocols like POP3 and IMAP for users to access their mailboxes.
This document discusses information security and system security. It defines information, information security, and the goals of security including confidentiality, integrity and availability. It describes different types of attacks such as interruption, interception, modification and fabrication. It explains passive attacks like eavesdropping and traffic analysis, as well as active attacks including masquerade, replay, message modification, and denial of service. The document outlines why computer security is needed and covers topics like vulnerabilities, threats, and controls to protect against various security risks.
MySQL is a free, open-source relational database management system that is ideal for both small and large applications. PHP can connect to and interact with a MySQL database using extensions like MySQLi or PDO. The document provides code examples for connecting to a MySQL database, executing queries to retrieve, insert, update, and delete data, and other common MySQL operations when using PHP.
The document discusses database security. It notes that a DBA (Database Administrator) is responsible for database security, including access control, account creation, support services, privilege granting/revocation, backup/recovery, and ensuring data integrity, security, and privacy. Major database security threats include excessive privileges, privilege abuse, input injection, malware, weak audit trails, exposed storage media, exploitation of vulnerable databases, unmanaged sensitive data, and limited security expertise. Database security aims to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data through measures like access control, inference control, flow control, and data encryption.
Database security is an important topic in DBMS course. This is my group presentation of this course. We discus three are security aspects, security problems, security controls, database and firewall.
what is security of database system
how we can handle database security
how database security can be check
what are the countermeasures of database security
Web application attacks can take many forms, including cross-site scripting (XSS), SQL injection, parameter tampering, command injection, session management issues, cookie poisoning, directory traversal, cross-site request forgery, and buffer overflows. XSS is a vulnerability that allows malicious JavaScript code to be injected and run in a user's browser, potentially accessing data. SQL injection involves inserting SQL commands into a database query to gain unauthorized access. Parameter tampering modifies URL parameters to change expected behavior.
Information security involves protecting information systems, hardware, and data from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, inspection, recording or destruction. The primary goals of information security, known as the CIA triad, are confidentiality, integrity and availability. Information is classified into different types like public, private, confidential and secret depending on who can access it and the potential damage of unauthorized access. Security also involves protecting physical items, individuals, operations, communications, networks and information assets.
A mail server is a computer that handles email delivery. It implements the client and server portions of SMTP to reliably transfer messages between servers using TCP port 25. A mail server stores users' incoming emails in their mailboxes and queues outgoing messages to be sent. The major components of electronic mail systems are user agents for composing/reading mail, mail servers for message storage and transfer using SMTP, and protocols like POP3 and IMAP for users to access their mailboxes.
This document discusses information security and system security. It defines information, information security, and the goals of security including confidentiality, integrity and availability. It describes different types of attacks such as interruption, interception, modification and fabrication. It explains passive attacks like eavesdropping and traffic analysis, as well as active attacks including masquerade, replay, message modification, and denial of service. The document outlines why computer security is needed and covers topics like vulnerabilities, threats, and controls to protect against various security risks.
MySQL is a free, open-source relational database management system that is ideal for both small and large applications. PHP can connect to and interact with a MySQL database using extensions like MySQLi or PDO. The document provides code examples for connecting to a MySQL database, executing queries to retrieve, insert, update, and delete data, and other common MySQL operations when using PHP.
The document discusses database security. It notes that a DBA (Database Administrator) is responsible for database security, including access control, account creation, support services, privilege granting/revocation, backup/recovery, and ensuring data integrity, security, and privacy. Major database security threats include excessive privileges, privilege abuse, input injection, malware, weak audit trails, exposed storage media, exploitation of vulnerable databases, unmanaged sensitive data, and limited security expertise. Database security aims to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data through measures like access control, inference control, flow control, and data encryption.
This chapter introduces database systems and their advantages over traditional file systems. It discusses the components of a database system including the database, database management system (DBMS), and their roles in data storage and access. Databases have evolved from file systems to address issues like data redundancy, inconsistency, and dependence on structure and storage characteristics. The chapter outlines different types of databases and the importance of database design. It provides examples of problems in traditional file system data management to illustrate improvements made by modern database systems.
In this presentation, Dmitry Khlebnikov sets forward six broad principles for designing secure IT systems. He also provides a comprehensive overview of "Host-based Security"
In this presentation I have tried to figure out common loop holes through which web applications may fall prey to the attackers, common tools used in the trade and some preventive security measures to put us on a safer side.
