This document discusses how web cache proxy servers can improve response time for end users. It explains that a web cache proxy server stores recently accessed web objects to reduce the number of requests sent to origin servers. When a cached object is requested, the proxy server can return it directly, improving response time compared to fetching it from the origin server. The document cites a study that found using a caching proxy reduced average response times by 0.9 seconds without persistent connections and 1.7 seconds with persistent connections.
Covert Timing Channels using HTTP Cache HeadersDenis Kolegov
In this presentation covert timing channels using HTTP cache headers are described. Peculiarities of programming implementation of the covert channels depending on HTTP cache headers, threat model, programming language (C, JavaScript, Python, Ruby) and environment (web-browser, malicious software) are considered. The basic characteristics of the implemented covert channels are provided. Module and extension implementing ETag-based covert timing channels that were implemented in BeEF framework are discussed.
This documentation details the design of a Distributed Web content caching system in a LAN, using the SDN OpenFlow model. This system was successfully implemented on GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) to test the performance improvements.
This distributed web-caching helps reduce access delays of frequently requested web content (web pages, files - pdfs, images,etc.) within the LAN by more than 50% compared to a LAN without this caching system. Further, this model helps in reducing load on the access links as every repeated request need not be fetched from the main server located in some other geographical area.
The distribution of caching servers in the LAN aim at load balancing the requests and also tackle the issue of single point of failure as in a centralized caching system.
A SURVEY ON WEB PRE-FETCHING AND WEB CACHING TECHNIQUES IN A MOBILE ENVIRONMENTcscpconf
As the Internet continues to grow in size and popularity, web traffic and network bottlenecks are
major issues in the network world. The continued increase in demand for objects on the Internet
causes severe overloading in many sites and network links. Many users have no patience in
waiting more than few seconds for downloading a web page. Web traffic reduction techniques
are necessary for accessing the web sites efficiently with the facility of existing network. Web
pre-fetching techniques and web caching reduces the web latency that we face on the internet
today. This paper describes about the various prefetching and caching techniques, how they
predict the web object to be pre-fetched and what are the issues challenges involved when these techniques are applied to a mobile environment.
Covert Timing Channels using HTTP Cache HeadersDenis Kolegov
In this presentation covert timing channels using HTTP cache headers are described. Peculiarities of programming implementation of the covert channels depending on HTTP cache headers, threat model, programming language (C, JavaScript, Python, Ruby) and environment (web-browser, malicious software) are considered. The basic characteristics of the implemented covert channels are provided. Module and extension implementing ETag-based covert timing channels that were implemented in BeEF framework are discussed.
This documentation details the design of a Distributed Web content caching system in a LAN, using the SDN OpenFlow model. This system was successfully implemented on GENI (Global Environment for Network Innovations) to test the performance improvements.
This distributed web-caching helps reduce access delays of frequently requested web content (web pages, files - pdfs, images,etc.) within the LAN by more than 50% compared to a LAN without this caching system. Further, this model helps in reducing load on the access links as every repeated request need not be fetched from the main server located in some other geographical area.
The distribution of caching servers in the LAN aim at load balancing the requests and also tackle the issue of single point of failure as in a centralized caching system.
A SURVEY ON WEB PRE-FETCHING AND WEB CACHING TECHNIQUES IN A MOBILE ENVIRONMENTcscpconf
As the Internet continues to grow in size and popularity, web traffic and network bottlenecks are
major issues in the network world. The continued increase in demand for objects on the Internet
causes severe overloading in many sites and network links. Many users have no patience in
waiting more than few seconds for downloading a web page. Web traffic reduction techniques
are necessary for accessing the web sites efficiently with the facility of existing network. Web
pre-fetching techniques and web caching reduces the web latency that we face on the internet
today. This paper describes about the various prefetching and caching techniques, how they
predict the web object to be pre-fetched and what are the issues challenges involved when these techniques are applied to a mobile environment.
Based on the Star Wars theme, this session focuses on how Java EE 7 provides an extensive set of new and enhanced features to support standards such as HTML5, WebSocket, and Server-sent events, among others. The session shows how these new features are designed and matched to work together for developing lightweight solutions matching end users’ high expectations for Web application responsiveness. It covers best practices and design patterns associating the technologies with analogies from Star Wars. So join me in this fun filled talk where technology meets science and innovation..
