This document summarizes a research paper that examines using a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) to enhance transient stability in a power system. The paper introduces FACTS devices and describes how UPFC works. It then simulates applying a 3-phase fault to different buses in an IEEE 9-bus test system both without and with UPFC compensation. Without UPFC, the fault severely impacts voltages and power flows at several buses. With UPFC, the paper evaluates its effectiveness at improving the system's performance during fault conditions.
Location of Shunt FACTS Devices for First-Swing Stability Enhancement in Inte...Editor IJMTER
This paper deals with the location of shunt FACTS devices to improve transient stability
in a long transmission line with predefined direction of real power flow. Shunt Flexible AC
Transmission System (FACTS) devices, when placed at the mid-point of a long transmission line,
play an important role in controlling the reactive power flow to the power network and hence both
the system voltage fluctuations and transient stability. The validity of the mid-point location of shunt
FACTS devices was verified using Simulink, with different shunt FACTS devices, namely static var
compensator (SVC) and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) in a long transmission line
using the actual line model. It has been observed that the FACTS devices, when placed slightly offcentre towards sending-end, give better performance in improving transient stability and the location
depends on the amount of local/through load. The results are experimented and simulated on
MATLAB/Simulink environment.
This paper presents a method to improve transient stability and damping of low frequency oscillations in a multi-machine power system using adaptive neuro-fuzzy control of FACTS devices. A Simulink model of a three generator power system equipped with a UPFC is developed. Simulation results show that a UPFC controlled using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system controller more effectively improves transient stability and damps power oscillations compared to using SSSC. The neuro-fuzzy controller is trained using a hybrid learning algorithm to tune its parameters online based on generator speed deviation and acceleration as inputs.
This document provides a review of the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), a type of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device. It discusses the basic components and operating principles of the UPFC, which combines the functions of a STATCOM and SSSC to control active and reactive power flow. The UPFC consists of two voltage source converters connected back-to-back via a DC link. One converter injects a voltage in series with the transmission line to control power flow while the other exchanges reactive power with the line to regulate the DC link voltage. Control schemes for both converters are described. The document also presents Simulink models of the UPFC and concludes it is effective for improving power system stability
Efficacy of Facts in Power Oscillation Damping and Renewable IntegrationIOSRJEEE
This document summarizes research on using flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices to improve power oscillation damping and facilitate renewable energy integration. It discusses how power oscillations can lead to instability if not controlled and how FACTS devices like STATCOM and SVC can enhance stability. It presents simulations of the IEEE 14-bus system that demonstrate improved damping from these controllers. Eigenvalue analysis shows STATCOM shifts modes further into the stable region than SVC. Both STATCOM and SVC integration helps renewable sources by mitigating power quality issues to allow more distributed generation on the grid.
Transient Stability of Power System using Facts Device-UPFCijsrd.com
This paper is based on Occurrence of a fault in a power system causes transients. To stabilize the system, The Flexible Alternating Current Transmission (FACTS) devices such as UPFC are becoming important in suppressing power system oscillations and improving system damping. The UPFC is a solid-state device, which can be used to control the active and reactive power.. By using a UPFC the oscillation introduced by the faults, the rotor angle and speed deviations can be damped out quickly than a system without a UPFC. The effectiveness of UPFC in suppressing power system oscillation is investigated by analyzing their oscillation in rotor angle and change in speed occurred in the two machine system considered in this work. A proportional integral (PI) controller has been employed for the UPFC. It is also shown that a UPFC can control independently the real and reactive power flow in a transmission line. A MATLAB simulation has been carried out to demonstrate the performance of the UPFC in achieving transient stability of the two-machine five-bus system.
This document discusses FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) devices. It defines FACTS as using static power electronics controllers to control reactive power and enhance AC transmission system controllability. The document outlines the necessity of FACTS devices to compensate for reactive power and improve power transmission efficiency. It describes different types of FACTS controllers including shunt controllers like STATCOM, TCR, TSR, and TSC. The benefits of FACTS in providing fast, flexible control of transmission parameters and improving power flow capability are also summarized.
Comparison of facts devices for two area power system stability enhancement u...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that compares the performance of SVC and STATCOM FACTS devices for enhancing transient stability in a two area power system modelled in MATLAB. The paper reviews previous research on using FACTS controllers like SVC, STATCOM, SSSC, TCSC and UPFC to improve power system stability. Simulation results from the paper indicate that a two machine system installed with STATCOM provided better damping of rotor angle oscillations compared to an SVC installation, demonstrating improved transient stability when using a STATCOM.