This document provides an overview of authentication mechanisms on Windows, including Kerberos, Active Directory, digital certificates, biometrics, and .NET identity objects. It also discusses upcoming technologies like CardSpace and OpenID that aim to improve single sign-on authentication across multiple systems and online applications. The document concludes that with the evolution of open standards, the goal of a trustworthy single sign-on experience across the web is becoming closer to reality.
The document discusses web servers and their key components and functions. It covers:
1) The definition of a web server as a program that generates and transmits responses to client requests for web resources by parsing requests, authorizing access, and constructing responses.
2) How web servers handle client requests through steps like parsing requests, authorizing access, and transmitting responses. They can also dynamically generate responses through server-side includes and server scripts.
3) Techniques web servers use like access control through authentication and authorization, passing data to scripts, using cookies, caching responses, and allocating resources through event-driven, process-driven, and hybrid architectures.
The document discusses different types of data models including logical, physical, and record-based models. It describes key concepts of data models like entities, attributes, relationships and different relationship types. Specific models covered are hierarchical, network, and relational with details on their structure, advantages and disadvantages.
This document discusses distributed database and distributed query processing. It covers topics like distributed database, query processing, distributed query processing methodology including query decomposition, data localization, and global query optimization. Query decomposition involves normalizing, analyzing, eliminating redundancy, and rewriting queries. Data localization applies data distribution to algebraic operations to determine involved fragments. Global query optimization finds the best global schedule to minimize costs and uses techniques like join ordering and semi joins. Local query optimization applies centralized optimization techniques to the best global execution schedule.
Network security (vulnerabilities, threats, and attacks)Fabiha Shahzad
Network security involves protecting network usability and integrity through hardware and software technologies. It addresses vulnerabilities that threats may exploit to launch attacks. Common vulnerabilities include issues with technologies, configurations, and security policies. Threats aim to take advantage of vulnerabilities and can be structured, unstructured, internal, or external. Common attacks include reconnaissance to gather information, unauthorized access attempts, denial-of-service to disrupt availability, and use of malicious code like worms, viruses, and Trojan horses.
This document provides an overview of the 3-tier data warehouse architecture. It discusses the three tiers: the bottom tier contains the data warehouse server which fetches relevant data from various data sources and loads it into the data warehouse using backend tools for extraction, cleaning, transformation and loading. The bottom tier also contains the data marts and metadata repository. The middle tier contains the OLAP server which presents multidimensional data to users from the data warehouse and data marts. The top tier contains the front-end tools like query, reporting and analysis tools that allow users to access and analyze the data.
Good Secure Development Practices Presented By: Bil Corry lasso.pro Education Project. It recommends validating all user input, distrusting even your own requests, and taking a layered approach to validation, enforcement of business rules, and authentication. Some specific best practices include implementing positive authentication, principle of least privilege, centralized authorization routines, separating admin and user access, and ensuring error handling fails safely.
Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, 3rd Edition, by Mark Ciampa
Knowledge and skills required for Network Administrators and Information Technology professionals to be aware of security vulnerabilities, to implement security measures, to analyze an existing network environment in consideration of known security threats or risks, to defend against attacks or viruses, and to ensure data privacy and integrity. Terminology and procedures for implementation and configuration of security, including access control, authorization, encryption, packet filters, firewalls, and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs).
CNIT 120: Network Security
http://samsclass.info/120/120_S09.shtml#lecture
Policy: http://samsclass.info/policy_use.htm
Many thanks to Sam Bowne for allowing to publish these presentations.
This document discusses various methods and tools for managing a Windows Server 2003 environment, including the Microsoft Management Console (MMC), Remote Desktop for Administration, Terminal Services, and delegating administrative permissions in Active Directory. Specific activities outlined include enabling Remote Desktop, installing and configuring Terminal Services, exploring user account settings and permissions, and delegating control of Active Directory objects.
System Administration: Introduction to system administrationKhang-Ling Loh
This document provides an overview of system administration, including the knowledge and skills required, typical duties, and various professional certification programs. System administration involves maintaining and operating computer systems and networks, with duties like monitoring security, managing user accounts, performing backups, and troubleshooting issues. Key knowledge areas include operating systems, applications, hardware/software troubleshooting, networking, security, programming, problem solving, and teamwork. Popular certification programs discussed are Linux Professional Institute (LPI), Ubuntu, Oracle, Solaris, IBM, HP, and Cisco, with information on exam requirements and costs.
