This document analyzes the reaction kinetics of producing Atenolol epoxide from the reaction of Parahydroxyphenylacetamide (PHPA) and Epichlorohydrine (EPH) in a batch reactor. The integral method of analysis is used to determine the reaction order and rate constant. Experiments with varying initial PHPA concentrations of 60g, 50g, and 40g are conducted. The data is fitted to second order reaction kinetics in all cases. The theoretical and experimental reaction rates are calculated and compared at different time points, with the experimental rates consistently higher than the theoretical rates. The reaction order is confirmed to be second order and the effect of varying PHPA concentration on reaction progress is
Application of Exergy and Taguchi Methodology for a Power Plant under Varying...IJERA Editor
In this study, exergy efficiencies of a thermal power plant under different operating conditions have been investigated. Taguchi method is applied using three factors, namely, ambient temperature, condenser pressure and steam temperature with three levels of each. The operating conditions are planned and are set following orthogonal array of L9 and regression analysis is carried out in order to determine the effects of process parameters on exergy efficiency for the power plant. The correlation between exergy efficiencies and operating parameters are obtained by a 2nd order polynomial regression analysis and compared with the actual results and found to be quite correct having average error is about 1% only.
Thermodynamic modeling and Exergy Analysis of Gas Turbine Cycle for Different...IJPEDS-IAES
In this study an exergy analysis of 88.71 MW 13D2 gas turbine (GT) topping
cycle is carried out. Exergy analysis based on second law was applied to the
gas cycle and individual components through a modeling approach. The
analysis shows that the highest exergy destruction occurs in the combustion
chamber (CC). In addition, the effects of the gas turbine load and
performance variations with ambient temperature, compression ratio and
turbine inlet temperature (TIT) are investigated to analyse the change in
system behavior. The analysis shows that the gas turbine is significantly
affected by the ambient temperature and with increase there is decrease in
GT power output. The results of the load variation of the gas turbine show
that a reduction in gas turbine load results in a decrease in the exergy
efficiency of the cycle as well as all the components. The compressor has the
largest exergy efficiency of 92.84% compared to the other component of the
GT and combustion chamber is the highest source of exergy destruction of
109.89 MW at 100 % load condition. With increase in ambient temperature
both exergy destruction rate and exergy efficiency decreases.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT SCHEMESijmech
Combined Cycle Power Plants (CCPPs) are imperative for power generation with the capability for
deciphering power shortage during peak and off peak hours. To perk up the recital of the plant, foremost
locations of exergy losses are to be identified and analyzed. In the present work, exergetic analysis of a
CCPP is carried out using the computer programming tool Engineering Equation Solver (EES). The effects
of overall pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature on the exergy destruction in the CPR are
investigated. The results obtained are compared with that of simple gas turbine cycle power plant. During
real time operation of CCPP exergy destruction in different components is associated with change in
overall pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature (TIT). Out of the total exergy destruction in the cycle it
is the combustion chamber (CC) which is responsible for the maximum exergy destruction. Nearly 60% of
the total exergy is destroyed in CC. Results clearly show that with increase in complicacy of the power
plant structure, irreversibility of the processes can be improved.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Application of Exergy and Taguchi Methodology for a Power Plant under Varying...IJERA Editor
In this study, exergy efficiencies of a thermal power plant under different operating conditions have been investigated. Taguchi method is applied using three factors, namely, ambient temperature, condenser pressure and steam temperature with three levels of each. The operating conditions are planned and are set following orthogonal array of L9 and regression analysis is carried out in order to determine the effects of process parameters on exergy efficiency for the power plant. The correlation between exergy efficiencies and operating parameters are obtained by a 2nd order polynomial regression analysis and compared with the actual results and found to be quite correct having average error is about 1% only.