Location of Shunt FACTS Devices for First-Swing Stability Enhancement in Inte...Editor IJMTER
This paper deals with the location of shunt FACTS devices to improve transient stability
in a long transmission line with predefined direction of real power flow. Shunt Flexible AC
Transmission System (FACTS) devices, when placed at the mid-point of a long transmission line,
play an important role in controlling the reactive power flow to the power network and hence both
the system voltage fluctuations and transient stability. The validity of the mid-point location of shunt
FACTS devices was verified using Simulink, with different shunt FACTS devices, namely static var
compensator (SVC) and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) in a long transmission line
using the actual line model. It has been observed that the FACTS devices, when placed slightly offcentre towards sending-end, give better performance in improving transient stability and the location
depends on the amount of local/through load. The results are experimented and simulated on
MATLAB/Simulink environment.
This paper presents a method to improve transient stability and damping of low frequency oscillations in a multi-machine power system using adaptive neuro-fuzzy control of FACTS devices. A Simulink model of a three generator power system equipped with a UPFC is developed. Simulation results show that a UPFC controlled using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system controller more effectively improves transient stability and damps power oscillations compared to using SSSC. The neuro-fuzzy controller is trained using a hybrid learning algorithm to tune its parameters online based on generator speed deviation and acceleration as inputs.
This document provides a review of the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), a type of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device. It discusses the basic components and operating principles of the UPFC, which combines the functions of a STATCOM and SSSC to control active and reactive power flow. The UPFC consists of two voltage source converters connected back-to-back via a DC link. One converter injects a voltage in series with the transmission line to control power flow while the other exchanges reactive power with the line to regulate the DC link voltage. Control schemes for both converters are described. The document also presents Simulink models of the UPFC and concludes it is effective for improving power system stability
Efficacy of Facts in Power Oscillation Damping and Renewable IntegrationIOSRJEEE
This document summarizes research on using flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices to improve power oscillation damping and facilitate renewable energy integration. It discusses how power oscillations can lead to instability if not controlled and how FACTS devices like STATCOM and SVC can enhance stability. It presents simulations of the IEEE 14-bus system that demonstrate improved damping from these controllers. Eigenvalue analysis shows STATCOM shifts modes further into the stable region than SVC. Both STATCOM and SVC integration helps renewable sources by mitigating power quality issues to allow more distributed generation on the grid.
Transient Stability of Power System using Facts Device-UPFCijsrd.com
This paper is based on Occurrence of a fault in a power system causes transients. To stabilize the system, The Flexible Alternating Current Transmission (FACTS) devices such as UPFC are becoming important in suppressing power system oscillations and improving system damping. The UPFC is a solid-state device, which can be used to control the active and reactive power.. By using a UPFC the oscillation introduced by the faults, the rotor angle and speed deviations can be damped out quickly than a system without a UPFC. The effectiveness of UPFC in suppressing power system oscillation is investigated by analyzing their oscillation in rotor angle and change in speed occurred in the two machine system considered in this work. A proportional integral (PI) controller has been employed for the UPFC. It is also shown that a UPFC can control independently the real and reactive power flow in a transmission line. A MATLAB simulation has been carried out to demonstrate the performance of the UPFC in achieving transient stability of the two-machine five-bus system.
This document discusses FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) devices. It defines FACTS as using static power electronics controllers to control reactive power and enhance AC transmission system controllability. The document outlines the necessity of FACTS devices to compensate for reactive power and improve power transmission efficiency. It describes different types of FACTS controllers including shunt controllers like STATCOM, TCR, TSR, and TSC. The benefits of FACTS in providing fast, flexible control of transmission parameters and improving power flow capability are also summarized.
Comparison of facts devices for two area power system stability enhancement u...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that compares the performance of SVC and STATCOM FACTS devices for enhancing transient stability in a two area power system modelled in MATLAB. The paper reviews previous research on using FACTS controllers like SVC, STATCOM, SSSC, TCSC and UPFC to improve power system stability. Simulation results from the paper indicate that a two machine system installed with STATCOM provided better damping of rotor angle oscillations compared to an SVC installation, demonstrating improved transient stability when using a STATCOM.