SQL injection is a type of attack where malicious SQL code is injected into an application's database query, potentially exposing or modifying private data. Attackers can bypass logins, access secret data, modify website contents, or shut down databases. SQL injection occurs when user input is not sanitized before being used in SQL queries. Attackers first find vulnerable websites, then check for errors to determine the number of columns. They use "union select" statements to discover which columns are responsive to queries, allowing them to extract data like user credentials or database contents. Developers should sanitize all user inputs to prevent SQL injection attacks.
The document discusses database management systems. It defines a database as an organized collection of stored data that can be accessed electronically. A database management system (DBMS) is software that allows users and applications to capture, analyze, and interact with a database. A DBMS performs tasks like data definition, updates, retrieval, and administration. It stores data on dedicated database servers for security, reliability, and high-performance access and management of the stored data. A DBMS provides multiple logical views of the database data for different user groups and roles.
This document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) and how it maps human-friendly domain names to IP addresses. It explains that DNS information is stored in a distributed database and domain names are registered through registrars like Network Solutions. Various DNS record types are described, like A records for IP addresses and MX records for mail servers. Finally, common DNS tools are listed, such as whois, nslookup, and host, for looking up domain information and IP addresses.
The document discusses databases and database applications. It defines a database as a collection of organized data that can be easily accessed and managed. A database management system (DBMS) is software that allows users to create, retrieve, update and manage this data. Examples of popular DBMS software include Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, and Oracle. Database applications are computer programs designed to efficiently collect, manage and share information from a database. Common examples of database applications mentioned are library systems, airline reservation systems, and content management systems for websites.
security
,
system
,
introduction
,
threats to computer system
,
computer
,
security
,
types of software
,
system software
,
bios
,
need of an operating system
,
major functions of operating system
,
types of operating system
,
language
,
processor
,
application software
,
thank you
The document discusses broken access control vulnerabilities. It defines broken access control as when a user is able to perform actions or access content they should not be authorized for. It provides examples of insecure direct object references and missing functional level access controls, which were merged into the broken access control category in OWASP 2017. The document also outlines potential impacts of broken access control and recommendations for remediation such as validating object references and authorization for all referenced objects.
Byte ordering refers to the arrangement of bytes when data is transmitted over a network. There are two common forms of byte ordering - big endian and little endian. Special functions like htons() and htonl() are used to convert between host byte ordering and network byte ordering when communicating between machines.
TCP and UDP are transport layer protocols that provide communication between applications on different hosts. TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that provides reliable, ordered delivery of streams of bytes. UDP is a connectionless protocol that provides best-effort delivery of datagrams but has less overhead than TCP. Both protocols use port numbers and socket APIs for processes to communicate.
his Course is about learning How Linux Processes Talk to each Other. This is a sub-domain of Linux System Programming. We shall explore various popular mechanism used in the industry through which Linux processes to exchange data with each other. We will go through the concepts in detail behind each IPC mechanism, discuss the implementation, and design and analyze the situation where the given IPC is preferred over others.
This chapter introduces database systems and their advantages over traditional file systems. It discusses the components of a database system including the database, database management system (DBMS), and their roles in data storage and access. Databases have evolved from file systems to address issues like data redundancy, inconsistency, and dependence on structure and storage characteristics. The chapter outlines different types of databases and the importance of database design. It provides examples of problems in traditional file system data management to illustrate improvements made by modern database systems.
In this presentation, Dmitry Khlebnikov sets forward six broad principles for designing secure IT systems. He also provides a comprehensive overview of "Host-based Security"
In this presentation I have tried to figure out common loop holes through which web applications may fall prey to the attackers, common tools used in the trade and some preventive security measures to put us on a safer side.
This document provides an overview of authentication mechanisms on Windows, including Kerberos, Active Directory, digital certificates, biometrics, and .NET identity objects. It also discusses upcoming technologies like CardSpace and OpenID that aim to improve single sign-on authentication across multiple systems and online applications. The document concludes that with the evolution of open standards, the goal of a trustworthy single sign-on experience across the web is becoming closer to reality.
The document discusses web servers and their key components and functions. It covers:
1) The definition of a web server as a program that generates and transmits responses to client requests for web resources by parsing requests, authorizing access, and constructing responses.
