Recombinant DNA technology allows DNA from different species to be isolated, cut, spliced together, and multiplied. This produces recombinant molecules with DNA from different sources. Key steps include generating DNA fragments, inserting a fragment into a cloning vector, and introducing the recombinant vector into a host cell for expression. Restriction enzymes are important tools that cut DNA at specific recognition sequences. Common vectors used include plasmids, bacteriophages, and artificial chromosomes in bacteria or yeast. DNA ligase joins DNA strands together, facilitating recombination. Applications include pharmaceuticals, disease diagnosis, forensics, agriculture, and more.
These slides give you detailed information about Recombinant DNA Technology in simple words. Do read it, these points will help you while studying this topic.
Now a day's these technique is tremendously use for in lab by using foreign Dna to to producing insulin in bacteria , plant with high yielding capacity by using Gene from another species
These slides give you detailed information about Recombinant DNA Technology in simple words. Do read it, these points will help you while studying this topic.
Now a day's these technique is tremendously use for in lab by using foreign Dna to to producing insulin in bacteria , plant with high yielding capacity by using Gene from another species
Introduction to RDT methods in genetic engineeringCollege
This presentation gives a small review about the RDT based methods used generally in genetic engineering. This presentation include various images about the technique, which will help the user in understanding the concepts easily.
Recombinant DNA technology AS PCI SYLLABUSShikha Popali
THE DNA RECOMBINANT TECHNOLOGY, THIS PRESENTATION INCLUDES THE GOALS OF THESE TECHNOLOGY, RDNA, ISOLATION OF DNA, CUTTING OF DNA, RESTRICTION ENZYMES AND ITS TYPES, AMPLIFICATION OF RECOMBINANT DNA, ENZYMES USED, HOST CELLS OF IR AND VECTORS USED; PLASMID VARIOUS VECTORS
Introduction to RDT methods in genetic engineeringCollege
This presentation gives a small review about the RDT based methods used generally in genetic engineering. This presentation include various images about the technique, which will help the user in understanding the concepts easily.
Recombinant DNA technology AS PCI SYLLABUSShikha Popali
THE DNA RECOMBINANT TECHNOLOGY, THIS PRESENTATION INCLUDES THE GOALS OF THESE TECHNOLOGY, RDNA, ISOLATION OF DNA, CUTTING OF DNA, RESTRICTION ENZYMES AND ITS TYPES, AMPLIFICATION OF RECOMBINANT DNA, ENZYMES USED, HOST CELLS OF IR AND VECTORS USED; PLASMID VARIOUS VECTORS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
2. Recombinant DNA Technology
• Recombinant DNA technology procedures by which
DNA from different species can be isolated, cut and
spliced together --new "recombinant "molecules are
then multiplied in quantity in populations of rapidly
dividing cells. for example DNA comprising
ananimal gene may be recombined with DNA from a
bacterium.
• Exa – Humulin.
3. Discovery of recombinant DNA
technology
Discovery of DNA structure Watson & Crick in 1953
Isolation of DNA ligase in 1967
Isolation of REase in 1970
Paul Berg generated rDNA technology in 1972
Cohen & Boyer in 1973 produced first plasmid vector
capable of being replicated within a bacterial host
5. Continued…
Expression of the gene to produce the desired product.
Multiplication & selection of clones containing the recombinant molecules.
Introduction of the recombinant vectors into host cells.
Insertion of the selected DNA into a cloning vector to create a rDNA or
chimeric DNA.
Generation of DNA fragments & selection of the desired piece of DNA.
6. Host cell
• Living systems or cells in which the rDNA molecule or
vector can be propogated.
• Micro- organisms are preferred because they multiply
faster .
• Exa- E. coli
7. Restriction enzymes/molecular Scissors
• Key tool in rDNA technology.
• Cut the DNA at specific locations.
• Protect the host bacterial DNA from DNA of foreign
organism.
8.
9. 1. Cleavage Pattern
• Some restriction endonucleases make staggered cuts
on the two DNA strands, leaving two to four
nucleotides of one strand unpaired at each resulting
end. These unpaired strands are referred to as sticky
ends.
• Other restriction endonucleases cleave both strands of
DNA at the opposing phosphodiester bonds, leaving
no unpaired bases on the ends, often called blunt
ends.
• DNA fragments with sticky ends are particularly
useful for rDNA experiments.
10. 2.Recognition Sequence
• Recognition sequence is the site where the DNA is cut
by a restriction enzmye.