Thermodynamic modeling and Exergy Analysis of Gas Turbine Cycle for Different...IJPEDS-IAES
In this study an exergy analysis of 88.71 MW 13D2 gas turbine (GT) topping
cycle is carried out. Exergy analysis based on second law was applied to the
gas cycle and individual components through a modeling approach. The
analysis shows that the highest exergy destruction occurs in the combustion
chamber (CC). In addition, the effects of the gas turbine load and
performance variations with ambient temperature, compression ratio and
turbine inlet temperature (TIT) are investigated to analyse the change in
system behavior. The analysis shows that the gas turbine is significantly
affected by the ambient temperature and with increase there is decrease in
GT power output. The results of the load variation of the gas turbine show
that a reduction in gas turbine load results in a decrease in the exergy
efficiency of the cycle as well as all the components. The compressor has the
largest exergy efficiency of 92.84% compared to the other component of the
GT and combustion chamber is the highest source of exergy destruction of
109.89 MW at 100 % load condition. With increase in ambient temperature
both exergy destruction rate and exergy efficiency decreases.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT SCHEMESijmech
Combined Cycle Power Plants (CCPPs) are imperative for power generation with the capability for
deciphering power shortage during peak and off peak hours. To perk up the recital of the plant, foremost
locations of exergy losses are to be identified and analyzed. In the present work, exergetic analysis of a
CCPP is carried out using the computer programming tool Engineering Equation Solver (EES). The effects
of overall pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature on the exergy destruction in the CPR are
investigated. The results obtained are compared with that of simple gas turbine cycle power plant. During
real time operation of CCPP exergy destruction in different components is associated with change in
overall pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature (TIT). Out of the total exergy destruction in the cycle it
is the combustion chamber (CC) which is responsible for the maximum exergy destruction. Nearly 60% of
the total exergy is destroyed in CC. Results clearly show that with increase in complicacy of the power
plant structure, irreversibility of the processes can be improved.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
วารสารวิชาการเทคโนโลยีพลังงานและสิ่งแวดล้อม บัณฑิตวิทยาลัย วิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีสยาม
Journal of Energy and Environment Technology of Graduate School Siam Technology College
Entransy Loss and its Application to Atkinson Cycle Performance EvaluationIOSR Journals
Abstract: Based on the concept of the entransy which characterizes heat transfer ability, a new Atkinson cycle
performance evaluation criterion termed the entransy loss is established. Our analysis shows that the maximum
entransy loss leads to the maximum output work, which is the maximum principle of entransy loss in
thermodynamic processes. At the same time, it is found that minimum entropy generation alone could not
describe change of the output work for the Atkinson cycle. The operation parameters are optimized for
evaluating the maximum output work of Atkinson cycle by incorporating maximum entransy loss and minimum
entropy generation when both, entransy loss and entropy generation, are induced by dumping the used streams
into the environment is considered.
Optimization of “T”-Shaped Fins Geometry Using Constructal Theory and “FEA” C...IJERA Editor
This paper reports the geometric (constructal) optimization of T-shaped fin assemblies, where the objective is to maximize the global thermal conductance of the assembly, subject to total volume and fin-material constraints. Assemblies of plate fins are considered. It is shown that every geometric feature of the assembly is delivered by the optimization principle and the constraints. These optimal features are reported in dimensionless terms for this entire class of fin assemblies. Based on the constructal theory by Dr. A Bejan, T-shaped fins are developed for better heat conductance as compared to conventional fins. Now the geometry of this T type of fin contains many geometry parameters which affect the overall conductance of the fin. With the same material constraint and volume constraints optimal geometry ratios has been calculated so as to design the fin for its best performance. With focus to the practical situations and heat flow patterns, it is quite complex to calculate the temperatures on a T-shaped fin. It requires the help of FEA concepts and CAE software to optimize the geometry.
Kinetic Analysis of TL Spectrum of ϒ-IrradiatedSrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ NanophosphorIJLT EMAS
Thermoluminescence is a simple technique for studying
the distribution of artificially created or naturally occurring
point defects. In present work we are reanalyzing the
Thermoluminescence response of Eu2+,Dy3+ doped SrAl2O4
nanophosphor at different irradiation dose of ϒ-rays, in
accordance with new method of analysis. Orders of kinetics for
different glow curves are recalculated. Order of kinetics values
are not same as already reported in literature. As per new model
order of kinetics depends on extent of retrapping and from
reanalysis we can infer that all the reported TL responses of
material under consideration are retrapping dominant process.
Ultrasonic and Volumetric Investigations of -Butyrolactone with Aliphatic Al...IJERA Editor
Densities () and speeds of sound (u) have been determined for the binary liquid mixtures of -butyrolactone (GBL) with 1-propanol (1-Pro), 2-propanol (2-Pro), 1-butanol (1-But) and 2-butanol (2-But) at 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K and entire composition range. From the experimental results, the excess molar volume (VE), and deviation in isentropic compressibility (s) were calculated. The computed properties have been fitted to a Redlich-Kister type polynomial equation to derive binary coefficients and standard deviations.
Investigation of Boiler Performance in a Power PlantAM Publications
In any modern power plant, the efficiency calculation and loss analysis of a boiler are the first steps to maintain and improve the overall power plant efficiency. The efficiency of the boiler was calculated by the losses or indirect method which is more complicated and more accurate than the direct method. The specific objective of this paper is to calculate the efficiency of a boiler and to identify and analyse the losses involved in the boiler. Boiler’s performance deviations were analysed and the causes for these deviations are found. To minimise these deviations the possible remedial measures were found and also aims to suggest methods which would aid in the reduction of the specific fuel consumption and the carbon footprint, apart from calculating the efficiency and analysing the losses involved in a boiler.