2) How web servers handle client requests through steps like parsing requests, authorizing access, and transmitting responses. They can also dynamically generate responses through server-side includes and server scripts.
3) Techniques web servers use like access control through authentication and authorization, passing data to scripts, using cookies, caching responses, and allocating resources through event-driven, process-driven, and hybrid architectures.
The document discusses different types of data models including logical, physical, and record-based models. It describes key concepts of data models like entities, attributes, relationships and different relationship types. Specific models covered are hierarchical, network, and relational with details on their structure, advantages and disadvantages.
This document discusses distributed database and distributed query processing. It covers topics like distributed database, query processing, distributed query processing methodology including query decomposition, data localization, and global query optimization. Query decomposition involves normalizing, analyzing, eliminating redundancy, and rewriting queries. Data localization applies data distribution to algebraic operations to determine involved fragments. Global query optimization finds the best global schedule to minimize costs and uses techniques like join ordering and semi joins. Local query optimization applies centralized optimization techniques to the best global execution schedule.
Network security (vulnerabilities, threats, and attacks)Fabiha Shahzad
Network security involves protecting network usability and integrity through hardware and software technologies. It addresses vulnerabilities that threats may exploit to launch attacks. Common vulnerabilities include issues with technologies, configurations, and security policies. Threats aim to take advantage of vulnerabilities and can be structured, unstructured, internal, or external. Common attacks include reconnaissance to gather information, unauthorized access attempts, denial-of-service to disrupt availability, and use of malicious code like worms, viruses, and Trojan horses.
This document provides an overview of the 3-tier data warehouse architecture. It discusses the three tiers: the bottom tier contains the data warehouse server which fetches relevant data from various data sources and loads it into the data warehouse using backend tools for extraction, cleaning, transformation and loading. The bottom tier also contains the data marts and metadata repository. The middle tier contains the OLAP server which presents multidimensional data to users from the data warehouse and data marts. The top tier contains the front-end tools like query, reporting and analysis tools that allow users to access and analyze the data.
Good Secure Development Practices Presented By: Bil Corry lasso.pro Education Project. It recommends validating all user input, distrusting even your own requests, and taking a layered approach to validation, enforcement of business rules, and authentication. Some specific best practices include implementing positive authentication, principle of least privilege, centralized authorization routines, separating admin and user access, and ensuring error handling fails safely.
Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, 3rd Edition, by Mark Ciampa
Knowledge and skills required for Network Administrators and Information Technology professionals to be aware of security vulnerabilities, to implement security measures, to analyze an existing network environment in consideration of known security threats or risks, to defend against attacks or viruses, and to ensure data privacy and integrity. Terminology and procedures for implementation and configuration of security, including access control, authorization, encryption, packet filters, firewalls, and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs).
CNIT 120: Network Security
http://samsclass.info/120/120_S09.shtml#lecture
Policy: http://samsclass.info/policy_use.htm
Many thanks to Sam Bowne for allowing to publish these presentations.
This document discusses various methods and tools for managing a Windows Server 2003 environment, including the Microsoft Management Console (MMC), Remote Desktop for Administration, Terminal Services, and delegating administrative permissions in Active Directory. Specific activities outlined include enabling Remote Desktop, installing and configuring Terminal Services, exploring user account settings and permissions, and delegating control of Active Directory objects.
System Administration: Introduction to system administrationKhang-Ling Loh
This document provides an overview of system administration, including the knowledge and skills required, typical duties, and various professional certification programs. System administration involves maintaining and operating computer systems and networks, with duties like monitoring security, managing user accounts, performing backups, and troubleshooting issues. Key knowledge areas include operating systems, applications, hardware/software troubleshooting, networking, security, programming, problem solving, and teamwork. Popular certification programs discussed are Linux Professional Institute (LPI), Ubuntu, Oracle, Solaris, IBM, HP, and Cisco, with information on exam requirements and costs.
SQL injection is a type of attack where malicious SQL code is injected into an application's database query, potentially exposing or modifying private data. Attackers can bypass logins, access secret data, modify website contents, or shut down databases. SQL injection occurs when user input is not sanitized before being used in SQL queries. Attackers first find vulnerable websites, then check for errors to determine the number of columns. They use "union select" statements to discover which columns are responsive to queries, allowing them to extract data like user credentials or database contents. Developers should sanitize all user inputs to prevent SQL injection attacks.