May the force be with you!
Overview of what's going on in the HTTP world. This is the latest version of a talk I've given in the past at Google, Bell Labs and QCon San Francisco.
A COMPARISON OF CACHE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHMS FOR VIDEO SERVICESijcsit
The increasing demand for video services has made video caching a necessity to decrease download times
and reduce Internet traffic. In addition, it is very important to store the right content at the right time in
caches to make effective use of caching. An informative decision has to be made as to which videos are to
be evicted from the cache in case of cache saturation. Therefore, the best cache replacement algorithm is
the algorithm which dynamically selects a suitable subset of videos for caching, and maximizes the cache
hit ratio by attempting to cache the videos which are most likely to be referenced in the future. In this paper
we study the most popular cache replacement algorithms (OPT, CC, QC, LRU-2, LRU, LFU and FIFO)
which are currently used in video caching. We use simulations to evaluate and compare these algorithms
using video popularities that follow a Zipf distribution. We consider different cache sizes and video request
rates. Our results show that the CC algorithm achieves the largest hit ratio and performs well even under
small cache sizes. On the other hand, the FIFO algorithm has the smallest hit ratio among all algorithms.
Challenges behind the scenes of the large Swiss e-Commerce shop apfelkiste.ch...nine
Challenges behind the scenes of the large Swiss e-Commerce shop apfelkiste.ch and the role of CloudFlare - Sven Härtwig, CTO narf-studios GmbH
Full video recording of the Talk: https://youtu.be/PlQhYAzYx3M
Based on the Star Wars theme, this session focuses on how Java EE 7 provides an extensive set of new and enhanced features to support standards such as HTML5, WebSocket, and Server-sent events, among others. The session shows how these new features are designed and matched to work together for developing lightweight solutions matching end users’ high expectations for Web application responsiveness. It covers best practices and design patterns associating the technologies with analogies from Star Wars. So join me in this fun filled talk where technology meets science and innovation..
May the force be with you!
Overview of what's going on in the HTTP world. This is the latest version of a talk I've given in the past at Google, Bell Labs and QCon San Francisco.
A COMPARISON OF CACHE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHMS FOR VIDEO SERVICESijcsit
The increasing demand for video services has made video caching a necessity to decrease download times
and reduce Internet traffic. In addition, it is very important to store the right content at the right time in
caches to make effective use of caching. An informative decision has to be made as to which videos are to
be evicted from the cache in case of cache saturation. Therefore, the best cache replacement algorithm is
the algorithm which dynamically selects a suitable subset of videos for caching, and maximizes the cache
hit ratio by attempting to cache the videos which are most likely to be referenced in the future. In this paper
we study the most popular cache replacement algorithms (OPT, CC, QC, LRU-2, LRU, LFU and FIFO)
which are currently used in video caching. We use simulations to evaluate and compare these algorithms
using video popularities that follow a Zipf distribution. We consider different cache sizes and video request
rates. Our results show that the CC algorithm achieves the largest hit ratio and performs well even under
small cache sizes. On the other hand, the FIFO algorithm has the smallest hit ratio among all algorithms.
Challenges behind the scenes of the large Swiss e-Commerce shop apfelkiste.ch...nine
Challenges behind the scenes of the large Swiss e-Commerce shop apfelkiste.ch and the role of CloudFlare - Sven Härtwig, CTO narf-studios GmbH
Full video recording of the Talk: https://youtu.be/PlQhYAzYx3M
Socialondemand newsondemand purechannelapps_2014Chris May
purechannelapps Limited delivers innovative, revolutionary and channel-focused web- and app-based solutions that help vendors – be it hardware manufacturers, software editors or other suppliers – better influence and collaborate with their channel partners and intermediaries.
socialondemand is a revolutionary patent-pending web-based tool from purechannelapps™ that enables vendors to seamlessly deliver social media content to end-users via their channel partners’ social media presence.
kansen en knelpunten boven 't Y winkelcentrum Amsterdam-Noord carlaschroder
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Corporate training - Mind Programming - Kushalta AcademyJohn Bhatt
Kushalta Academy is a venture of LSTT offering professional and life enhancing skill development courses to needy under government schemes. Mind Programming is one of main skill training of Kushalta Academy.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Implementing a Caching Scheme for Media Streaming in a Proxy ServerAbdelrahman Hosny
In the past few years, websites have moved from being
static web pages into rich media applications that use audio,
images and videos heavily in their interaction with users. This
change has made a dramatic change in network traffics
nowadays. Organizations spend a lot of effort, time and money
to improve response time and design intermediary systems that
enhance overall user experience. Media traffic represents
about 69.9-88.8% of all traffic. Therefore, enhancing networks
to accommodate this large traffic is a major trend. Content
Distribution Networks (CDNs) are now largely deployed for a
faster delivery of media. Redundancy and caching are also
implemented to decrease response time.