Stirling engine performance prediction using schmidt analysis by considering ...eSAT Journals
Abstract A low temperature ratio Stirling engine analysis required for cost effective, less environment harmfulness and more efficient power generation compare to Rankine cycle and Brayton cycle for this temperature ratio. A new and complete model for a Stirling engine has been established. This computerized model predicts the behavior of existing engines reasonably accurately for cases where a quantitative comparison is available. In order to obtain a closed solution suitable for design optimization a simplified model for a Stirling engine has been derived considering different types of losses in this engine. This new model has sufficient accuracy for prediction of the behavior a real engine and its results are quite close to the complete model predictions. Index Terms: Stirling Engine, Schmidt Analysis, Low temperature ratio, Engine Losses, computerized model
Modelling of fouling in heat exchangers using the Artificial Neural Network A...AI Publications
In this paper, modelling by neural networks was used for obtaining a model for the calculation of fouling factors in heat exchangers. The heat exchangers used in this study are a series of four exchangers where a model was obtained for each exchanger after due estimation of its heat load. The basic theme of this paper is the investigation of fouling factors and the determination of relevant indicators followed by combining design and operation factors along with fouling factors in a mathematical model that may be used for the calculation of the fouling factor. The devised model was tested for reliability and its accuracy in predicting new values for the fouling factor was greater than 98% in view of the design of the model Furthermore, the number of elements related to the design and operation was reduced to four developed formulae (developed factors) to which were added later the four factors selected as indicators of the occurrence of fouling. Both were then used as network input, whereas the output was the value of the fouling factor. The importance of this modelling lies in the fact that it enables the operator to continually predict the value of the fouling factor in heat exchangers and it assists him in taking appropriate measures to alleviate fouling effects ensuring thereby continuous operation of the unit and prevention of emergency shut downs.
SIMULATION OF SOIL TEMPERATURE VARIATION FOR GEOTHERMAL APPLICATIONS IAEME Publication
This paper aims to predict ground temperature variation with depth for time variantambient air temperature and solar radiation data for Jamshedpur, India. Fourier series and
CFD techniques have been employed to determine diurnal and annual temperature variationfor the hottest and the coldest day of the year 2015.The diurnal temperature variation is up to
0.2m depth of soil whereas annual temperature variation isupto 3m depth.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Neutron evaporation spectra alongwith γ-multiplicity has been measured from the 185Re* compound nucleus at the excitation energies ~27 and 37 MeV. Statistical model analysis of the experimental data has been carried out to extract the value of the inverse level density parameter k at different angular momentum regions (J) corresponding to different γ-multiplicity. It is observed that, for the present system the value of k remains almost constant for different J. The present results on the angular momentum dependence of the nuclear level density (NLD) parameter ã (=A/k), for nuclei with A ~180 is quite different from our earlier measurements in case of light and medium mass systems. The present analysis provides useful information to understand the angular momentum dependence of NLD at different nuclear mass regions.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
วารสารวิชาการเทคโนโลยีพลังงานและสิ่งแวดล้อม บัณฑิตวิทยาลัย วิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีสยาม
Journal of Energy and Environment Technology of Graduate School Siam Technology College
Entransy Loss and its Application to Atkinson Cycle Performance EvaluationIOSR Journals
Abstract: Based on the concept of the entransy which characterizes heat transfer ability, a new Atkinson cycle
performance evaluation criterion termed the entransy loss is established. Our analysis shows that the maximum
entransy loss leads to the maximum output work, which is the maximum principle of entransy loss in
thermodynamic processes. At the same time, it is found that minimum entropy generation alone could not
describe change of the output work for the Atkinson cycle. The operation parameters are optimized for
evaluating the maximum output work of Atkinson cycle by incorporating maximum entransy loss and minimum
entropy generation when both, entransy loss and entropy generation, are induced by dumping the used streams
into the environment is considered.
Optimization of “T”-Shaped Fins Geometry Using Constructal Theory and “FEA” C...IJERA Editor
This paper reports the geometric (constructal) optimization of T-shaped fin assemblies, where the objective is to maximize the global thermal conductance of the assembly, subject to total volume and fin-material constraints. Assemblies of plate fins are considered. It is shown that every geometric feature of the assembly is delivered by the optimization principle and the constraints. These optimal features are reported in dimensionless terms for this entire class of fin assemblies. Based on the constructal theory by Dr. A Bejan, T-shaped fins are developed for better heat conductance as compared to conventional fins. Now the geometry of this T type of fin contains many geometry parameters which affect the overall conductance of the fin. With the same material constraint and volume constraints optimal geometry ratios has been calculated so as to design the fin for its best performance. With focus to the practical situations and heat flow patterns, it is quite complex to calculate the temperatures on a T-shaped fin. It requires the help of FEA concepts and CAE software to optimize the geometry.
Kinetic Analysis of TL Spectrum of ϒ-IrradiatedSrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ NanophosphorIJLT EMAS
Thermoluminescence is a simple technique for studying
the distribution of artificially created or naturally occurring
point defects. In present work we are reanalyzing the
Thermoluminescence response of Eu2+,Dy3+ doped SrAl2O4
nanophosphor at different irradiation dose of ϒ-rays, in
accordance with new method of analysis. Orders of kinetics for
different glow curves are recalculated. Order of kinetics values
are not same as already reported in literature. As per new model
order of kinetics depends on extent of retrapping and from
reanalysis we can infer that all the reported TL responses of
material under consideration are retrapping dominant process.