The document discusses database management systems. It defines a database as an organized collection of stored data that can be accessed electronically. A database management system (DBMS) is software that allows users and applications to capture, analyze, and interact with a database. A DBMS performs tasks like data definition, updates, retrieval, and administration. It stores data on dedicated database servers for security, reliability, and high-performance access and management of the stored data. A DBMS provides multiple logical views of the database data for different user groups and roles.
This document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) and how it maps human-friendly domain names to IP addresses. It explains that DNS information is stored in a distributed database and domain names are registered through registrars like Network Solutions. Various DNS record types are described, like A records for IP addresses and MX records for mail servers. Finally, common DNS tools are listed, such as whois, nslookup, and host, for looking up domain information and IP addresses.
The document discusses databases and database applications. It defines a database as a collection of organized data that can be easily accessed and managed. A database management system (DBMS) is software that allows users to create, retrieve, update and manage this data. Examples of popular DBMS software include Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, and Oracle. Database applications are computer programs designed to efficiently collect, manage and share information from a database. Common examples of database applications mentioned are library systems, airline reservation systems, and content management systems for websites.
security
,
system
,
introduction
,
threats to computer system
,
computer
,
security
,
types of software
,
system software
,
bios
,
need of an operating system
,
major functions of operating system
,
types of operating system
,
language
,
processor
,
application software
,
thank you
The document discusses broken access control vulnerabilities. It defines broken access control as when a user is able to perform actions or access content they should not be authorized for. It provides examples of insecure direct object references and missing functional level access controls, which were merged into the broken access control category in OWASP 2017. The document also outlines potential impacts of broken access control and recommendations for remediation such as validating object references and authorization for all referenced objects.
Byte ordering refers to the arrangement of bytes when data is transmitted over a network. There are two common forms of byte ordering - big endian and little endian. Special functions like htons() and htonl() are used to convert between host byte ordering and network byte ordering when communicating between machines.
TCP and UDP are transport layer protocols that provide communication between applications on different hosts. TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that provides reliable, ordered delivery of streams of bytes. UDP is a connectionless protocol that provides best-effort delivery of datagrams but has less overhead than TCP. Both protocols use port numbers and socket APIs for processes to communicate.
his Course is about learning How Linux Processes Talk to each Other. This is a sub-domain of Linux System Programming. We shall explore various popular mechanism used in the industry through which Linux processes to exchange data with each other. We will go through the concepts in detail behind each IPC mechanism, discuss the implementation, and design and analyze the situation where the given IPC is preferred over others.
This document provides an introduction to socket programming in C on Linux. Some key points:
- Sockets allow communication between processes over a network and act as an interface between applications and the network. They are represented by file descriptors.
- There are two main types of sockets - stream sockets (TCP) which provide reliable, ordered data transmission and datagram sockets (UDP) which are unreliable but do not require a connection.
- The socket API includes functions like socket(), bind(), listen(), accept(), connect(), recv(), send(), etc. to create and manage sockets and network communication.
- Data structures like sockaddr_in are used to store socket addresses containing IP and port. Byte ordering functions like
09 Systems Software Programming-Network Programming.pptxKushalSrivastava23
This document discusses client-server networking and the TCP/IP protocol stack.
It begins by explaining the client-server model and how servers manage resources for clients. It then describes the layers of a computer network from SAN to WAN. The document discusses how Ethernet segments, bridges, and routers connect local area networks. It introduces the concepts of internet protocols and how they provide naming and delivery of packets across incompatible networks. The roles of IP, TCP, UDP, and sockets in client-server communication are summarized. Finally, it provides examples of functions like getaddrinfo() and getnameinfo() for host and service name resolution.
The document provides a summary of 15 lectures on operating systems topics:
1. The first few lectures introduce concepts like computer organization, boot process, need for an operating system, and basic OS definitions.
2. Later lectures cover additional OS concepts like multiprogramming, multitasking, multiprocessing, memory protection, and interrupts.
3. The document discusses process management topics like process states, context switching, scheduling, and inter-process communication using pipes.
The document discusses computer networks and network protocols. It begins with an introduction to network protocols and the Internet protocols. It then provides definitions and explanations of communication protocols, including addressing, transmission modes, and error detection/recovery techniques. It lists and describes common network protocols like TCP/IP, routing protocols, FTP, SMTP, and more. It also discusses the OSI model layers, TCP/IP protocol suite, data encapsulation, protocol data units, protocol assignments to layers, and addresses at each layer.