In this project, we are implementing a caching scheme for
media streaming in a proxy server. Unlike CDNs, which
require huge infrastructure, our caching proxy server will be
as simple as a piece of software that is portable and can be
installed in small as well as large scales. It may be deployed in
a university network, company’s private network or on ISPs
servers. This caching scheme, specially tailored for media
streaming, will reduce traffic and enhance network efficiency
in general.
Index Terms – Proxy servers, Caching, Media streaming
Enhancing proxy based web caching system using clustering based pre fetching ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Techno...ijcseit
In this paper, we focuses on caching and replication algorithm for content distribution in peer to peer
networks. Caching and replication is a key strategy for improve the reliability, availability, and
performance in peer to peer networks. This paper gives a brief introduction to caching, replication and
various algorithms have been discussed and a detailed study has been performed. The comparison table
shows it clearly that an algorithm satisfies the caching and replication requirement.
Survey on caching and replication algorithm for content distribution in peer ...ijcseit
In this paper, we focuses on caching and replication algorithm for content distribution in peer to peer
networks. Caching and replication is a key strategy for improve the reliability, availability, and
performance in peer to peer networks. This paper gives a brief introduction to caching, replication and
various algorithms have been discussed and a detailed study has been performed. The comparison table
shows it clearly that an algorithm satisfies the caching and replication requirement.
Enhanced Dynamic Web Caching: For Scalability & Metadata ManagementDeepak Bagga
Abstract: These days web caching suffers from many problems like scalability, robustness, metadata management etc. These problems degrade the performance of the network and can also create frustrating situations for the clients. This paper discusses several web caching schemes such as Distributed Web Caching (DWC), Distributed Web Caching with Clustering (DWCC), Robust Distributed Web Caching (RDWC), Distributed Web Caching for Robustness, Low latency & Disconnection Handling (DWCRLD). Clustering improves the retrieval latency and also helps to provide load balancing in distributed environment. But this cannot ensure the scalability issues, easy handling of frequent disconnections of proxy servers and metadata management issues in the network. This paper presents a strategy that enhances the clustering scheme to provide scalability even if size of the cluster grows, easy handling of frequent disconnections of proxy servers and a structure for proper management of cluster’s metadata. Then a comparative table is given that shows its comparison with these schemes.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Reducing download time through mirror serverseSAT Journals
Abstract Downloading large files on internet is very time consuming and usually slow process. As internet is expanding and the size of data on internet is also become larger the user is in need of the download approach which reduces the download time. Parallelization can be the motivation in the direction to download time reduction. The most reliable protocol which is most widely used is File Transfer Protocol. On internet files are replicated on number of servers. These duplicate servers are called Mirror servers which are designed to provide reliability and increase availability. In traditional FTP the client tries to download a file from the single servers. The selection of server is done on the basis of distance. Generally the server which is geographically closest to the client is selected for file download. Parallel FTP proposes simultaneous downloads of disjoint file portion from multiple servers. Parallel FTP server selects file server for the requesting client on the basis of variety of QoS parameter such as Available Bandwidth and Server Utilization. We perform a simulation based comparative study between Traditional FTP and Parallel FTP. In our approach we also tried to add some more QoS parameter which are Hop Counts and Delay. The file download time is inversely proportional to number of hops and directly proportional to idleness of servers. The simulation is done on Network Simulator -2. Index Terms: Hop Counts, Protocol, Delay, Mirror Server, Replication
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
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Data replication is generally used for increasing
accessibility, availability, performance and scalability
of database systems. For implementing data replication mechanisms, we encounter with some consistency
problems.One of the important problems for implementing data replication mechanism is consistency. In this paper,
the performance tradeoffs of consistency models for semi-active data replication protocol in distributed systems
are analyzed.A brief deliberation about consistency models in data replication is shown.Research on how client-centric guarantees relate to data-centric models is discussed.How guaranteeing conditions of data -centric consistency models and client-centric consistency models is provided, is also analyzed.Analysis of the consistency models guarantee in terms of multi-client and single
client for the semi-active data replication protocol without failure and leader death is presented. The experimental results show that semi-active data replication protocol is appropriate for distributed systemsby multi- client replication such as web services.