Ultrasonic and Volumetric Investigations of -Butyrolactone with Aliphatic Al...IJERA Editor
Densities () and speeds of sound (u) have been determined for the binary liquid mixtures of -butyrolactone (GBL) with 1-propanol (1-Pro), 2-propanol (2-Pro), 1-butanol (1-But) and 2-butanol (2-But) at 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K and entire composition range. From the experimental results, the excess molar volume (VE), and deviation in isentropic compressibility (s) were calculated. The computed properties have been fitted to a Redlich-Kister type polynomial equation to derive binary coefficients and standard deviations.
Investigation of Boiler Performance in a Power PlantAM Publications
In any modern power plant, the efficiency calculation and loss analysis of a boiler are the first steps to maintain and improve the overall power plant efficiency. The efficiency of the boiler was calculated by the losses or indirect method which is more complicated and more accurate than the direct method. The specific objective of this paper is to calculate the efficiency of a boiler and to identify and analyse the losses involved in the boiler. Boiler’s performance deviations were analysed and the causes for these deviations are found. To minimise these deviations the possible remedial measures were found and also aims to suggest methods which would aid in the reduction of the specific fuel consumption and the carbon footprint, apart from calculating the efficiency and analysing the losses involved in a boiler.
Stirling engine performance prediction using schmidt analysis by considering ...eSAT Journals
Abstract A low temperature ratio Stirling engine analysis required for cost effective, less environment harmfulness and more efficient power generation compare to Rankine cycle and Brayton cycle for this temperature ratio. A new and complete model for a Stirling engine has been established. This computerized model predicts the behavior of existing engines reasonably accurately for cases where a quantitative comparison is available. In order to obtain a closed solution suitable for design optimization a simplified model for a Stirling engine has been derived considering different types of losses in this engine. This new model has sufficient accuracy for prediction of the behavior a real engine and its results are quite close to the complete model predictions. Index Terms: Stirling Engine, Schmidt Analysis, Low temperature ratio, Engine Losses, computerized model
Modelling of fouling in heat exchangers using the Artificial Neural Network A...AI Publications
In this paper, modelling by neural networks was used for obtaining a model for the calculation of fouling factors in heat exchangers. The heat exchangers used in this study are a series of four exchangers where a model was obtained for each exchanger after due estimation of its heat load. The basic theme of this paper is the investigation of fouling factors and the determination of relevant indicators followed by combining design and operation factors along with fouling factors in a mathematical model that may be used for the calculation of the fouling factor. The devised model was tested for reliability and its accuracy in predicting new values for the fouling factor was greater than 98% in view of the design of the model Furthermore, the number of elements related to the design and operation was reduced to four developed formulae (developed factors) to which were added later the four factors selected as indicators of the occurrence of fouling. Both were then used as network input, whereas the output was the value of the fouling factor. The importance of this modelling lies in the fact that it enables the operator to continually predict the value of the fouling factor in heat exchangers and it assists him in taking appropriate measures to alleviate fouling effects ensuring thereby continuous operation of the unit and prevention of emergency shut downs.
SIMULATION OF SOIL TEMPERATURE VARIATION FOR GEOTHERMAL APPLICATIONS IAEME Publication
This paper aims to predict ground temperature variation with depth for time variantambient air temperature and solar radiation data for Jamshedpur, India. Fourier series and
CFD techniques have been employed to determine diurnal and annual temperature variationfor the hottest and the coldest day of the year 2015.The diurnal temperature variation is up to
0.2m depth of soil whereas annual temperature variation isupto 3m depth.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Neutron evaporation spectra alongwith γ-multiplicity has been measured from the 185Re* compound nucleus at the excitation energies ~27 and 37 MeV. Statistical model analysis of the experimental data has been carried out to extract the value of the inverse level density parameter k at different angular momentum regions (J) corresponding to different γ-multiplicity. It is observed that, for the present system the value of k remains almost constant for different J. The present results on the angular momentum dependence of the nuclear level density (NLD) parameter ã (=A/k), for nuclei with A ~180 is quite different from our earlier measurements in case of light and medium mass systems. The present analysis provides useful information to understand the angular momentum dependence of NLD at different nuclear mass regions.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and implementation of labview based scada for textile millseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Enhancement of energy efficiency and throughput using csmaca dcf operation fo...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Tiled bitmap algorithm and forensic analysis of data tampering (an evolutiona...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Implementation of a bit error rate tester of a wireless communication system ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Noise reduction in speech processing using improved active noise control (anc...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Mathematical modeling & dynamics study of batch crystallizer for purified...eSAT Journals