NTP Software Jan 2012 Monthly Meeting IPC PresentationMuhamad Hesham
This document discusses various interprocess communication (IPC) mechanisms available for Windows, including pipes, mailslots, and remote procedure calls (RPCs). It describes the properties and usage of each mechanism. Pipes can be anonymous or named, with anonymous pipes allowing communication between related processes via unidirectional byte streams, while named pipes allow bidirectional communication locally or over networks. Mailslots provide a way for multiple writers to send messages to single or multiple readers over local or remote systems. RPCs allow processes to call functions or procedures in other processes remotely.
Inter-Process Communication in distributed systemsAya Mahmoud
Inter-Process Communication is at the heart of all distributed systems, so we need to know the ways that processes can exchange information.
Communication in distributed systems is based on Low-level message passing as offered by the underlying network.
The document discusses the differences between packets and frames, and provides details on the transport layer. It explains that the transport layer is responsible for process-to-process delivery and uses port numbers for addressing. Connection-oriented protocols like TCP use three-way handshaking for connection establishment and termination, and implement flow and error control using mechanisms like sliding windows. Connectionless protocols like UDP are simpler but unreliable, treating each packet independently.
This document provides an overview of network troubleshooting techniques and tools. It discusses focusing on understanding basics and standard troubleshooting tools like ping first before trying more advanced methods. Documentation of network configurations, changes, and issues is emphasized. A variety of Linux command line tools are also introduced for examining network connectivity and performance issues like netstat, ifconfig, route, traceroute, and packet capture tools.
The document discusses several key application layer protocols:
1. HTTP is used to transfer web pages over the internet using requests and responses between clients and servers. It operates over TCP port 80.
2. DNS is used to translate between hostnames and IP addresses in a hierarchical system of top-level and subdomain names. It allows humans to use easy-to-remember names.
3. FTP establishes two TCP connections to transfer files between a client and server, using different ports for control commands and the file data. It allows downloading and uploading of files.
The document discusses several key application layer protocols:
1. HTTP is used to transfer web pages over the internet using requests and responses between clients and servers. It operates over TCP port 80.
2. DNS is used to translate between hostnames and IP addresses in a hierarchical system of top-level and subdomain names. DNS servers handle requests to map names to addresses.
3. FTP uses two TCP connections to transfer files between clients and servers - one for commands and one for the actual data transfer. Clients can download or upload files from/to servers.
The document summarizes various application layer protocols including Telnet, FTP, TFTP, NFS, SMTP, LPD, X-Window, SNMP, DNS, and HTTP. It discusses what each protocol is used for and some key details like typical port numbers. The application layer is presented as being at the top of the OSI model and providing services to users through interaction and file transfers between senders and receivers using these defined protocols.
The document outlines the course content for a Small Office Home Office (SOHO) IT Network Setup course. The course covers topics such as network components, configurations, email and file sharing setup. It includes chapters on understanding networks, network components, terminologies, a SOHO network lab, and advanced Google search operators. Network abbreviations and concepts such as IP addressing, static versus dynamic IP, and private versus public IP are also defined.
The document discusses layered protocols and how they enable communication across open systems. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from physical to application layer. Each layer has a specific role like physical for transmission, data link for error detection, network for routing, transport for reliable delivery, and above for session control and common applications. Remote procedure calls allow programs to call procedures on other machines through client and server stubs that marshal parameters and results. Distributed objects extend this to encapsulate data and operations through proxies and skeletons.
This document discusses layered protocols and the OSI model. It provides details on each layer of the OSI model including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. For each layer, it describes the key functions and protocols. It also provides examples of connection-oriented and connectionless protocols. Finally, it discusses concepts like remote procedure calls, distributed objects, and Java RMI for enabling communication between distributed systems.
Move Message Passing Interface Applications to the Next LevelIntel® Software
Explore techniques to reduce and remove message passing interface (MPI) parallelization costs. Get practical examples and examples of performance improvements.
TCP/IP is a set of communication protocols used to connect devices on the internet and other networks. It has two main protocols - TCP for reliable transmission of data between devices, and IP for addressing devices and routing packets across networks. TCP/IP uses ports to allow multiple applications to run simultaneously on a single device. Routers use IP addressing and routing tables to determine the best path for sending packets between devices on different networks.