Analysis of quality of service in cloud storage systemsijfcstjournal
Cloud storage is a system composed of multiple computers that cooperate to optimally save lots of files.
Due to a file or server failure in this system, the service may be stopped and users may get no response from the system.In this paper, we analyze how to apply quality of service in cloud storage systems to improve fault tolerance and availability.
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This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
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Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
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UOW-Caching and new ways to improve response time (Paper)
1. Caching and New Ways to Improve Response Time
Guson Kuntarto (2636177)
Abstract
This essay will be focused on how a web cache proxy server work that can improve the
end-user response time. To justify there is a significant improvement using a web cache
proxy server, an example from recent study about web caching technology will be used.
This is done by comparing the mean of response times that using a web cache and
without using a web cache.
1. Introduction
In the past few years, Internet usage especially World Wide Web (www) has been
increased exponentially [3]. This forces Internet service providers (ISP) to provide
bandwidth in order to satisfy the end-users. Because often end-users request large amount
of files from servers and send them over the Internet, without enough bandwidth that
available on the network the traffic congestion may be happened. Moreover, it may lead
to the increasing number of response times from end-users perspective. In other words,
end-users tend to wait a bit longer to be able to get information that they needed.
Alternatively, implementing a web cache proxy server could be a better solution.
Configurationally, it is placed between the Internet and the end-users that act to provide
services between end-users and the Internet by reducing the number of requests sent
across the Internet to the origin servers [1]. So, it has to provide a large amount of
dedicated temporary storage to serve users. In addition, it must contain an up-to-date data
or fresh data from the popular web sites that frequently accessed by end-users [1]. By
implementing a web cache proxy server Internet bandwidth usage can be saved and the
end-user response time can be reduced [1].
In the second section of this essay will be explained caching technology terminology. In
third section, it will explain how the web cache proxy server works. Then, some
1
2. examples regarding to response time will be presented and compared in the section four.
Finally, conclusion will be drawn in the last section.
2. Terminology
“Cache” means to store of recent retrieved information for further reference [2]. Thus, a
web cache is a collection of locally stored of web objects such as web pages, embedded
and other types of digital objects retrieved over the Internet using the hypertext protocol
(HTTP) [1] [5]. It is maintained by a web browser and used for a private or not shared
[2]. Whereas, a web cache proxy server is essentially a shared web cache. A cache’s
program running on a dedicated server that archives and returns documents frequently
requested by a group of web clients such as squid [5].
Response time can be defined as the amount of latency that the end-user experiences
when requesting a web objects. This measurement starts when the web browser initiates a
request and completes when the server responds with the data [1].
3. How does the web cache proxy server work?
3.1. A web cache proxy server topology
Computer
Computer
PROXY ORIGIN
SERVER SERVER
Computer
Internal
Network
Figure 3.1 – A simple topology of web cache proxy server
The web cache proxy server usually placed between the internal network and Internet as
it seen on figure 3.1. It plays important rules to copy a web objects close to the users and
maintain the freshness of the web object, so that user do not have to get the objects from
the origin servers [5]. By returning local copies of objects whenever possible, a caching
2
3. proxy can improve response times; reduce network traffic and the effective bandwidth
available to end-users [5]. Caching proxies typically implement a cache replacement
policy including Least Recently Used (LRU), Least Frequently Used (LFU), and Hyper-
G to determine when web objects have to be removed from their archive [3][5].
Basically, LRU policy works to remove the documents that have not been accessed for
the longest time whereas LFU policy acts to delete the documents that are least frequently
asked by end-users [4]. Finally, Hyper-G performs by removing the documents, which
are LFU, and if it is found there are two items that have identical LFU, then it will delete
the one that is LRU. And if it is found two documents that have identical LFU and LRU,
Hyper-G policy will perform task to remove one that is larger [4].