Abstract Crystallization is a complex and critical chemical engineering process which is carried out for high purity products in process industry. Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA) is commodity chemical, it is principal raw material mainly used in Polyester industry. During production process of Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA), crystallization process is used to separate crystals from water. Crystalline materials generally have a high degree of purity even when obtained from a relatively impure solution. Control of crystal size distribution (CSD) is an end objective in PTA crystallization process. To fulfill CSD, needs the mathematical model based optimization for PTA unit, developed mathematical model is solved in gPROMS (general PROcess Modeling System).In present work, research achievement are batch crystallization modeling, simulation, optimization & parameter estimation. Within the proposed control strategy, a dynamic optimization is performed to obtain optimal cooling temperature profile of batch crystallizer, maximizing the total volume of seeded crystals. Simulation is implemented to track the resulting optimal temperature profile. Keywords: Purified Terephthalic Acid process, Mathematical model, Batch Crystallizer, simulation, gPROMS
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An Enhance PSO Based Approach for Solving Economical Ordered Quantity (EOQ) P...IJMER
The Meta-heuristic approaches can provide a sufficiently good solution to an
optimization problem, especially with incomplete or imperfect information and with lower
computational complexity especially for numerical solutions. This paper presents an enhanced PSO
(Particle Swarm Optimization) technique for solving the same problem. Through the PSO performs well
but it may require some more iteration to converge or sometimes many repetitions for the complex
problems. To overcome these problems an enhanced PSO is presented which utilizes the PSO with
double chaotic maps to perform irregular velocity updates which forces the particles to search greater
space for best global solution. Finally the comparison between both algorithms is performed for the
EOQ problem considering deteriorating items, shortages and partially backlogging. The simulation
results shows that the proposed enhanced PSO converges quickly and found much closer solution then
PSO.
Applying fuzzy ahp to evaluate the carbon foot print on the workplace in educ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
EXPERIMENTAL IMPLEMENTATION OF EMBARRASINGLY PARALLEL PROCESS IN ANALYSIS OF ...ijesajournal
This paper explains the development of a embedded based parallel system to measure glucose concentration of the blood samples. The developed instrument works on the principle of absorbance transmittance photometry using ATmega32 microcontrollers. In order to handle more blood samples and reduce the response time of glucose analyzing process in large number of blood samples, the embarrassing parallel measurement operation is implemented. The proposed system architecture and the co-design of hardware and software are discussed in detail. The system is evaluated using the
parameters of Speedup Factor, Efficiency and Throughput are studied. The result shows that system attained the linear speedup in measurement of blood samples.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
An improved approach to minimize context switching in round robin scheduling ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A comparative analysis for stabilize the temperature variation of a water bod...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Minimization of performance indices is very effective criteria for real time system. The process basically indicates a stable system.
Now, fixing the temperature in a water body is an important method for practical life where fuzzy logic is appl ied naturally. Here
in this paper we will try to show the method of minimization of error parameter using optimal regulator have equally effects the
fuzzy system for that the system runs towards the stable system.
Keywords - Crisp Set, Fuzzy Set, FLC, Cost Function, HJB Method
Energy and exergy analysis of a 250 mw coal fired thermal power plant at diff...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present investigation exergy and energy efficiencies of a coal fired 250 MW thermal power plant operating in eastern part of India are determined both for 100% and 90% load based on actual operating data. The efficiencies are evaluated for the overall plant as well as for different equipments like boiler, turbine, all feed water heaters and condenser. Similarly effectiveness of the feed water heaters is evaluated for both the loads. Exergy destruction % for each of the equipment are also given for clear understandingof the loss of available energy due to irreversibilities involved in the processes for each equipment and the whole plant. It is observed that a major irreversibility or, exergy destruction takes place at boiler though 1st law energy efficiency is quite high. This signifies that there might have further scope of improvement in this equipment. Similar analyses are carried out for other equipments. The results obtained in present analysis are compared with those of other investigators. Keywords: Energy, Exergy, Efficiency, Effectiveness, Exergy destruction, Power plant
—Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) here is
considered as a nonlinear process. The CSTR is widely used in
many chemical plants. Due to changes in process parameters the
accuracy of final product can be reduced. In order to get accurate
final product the faults developed in CSTR during the chemical
reaction need to be diagnosed. If not, the faults may lead to
degrade the performance of the system. For this purpose there
are various fault diagnosis methods are to be considered. Among
the methods, the neural network predictive controller can be used
to detect faults in CSTR. Servo response is performed to
understand the behavior of CSTR. By detecting various faults
and with suitable control techniques, the accuracy of the
desirable products in CSTR can be improved
Application of ann for ultimate shear strength of fly ash concrete beamseSAT Journals
Abstract
The application of artificial neural networks (ANN) for ultimate shear strength of fly ash concrete beams with transverse
reinforcement is investigated in this paper. An ANN model is built, trained and tested using the available test data of 216 RC beams
collected from the literature also the experimental data of twenty seven fly ash concrete beams under shear. The experimental shear
strength were also compared to those obtained using building codal equations and empirical equations proposed by various
researchers. The ANN model was found to predict satisfactorily when compared to available analytical predictions.