The document provides an overview of networking concepts across different layers of the networking model. It discusses that a network includes interconnected devices like computers, servers, routers and wireless devices. The network core consists of routers that route data between hosts using protocols like IP. Modern data networks are packet switched, where data is divided into packets that are transmitted independently.
Similar to communication Mechanism in Client Server Model (20)
Case Study 2: Instrumentation SoftwareJunaid Lodhi
Instrumentation Software architecture by at Tektronix.
This work was carried out as a collaborative
effort between several Tektronix product divisions and the Computer
Research Laboratory over a three year period Since then the framework has been
extended and adapted to accommodate a broader class of system, while at the
same time being better adapted to the specific needs of instrumentation
software.
Syntax directed translation associates semantic rules and actions with a context-free grammar to evaluate expressions during parsing. It allows parsers to perform semantic checks and code generation by storing values in symbol tables and generating intermediate code as parsing occurs through techniques like top-down left-to-right parsing. An example is given of using these methods to evaluate the expression 2 + 3 * 4 during parsing.
Regular expressions are used to generate patterns of strings. A regular expression describes patterns using operators like union, concatenation, and Kleene closure. Some examples of regular expressions include:
1) Describing Canadian postal codes as /^[A-Z][0-9][A-Z] [0-9][A-Z][0-9]$/
2) Matching strings containing the word "main" as <letter>* main <letter>*
3) Matching strings of even length as (<letter><letter>)*
This document discusses employee motivation and its importance for effective organizations. It defines motivation as the forces that affect a person's direction, intensity and persistence of voluntary behavior. Lack of motivation can lead to declining productivity, absenteeism and defective products. Theories of motivation discussed include Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Vroom's expectancy theory. Motivators for employees include good working relationships, praise, security, encouragement and growth opportunities. Benefits of employee motivation are improved efficiency, willingness to work, relationship building, goal achievement and workforce stability. The conclusion is that motivated employees are valuable assets that can greatly benefit organizations.
The presentation aims towards imparting the concept of PIPES and the mechanism they follow.
REFERENCES :
Operating System 8th Edition
by : Abraham Silberschatz
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
2. Topics
• Client Server Communication
• Strategies of Communication
• Sockets
• Pipes
• RPC (Remote Procedural Calls)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. Sockets
• A socket is defined as an endpoint for communication
• Concatenation of IP (Internet Protocol) address and port
• The socket 161.25.19.8:1625 refers to port 1625 on host 161.25.19.8
• Communication consists between pair of sockets.
10. PIPES
A pipe in computing is way of communication between more than one process
.Pipe strictly follows the Inter Process Communication.
Pipes were the one of the first mechanism in early UNIX systems.It provides one
of the simplest way of communication between different process
12. Types of Pipes
• Ordinary Pipes
• Named Pipes
Ordinary Pipes:
The Ordinary pipe in Operating Systems allows the two procedures to communicate in a standard
way: the procedure writes on the one end (the write end) and reads on the consumer side or another
end (the read-end). As a result, ordinary pipes are unidirectional, allowing only one-way
communication as shown in a figure.
14. Ordinary Pipes in Unix System
#define BUFFER_SIZE 25
#define READ_END 0 // fd[0] is the read-end of the pipe
#define WRITE_END 1 //fd[1] is the write-end
int main(void)
{
char write_msg[BUFFER_SIZE]
char read_msg[BUFFER_SIZE];
int fd[2];
pid_t pid;
15. Example Continued
• I* create the pipe *I
• if (pipe(fd) == -1) {
• fprintf(stderr,"Pipe failed");
• return 1;
• }
• I* fork a child process *I
• pid = fork();
16. • if (pid < 0) { I* error occurred *I
• fprintf(stderr, "Fork Failed");
• return 1;
• }
• if (pid > 0) { I* parent process *I
• }
• I* close the unused end of the pipe *I
• close(fd[READ_END]);
17. • I* write to the pipe *I
• write(fd[WRITE_END], write_msg, strlen(write_msg)+1);
• I* close the write end of the pipe *I
• close(fd[WRITE_END]);
• else { I* child process *I
• }
18. Example Continued
• I* close the unused end of the pipe *I
• close(fd[WRITE_END]);
• I* read from the pipe *I
• read(fd[READ_END], read_msg, BUFFER_SIZE);
• printf ("read %s", read_msg) ;
• I* close the write end of the pipe *I
• close(fd[READ_END]); }
• return 0; }
19. In Windows
•
Ordinary pipes on Windows systems are termed anonymous pipes.