• Restriction endonucleases can specifically recognize
DNA with a particular sequence of 4-8 nucleotides and
cleave.
3. Nomenclature
• Restriction enzymes are named after the bacterium from
which they are isolated. For example- EcoRI from E.
coli and
BamHI from B. amyloliquefaciens
11. Continued…
• The first three letters in the name of enzymes consist of
first letter of genus (E) stands for Escherichia first two
letter of species (co) stands for coli.
• This is followed by the strain (R) which means RY13
and Roman numeral (I) to indicate the order of the
discovery.
12. Types of Restriction Endonucleases
• Type I
1) These cleave DNA at random sites that can be more than
1,000 base pairs from the recognition sequence.
2) Requires ATP
• Type II
1) Cleave the DNA within the recognition sequence itself.
2) No requirement of ATP
• Type III
1) Cleave the DNA about 25 bp from the recognition
sequence.
2) Requires ATP
13.
14. Vectors
• A vector is an area of DNA that can join another
DNA part without losing the limit for self-replication.
• It should be capable of replicating in host cell
• It should have convenient RE sites for inserting DNA
of interest.
• It Should have a selectable marker to indicate which
host cells received recombinant DNA molecule.
• It should be small and easy to isolate.
16. Plasmid
• Small, circular, double stranded, extra chromosomal
forms of DNA.
• Replicate independently.
• 5000-4,00,000 bp.
• Contains a Multiple Cloning Site.
• Easy to be isolated from the host cell.
• Exa- pBR322, pUC19.
• Smaller the plasmid vectors, higher the effeciency of
transformation .
• The yield of foreign DNA is reduced with larger
plasmids because these plasmids replicate to lower copy
numbers.
17. Bacteriophage
• It is a virus that infects and
replicates within bacteria. The
term was derived from"bacteria"
and the Greek (phagein),
meaning "to devour".
• Two types
1. λ phage
2. M13 phage
18. λ phage
• Infect E.coli.
• Size is 48,502 bp.
• High transformation efficiency about 1000 times more
efficient than the plasmid vector.
• About one-third of the genome is non essential and can be
replaced with foreign DNA.
• These can be readily cleaved into three pieces, two of which
contain essential genes.
• The third piece, “filler” DNA, is discarded when the vector is
to be used for cloning, and additional DNA is inserted
between the two essential segments to generate ligated DNA
molecules long enough to produce viable phage particles.
19. Bacterial artificial chromosomes
• Plasmids designed for the cloning of very long segments
(typically 100,000 to 300,000 bp) of DNA.
• They generally include selectable markers such as
resistance to the antibiotic chloramphenicol (CmR).
• Stable origin of replication (ori) that maintains the
plasmid at one or two copies per cell.
• The large circular DNAs are then introduced into host
bacteria by electroporation.
20. Yeast Artificial Chromosomes
• Also called as shuttle vectors.
• The genome of the most commonly used yeast,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, contains only 4x106bp and its
entire sequence is known.
• A YAC can be considered as a functional artificial
chromosome since it includes three specific DNA sequences:
1) TEL: Telomere located at each chromosome end, protects the
linear DNA from degradation by nucleases.
2) CEN: Centromere which is the attachment site for mitotic spindle
fibers, "pulls“ one copy of each duplicated chromosome into each
new daughter cell.
3) ORI: Replication origin sequences which are specific DNA
sequences.
21. Cosmid
• Hybrids between a phage DNA molecule (cos sequence)
and a bacterial plasmid.
• Contain 37-52 kbp.
• Cosmids are predominantly plasmids with a
bacterial oriV, an antibiotic selection marker and a
cloning site, two, cos sites derived from bacteriophage
lambda.
• Cosmids can be used to build libraries genomic
• Exa- SuperCos 1
22. DNA ligase
• Originally isolated from viruses. Also occur in
E.coli and eukaryotes.
• It facilitates the joining of DNA strands together
by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester
bond between the phosphate group of 5’- carbon
of one strand and hydroxyl group of 3’- carbon of
another strand of DNA.
24. 2. Diagnosis of molecular diseases
sickel cell anaemia, thalassaemia, cystic fibrosis etc.
3. Forensic
DNA fingerprinting helps to identify criminals and to
seetle the dispute cases of parenthood of children.
4. Agriculture
Genetically engineered plants are developed to resist
draught and disease. Good quality of food and increased
yield crops are made available.
5. Production of transgenic animals
6. Production of gene libraries.