Keywords: Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Building codes, Comparison, Charts, Empirical Equations, Fly ash
Concrete, Shear Strength.
Application of ann for ultimate shear strength of fly ash concrete beamseSAT Journals
Abstract
The application of artificial neural networks (ANN) for ultimate shear strength of fly ash concrete beams with transverse
reinforcement is investigated in this paper. An ANN model is built, trained and tested using the available test data of 216 RC beams
collected from the literature also the experimental data of twenty seven fly ash concrete beams under shear. The experimental shear
strength were also compared to those obtained using building codal equations and empirical equations proposed by various
researchers. The ANN model was found to predict satisfactorily when compared to available analytical predictions.
Keywords: Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Building codes, Comparison, Charts, Empirical Equations, Fly ash
Concrete, Shear Strength.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Autotuning of pid controller for robot arm and magnet levitation planteSAT Journals
Abstract
One of the most essential work of the control engineer is tuning of controller. Majority of the controller used in industry are of the
PID type. An auto tuning is one of the method of controller tuning in which tuning of the parameters of controller is done
automatically and possibly, without any user interaction expect from initiating the operation. Present study emphasis on the relay
based auto tuning of PID controller. An auto-tuning method is implemented based on a relay experiment to determine the ultimate
gain and the ultimate period, with which the PID parameters are obtained using the Ziegler-Nichols tuning rules. An auto tuning
of robot arm model and magnet levitation model are carried out. Performance of relay based auto tuning on the basis of integral
square error is better than artificial neural network.
Keywords: Relay auto tuning, PID, FOPDT, SOPDT, Integral square error.
Advantages of the self organizing controller for high-pressure sterilization ...ISA Interchange
A study of a self-organizing controller is implemented in a way that response to controlled system follows the desired given by the model. The self-organizing controller has proven to be a valuable tool in sterilization equipment in order to verify the capacity of the response to any change in the pressure or temperature. Basically, this type of controller is based on the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) that is a neural network algorithm of unsupervised learning. The new ideas include clustering visualization, interactive training and one-dimension arrays.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparative study of Terminating Newton Iterations: in Solving ODEsIJESM JOURNAL
The paper deals with the numerical solution of IVP’s for systems of stiff ODE’s with particular emphasis on implicit linear multistep methods (LMM), particularly the backward differentiation formulae (BDF). In thispaper we investigate the current strategies that are used to terminate the Newton iterations in the Matlab Code ode15s.We analyse the algorithms for terminating the Newton iterations as implemented in the code ode15s. We conductnumerical experiments to investigate the levels of usage of each strategy in solving various test problems. The experiments reveal the displacement test is oftenmore stringent that other termination strategies
Similar to Atenolol epoxide reaction data analysis in batch reactor (20)
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Atenolol epoxide reaction data analysis in batch reactor
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 06 | Jun-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 363
ATENOLOL EPOXIDE REACTION DATA ANALYSIS IN BATCH
REACTOR
Pooja.K.Jadhav1
, Rashmi.S.Deshpande2
1
M.E student, Chemical Department, Sinhgad College of Engineering, Maharashtra, India
2
Asst. Professor, Chemical Department, Sinhgad College of Engineering, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
In this paper Integral method of analysis of data for Batch reactor is used to find the rate and order of reaction of Atenolol
epoxide. The integral method is useful for fitting simple chemical reactions. This method puts a particular rate equation to test by
integrating and comparing the predicted C versus t curve with experimental C versus t data. If the fit is unsatisfactory, another
rate equation is tested. The key raw materials required to produce Atenolol epoxide are Parahydroxyphenylacetamide (PHPA)
and Epichlorohydrine (EPH). Firstly, the order and rate with respect to reactant i.e. PHPA is tested and then overall order and
rate of equation is evaluated with Integral method of analysis of data. The integrated rate law depends on the kinetics. Since the
reaction is being carried out in a batch reactor, the volume of reactor is assumed constant throughout the reaction. The
theoretical and actual rates of reaction are then compared for various concentrations of reactant.
Keywords: Batch reactor, Irreversible bimolecular-type second order reaction, Theoretical rate constant, Integral
method of analysis, Experimental rate.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. ATENOLOL EPOXIDE
Atenolol Epoxide is produced by condensing PHPA and
EPH, the reaction is being carried out in a one litre, 3
mouthed round bottom flask at isothermal conditions and
with constant stirring [1].
PHPA + EPH ATENOLOL EPOXIDE
Concentrations versus time data are obtained for reactants
and integrated method for finding the rate law are checked
for first and second order reactions.
2. COMPARISON BETWEEN THEORETICAL
AND ACTUAL RATE, FOR CHANGE IN
CONCENTRATION DATA
Various batches with change in concentration of key
reactant PHPA were carried out and their order and rate of
reaction was calculated. Further the theoretical rate was
calculated and experimental rate was found by integral
method of analysis data.[2]
3. FOR 60 GM PHPA BATCH
3.1 Overall Order
Overall order is sum of order with respect to each reactant,
i.e. sum of orders of both the reactants[2]. Both reactants are
first order therefore, overall order is second order, which can
be proved with integral method of analysis.