• the pipe is created by using CreatePipe() function
• Functionality, they are unidirectional.
• Readfile() and Writefile() functions are used for reading and writing to the file.
Point of significance:
Note that ordinary pipes require a parent-child relationship between computing processes in both UNIX and Windows
systems. This means that pipes can be used only for communication between processes on the same machine.
21. Named Pipes
• Communication can be bi-directional
• no parent-child relationship is required between process
• More than two process can communicate with each other a time
• named pipes exist after completion and termination of all the processes
22. In Unix
Name pipes referred to as FIFO (first in first out) in UNIX systems.
Once they created.
They appear as typical files in the file systems.
A FIFO is created with the mkfifo() system call and manipulated with open(), read(), write() and close() system
calls.
FIFO supports two-way communication, only half-duplex transmission is permitted.
23. In Windows
• Much richer communication mechanism between processes rather than UNIX systems
• Full-duplex communication is allowed in Windows named pipe
• The communication may run from either different sides or from the same side of the pipe at a same time
• Name pipe is created with CreateNamedPipe() function, and a client can connect the named pipe using
ConnectNamedPipe(). Communication over the named pipe can be accomplished using the ReadFile() and
WriteFile() functions
POINT OF SIGNIFICANCE:
Windows provides the facility of the communication between processed residing on different machines.
24.
25. Introduction
• One of the most common forms of remote service is the RPC paradigm
• The RPC was designed as a way to abstract the procedure-call mechanism for
use between systemswith network connections.
• abstract the procedure-call mechanism for use between systemswith network
connections.
Ahsan 25
27. Mechanism
• The semantics of RPCs allows a client to invoke a procedure on a remote host as it
would invoke a procedure locally.
• The RPC system hides the details that allow communication to take place by
providing a stub on the client side
• A separate stub exists for each separate remote procedure
• This stub locates the port on the server and marshals the parameters.
Ahsan 27
28. Stubs
• Client stub
• Packs parameter into message.
• Calls : Send & Receive.
• Server Stub
• Calls : Receive & Send.
• Unpacks parameter from the message.
• Details of message passing are hidden – two libraries.
Ahsan 28
30. Steps
1. The client procedure calls the client stub in the normal way.
2. The client stub builds a message and traps to the kernel.
3. The kernel sends the message to the remote kernel.
4. The remote kernel gives the message to the server stub.
5. The server stub unpacks the parameters and calls the server.
6. The server does the work and returns the result to the stub.
7. The server stub packs it in a message and traps to the kernel.
8. The remote kernel sends the message to the clients kernel.
9. The client’s kernel gives the message to the client stub.
10. The stub unpacks the result and returns to the client.Ahsan 30
31. Client-side stub
Looks like local server
function
Same interface as local
function
Bundles arguments into
message, sends to server-
side stub
Waits for reply, un-bundles
results
Returns to kernel
Server-side stub
Looks like local client
function to server
Listens on a socket for
message from client stub
Un-bundles arguments to
local variables
Makes a local function call
to server
Bundles result into reply
message to client stub
Ahsan 31
32. Architectural Hurdles and Solution
• One issue that must be dealt with concerns differences in data
representation on the client and server machines.
• Some systems (known as big-endian) store the most significant
byte first
• while other systems (known as little-endian) store the least
significant byte first.
• To resolve differences like this, many RPC systems define a
machine-independent representation of data.
• .Onesuchrepresentation is known as external data representation
(XDR).
Ahsan 32
33. • procedure calls fail only under extreme circumstances, RPCs can fail, or
be duplicated and executed more than once, as a result of common
network errors.
• One way to address this problem is for the operating system to ensure
that messages are acted on exactly once, rather than at most once.
• First, consider “at most once.” This semantic can be implemented by
attaching a timestamp to each message.
34. Hurdles and solutions continued,
• For “exactly once” to accomplish this, the server must implement the “at
most once” protocol described above but must also acknowledge to the
client that the RPC call was received and executed.
• .These ACK messages are common through out net working.The client must
resend each RPC call periodically until it receives the ACK for that call.
Ahsan 34