3.2. Scenario of web cache proxy server
WEB CACHE
PROXY SERVER
Request Cache Miss
CLIENT
WEB SERVER
Cache Hit Store/ access History
CACHE VERSIONING
Figure 3.2 – scenario of web cache proxy server [6]
There are three scenarios that involve in web caching technology, including: cache-hit,
and cache-miss. Cache hit happen when the request from the users found the fresh copy
of data on the cache and sends it directly to the users [2]. Whereas, cache-miss happen
when the request from the users could not find the fresh copy of data that is requested on
the cache. The next task is proxy server will get the copy from the origin server, save it
on the cache for further usage and send it to the users [2]. From user perspective, as a
result of cache-hit, the response time is faster than when cache-miss is happened, because
when the cache-miss happened the proxy server has to perform task to find the fresh data
to origin server and send it to the users.
3
4. 3.3. Web caching technique
The problem that would be faced in web cache technology is the cache interconnected to
the other cache. The web caching technique has been introduced including: Internet
Cache Protocol (ICP) and Cache Array Routing Protocol (CARP) [4]. ICP performs
using three basic messages: ICP Query, ICP_HIT and ICP_MISS for inter-cache
communication between cache and cache [4]. CARP performs HASH function to maps
string into integer [4]. By performing CARP, mirroring effect that occurs in ICP can be
solved [4].
4. Response time comparison
Figure 3.3 – Graphic cumulative distribution of request versus response time [7]
Recent study about web caching technology by Davison [7] uses NCS (Network Cache
Simulator) as a tool to get the response time accurately has been done. The experiment
was using a model simple topology of web cache proxy server, where the server attached
to the Internet with bandwidth 1,544 Mbps (T1) and the network latency is equal to 50
ms second, and 30 ms per-request overhead, whereas the client is connected to bandwidth
27,4 kbps with 200 ms of latency and requested 10000 Byte of files shows that in non-
persistence connection, the mean of response time without using a web cache proxy
server was equal to 5.5 second and with using a web cache proxy server the mean of
response time equal to 4.6 second [7]. This means there is a significant improvement that
equal to 0.9 second of response time using a web cache proxy server as it shows on the
figure 3.3. In addition, using persistent connections improves the mean of response time
in the condition where a web cache not in used drop to 5.1 second whereas with a web
4
5. cache the mean of response time drops to 2.4 second [7]. This means there is a significant
improvement that equal to 1.7 second of response time using a web cache proxy server in
persistent condition. Thus, using a web cache proxy will improve response time
significantly.
5. Conclusion
In conclusion, implementing a web proxy server is essential as it can reduce response
time. This because a web proxy server serves the client by placing a popular copy of web
objects as near as possible to the users. So, every time user requests data to the proxy
using protocol HTTP, proxy servers can response immediately.
Reference:
[1] IMimic, 2001, “A primer on web caching technology and benefits”, p. 1- 5, [Online]
Available: http://www.imimic.com/documents/WPBackgroundTechBenefits.pdf accessed:
04/04/2005.
[2] Dutkiewicz E., 2005, “3rd Week lecture materials of content servers and caching
technologies”, School of Electrical, Computer, and Telecommunication Engineering, University
of Wollongong, p. 4- 40.
[3] Dutkiewicz E., 2005, “4th Week lecture materials of content servers and caching
technologies”, School of Electrical, Computer, and Telecommunication Engineering, University
of Wollongong, p. 4- 40.
[4] Wooster R. P., 1996, “Optimizing response time, rather than hit rates of www proxy caches, ”
(Master of Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University), [Online] Available:
http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd34131420119653540/unrestricted/etd.pdf accessed:
04/07/2005.
[5] Powell J., 1997, “Web Caching: questions and answers,” p. 1- 3, [Online] Available:
http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/digilib/reports/dlcachetalk.pdf accessed: 04/07/2005.
[6] Yang J. and Li X, 2000, “Pachyderm: The web proxy that never forgets,” p. 1- 12, [Online]
Available: www.cs.wisc.edu/~junfengy/submit/Pachyderm.pdf accessed: 04/06/2005.
[7] Davison B. D., 2001, “NCS: Network and cache simulator An Introduction’, p. 1- 13, [Online]
Available: http://www.cse.lehigh.edu/~brian/pubs/2001/dcs-tr-444/dcs-tr-444.pdf accessed:
04/07/2005
5