Plot a graph of lnCB/CA vs time and ln CBCA0/CACB0 vs
time.[2]
Table -1: lnCB/CA data
Time(hours) CA in
moles/liter
CB in
moles/liter
lnCB/CA
0 0.6622 1.1166 0.5224
2 0.5764 1.03098 0.5814
4 0.4543 0.9088 0.6933
6 0.368 0.828 0.8109
8 0.191 0.6455 1.2177
Chart -1: lnCB/CA vs t
From graph it can be seen that, slope= (CB0-CA0)k=0.186,
value of k can be calculated, k=0.409 L/molhr.[3]
-rA=0.409 CACB (1)
Therefore, straight line in graph proves that the
concentration vs time data fits to second order kinetics.
y = 0.186x
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 5 10
lnCB/CA vs t
Linear
(lnCB/CA)
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 06 | Jun-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 364
3.2 Theoretical rate
−𝑟𝐴 = −
𝑑𝐶𝐴
𝑑𝑡
= −
(0.191 − 0.6622)
(8 − 0)
= 0.0589 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿ℎ𝑟
0.0589 = 𝑘𝑡ℎ 𝐶𝐴 𝐶 𝐵
Where 𝑘𝑡ℎ =theoretical rate constant
0.0589 = 𝑘𝑡ℎ 0.4266 0.8858
𝑘𝑡ℎ = 0.156 𝐿/𝑚𝑜𝑙ℎ𝑟
Calculating theoretical rates at various time during reaction.
At 0 hr
−𝑟1 = 0.156 0.662 1.1166 = 0.1153 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿ℎ𝑟
At 2 hr
−𝑟2 = 0.156 0.576 1.0309 = 0.09269 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿ℎ𝑟
At 4 hr
−𝑟3 = 0.156 0.4543 0.9088 = 0.0644 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿ℎ𝑟
At 6 hr
−𝑟4 = 0.156 0.368 0.828 = 0.0475 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿ℎ𝑟
At 8 hr
−𝑟5 = 0.156 0.191 0.6455 = 0.0192 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿ℎ𝑟
3.3 Actual Rate or Experimental Rate
From graph
−𝑟𝐴 = 0.409 𝐶𝐴 𝐶 𝐵
𝑘 𝑒𝑥 = 0.409
𝐿
𝑚𝑜𝑙ℎ𝑟
Where kex= experimental rate constant
Calculating experimental rates at various time during
reaction[3]
At 0 hr
𝑟1 = 0.409 0.662 1.1166 = 0.303 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿ℎ𝑟
At 2 hr
−𝑟2 = 0.409 0.576 1.0309 = 0.2430 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿ℎ𝑟
At 4 hr
−𝑟3 = 0.409 0.4543 0.9088 = 0.1688 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿ℎ𝑟
At 6 hr
−𝑟4 = 0.409 0.368 0.828 = 0.1246 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿ℎ𝑟
At 8 hr
−𝑟5 = 0.409 0.191 0.6455 = 0.05042 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿ℎ𝑟
Table-2: Comparison between theoretical and experimental
rate
Time (hr) Theoretical rate
(mol/Lhr)
Experimental rate
(mol/Lhr)
0 0.1153 0.303
2 0.0926 0.2430
4 0.0644 0.1688
6 0.0475 0.1246
8 0.0192 0.05042
4. FOR 50 GM PHPA BATCH
4.1 Overall Order
Overall order is sum of order with respect to each reactant,
i.e. sum of orders of both the reactants[4]. Both reactants are
first order therefore; overall order is second order, which
can be proved with integral method of analysis.
Plot a graph of lnCB/CA vs time and ln CBCA0/CACB0 vs
time.
Table -3: lnCB/CA and ln CBCA0/CACB0 data
Time(hours) CA in
moles/liter
CB in
moles/liter
lnCB/CA
0 0.5518 1.11660 0.70472
2 0.3297 0.89450 0.99808
4 0.2466 0.81142 0.19101
6 0.0682 0.63305 2.22722
8 0.00424 0.56903 4.89937
Chart -2: lnCB/CA vs t
From graph it can be seen that slope= (CB0-CA0)k=0.555,
value of k can be calculated, k=0.982L/molhr.[4]
-rA=0.982 CACB (2)
Therefore, straight line in graph proves that the
concentration vs time data fits to second order kinetics.
4.2 Theoretical Rate
−𝑟𝐴 = −
𝑑𝐶𝐴
𝑑𝑡
= −
(0.00424 − 0.551)
(8 − 0)
= 0.06844 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿ℎ𝑟
y = 0.555x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 5 10
lnCB/CA vs t
Linear
(lnCB/CA)
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 06 | Jun-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 365
0.06844 = 𝑘𝑡ℎ 𝐶𝐴 𝐶 𝐵
Where 𝑘𝑡ℎ =theoretical rate constant
0.06844 = 𝑘𝑡ℎ 0.278 0.8428
𝑘𝑡ℎ = 0.2921 𝐿/𝑚𝑜𝑙ℎ𝑟
Calculating theoretical rates at various time during reaction.
4.3 Actual Rate or Experimental Rate
From graph
−𝑟𝐴 = 0.982 𝐶𝐴 𝐶 𝐵
𝑘 𝑒𝑥 = 0.982
𝐿
𝑚𝑜𝑙ℎ𝑟
Where kex= experimental rate constant
Calculating experimental rates at various time during
reaction.[5]
Table-4: Comparison between theoretical and experimental
rates
Time (hr) Theoretical rate
(mol/Lhr)
Experimental rate
(mol/Lhr)
0 0.1799 0.605
2 0.0861 0.2896
4 0.0584 0.1964
6 0.0126 0.0424
8 0.0007 0.0023
5. FOR 40 GM PHPA BATCH
5.1 Overall Order
Overall order is sum of order with respect to each reactant,
i.e. sum of orders of both the reactants[6]. Both reactants are
first order therefore; overall order is second order, which
can be proved with integral method of analysis.
Plot a graph of lnCB/CA vs time and ln CBCA0/CACB0 vs
time.
Table-5: lnCB/CA and ln CBCA0/CACB0 data
Time(hou
rs)
CA in
moles/lit
er
CB in
moles/lit
er
lnCB/CA ln(CBCA0
/CACB0)
0 0.4420 1.1166 0.926734 0
2 0.2268 0.9019 1.380435 0.453701
4 0.0927 0.7689 2.115592 1.188859
6 0.0871 0.763 2.170201 1.243467
8 0.0130 0.688 3.968839 3.042106
Chart -3: lnCB/CA vs t
From both graphs we can see slope= (CB0-CA0)k=0.313,
value of k can be calculated, k=0.464 L/molhr.[7]
-rA=0.464 CACB (3)
Therefore, straight line in both graphs proves that the
concentration vs time data fits to second order kinetics.
5.2 Theoretical Rate
−𝑟𝐴 = −
𝑑𝐶𝐴
𝑑𝑡
= −
(0.0130 − 0.4420)
(8 − 0)
= 0.0536 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿ℎ𝑟
0.0536 = 𝑘𝑡ℎ 𝐶𝐴 𝐶 𝐵
Where 𝑘𝑡ℎ =theoretical rate constant
0.0536 = 𝑘𝑡ℎ 0.2275 0.9023
𝑘𝑡ℎ = 0.2612 𝐿/𝑚𝑜𝑙ℎ𝑟
Calculating theoretical rates at various time during reaction.
5.3 Actual Rate or Experimental Rate
From graph
−𝑟𝐴 = 0.464 𝐶𝐴 𝐶 𝐵
𝑘 𝑒𝑥 = 0.464
𝐿
𝑚𝑜𝑙ℎ𝑟
Where kex= experimental rate constant
Calculating experimental rates at various time during
reaction.[8]
Table-6: Comparison between theoretical and experimental
rates
Time (hr) Theoretical rate
(mol/Lhr)
Experimental rate
(mol/Lhr)
0 0.1289 0.2291
2 0.0534 0.0949
4 0.0186 0.0331
y = 0.313x + 0.777
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 5 10
lnCB/CA vs t
lnCB/CA
Linear
(lnCB/CA)
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 06 | Jun-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 366
6 0.0173 0.0308
8 0.0023 0.0042
6. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Overall order of reaction is second order, proved using
integral method of analysis. This method is also used to find
the overall rate equation and the value of rate constant. The
reaction of Atenolol epoxide is a homogeneous reaction
with no catalyst used. The concentrations versus time data
are used to find the order of reaction.Comparison of
theoretical and experimental rates is done. Concentration of
reactant decreases as reaction proceeds with time. Effect of
concentration of reactant is studied by varying the
concentrations of PHPA. The batch with 60 gm PHPA used
shows that the reactant remains unreacted as compared to 50
gm batch.
7. ABBREVIATIONS AND NOMENCLATURE
PHPA- Parahydroxyphenylacetamide
EPH- Epichlorohydrine
CA0-Initial concentration of reactant A
CB0- Initial concentration of reactant B
CA- Concentration of A
CB- Concentration of B
XA- Fractional Conversion of A
ri- Reaction rate of component i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
At this moment of accomplishment, I pay thanks to my
guide, Prof. Rashmi. S. Deshpande, Chemical Engineering
Department, Sinhgad college of Engineering, Vadgaon (BK)
,Pune 41. This work would not have been possible without
her valuable guidance, support and encouragement. Under
her guidance I successfully overcame many difficulties and
learned a lot. Her energy and clear way of thinking were the
driving force for me at all stages.
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