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
Power Quality Improvement in Power System using UPFCijtsrd
Occurrence of a fault in a power system causes transients. To stabilize the system, Power System Stabilizer (PSS) and Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) are used. Load flow analysis is done to analyze the transients introduced in the system due to the occurrence of faults. The Flexible Alternating Current Transmission (FACTS) devices such as UPFC are becoming important in suppressing power system oscillations and improving system damping. The UPFC is a solid-state device, which can be used to control the active and reactive power. This paper considers a power system as a case study for investigating the performance of UPFC is achieving stability. By using a UPFC the oscillation introduced by the faults, the voltage deviations and speed deviations can be damped out quickly than a system without a UPFC. The effectiveness of UPFC in suppressing power system oscillation is investigated by analyzing their voltage deviations and reactive power support in this paper. A proportional integral (PI) controller has been employed for the UPFC. It is also shown that a UPFC can control independently the real and reactive power flow in a transmission line. Navneet Kaur | Gagan Deep Yadav"Power Quality Improvement in Power System using UPFC" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7139.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/7139/power-quality-improvement-in-power-system-using-upfc/navneet-kaur
Implementation of UPFC for Improvement of Power StabilityIOSR Journals
This document presents a study on implementing a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) to improve power stability in multi-machine power systems. Simulation models of power systems with and without UPFC are developed in MATLAB. A two hydro generating station system is analyzed under a 3-phase fault condition, showing oscillations in voltage, active power, and reactive power without UPFC. With UPFC installed, the oscillations are reduced and the fault clearing time is decreased. The UPFC provides simultaneous control of voltage, power flow, and impedance to enhance stability.
This document is a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Engineering degree. The project investigates the optimal location of Interline Power Flow Controllers (IPFC) in power transmission systems. The objectives are to maintain voltage profiles and real and reactive power flows. The scope involves improving voltage profiles and power transfer capabilities using IPFCs. Recently, FACTS devices like IPFCs have attracted interest for applications like congestion management and cost reduction. The problem is that few publications have investigated IPFC locations in power systems and their effects. The report is organized into chapters covering theory, location determination methods, IPFC performance simulation and results.
The document provides an overview of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) controllers. It discusses that FACTS controllers use power electronics to control parameters like impedance, voltage, and phase angle to enhance power flow controllability and transmission capacity. FACTS devices allow for better utilization of existing transmission systems and include series controllers that inject voltage in series with transmission lines and shunt controllers that inject current. The benefits of FACTS are more efficient power transfer, increased reliability and grid stability, and delayed investment in new transmission infrastructure.
Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTs) technology opens up new opportunities for
controlling power flow and enhancing the usable capacity of present, as well as new and upgraded lines. These
FACTs device which enables independent control of active and reactive power besides improving reliability and
quality of the supply. This paper describes the real and reactive power flow control through a short transmission
line and then compensated short transmission line with different FACTs devices are used to selection of FACTs
devices for better reactive power compensation with change in line capacitance/shunt capacitance to observe
power flow. Computer simulation by MATLAB/SIMULINK has been used to determining better reactive power.
TCSC, STATCOM, UPFC and SSSC FACTs controller with different capacitance are tested for controlling
reactive power flow.
Comparison of Shunt Facts Devices for the Improvement of Transient Stability ...IJSRD
This paper presents, the performance of STATCOM placed at midpoint of the two machine power system and compared with the performance of SVC. The comparison of various results found for the different type of faults (single line, double line & three phase fault) occur in long transmission line, and their removal by using shunt FACTS devices is analysed. Computer simulation results under a severe disturbance condition (three phase fault) for different fault clearing times, and different line lengths are analyzed. Both controllers are implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results shows that the STATCOM with conventional PI controller installed with two machine three bus systems provides better damping oscillation characteristics in rotor angle as compared to two machine power system installed with SVC. The transient stability of two machine system installed with STATCOM has been improved considerably and post settling time of the system after facing disturbance is also improved.
A flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) is a system composed of static equipment used for the AC transmission of electrical energy. It is meant to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability of the network. It is generally a power electronics-based system.
In conventional AC transmission system, the ability to transfer AC power is limited by several factors like thermal limits, transient stability limit, voltage limit, short circuit current limit etc. These limits define the maximum electric power which can be efficiently transmitted through the transmission line without causing any damage to the electrical equipments and the transmission lines. This is normally achieved by bringing changes in the power system layout. However this is not feasible and another way of achieving maximum power transfer capability without any changes in the power system layout. Also with the introduction of variable impedance devices like capacitors and inductors, whole of the energy or power from the source is not transferred to the load, but a part is stored in these devices as reactive power and returned back to the source. Thus the actual amount of power transferred to the load or the active power is always less than the apparent power or the net power. For ideal transmission the active power should be equal to the apparent power. In other words, the power factor (the ratio of active power to apparent power) should be unity. This is where the role of Flexible AC transmission System comes.
The significance of power factor correction (PFC) has long been visualized as a technology requirement for improving the efficiency of a power system network by compensating for the fundamental reactive power generated or consumed by simple inductive or capacitive loads. With the Information Age in full swing, the growth of high reliability, low cost electronic products have led utilities to escalate their power quality concerns created by the increase of such “switching loads.” These products include: entertainment devices such as Digital TVs, DVDs, and audio equipment; information technology devices such as PCs, printers, and fax-machines; variable speed motor drives for HVAC and white goods appliances; food preparation and cooking products such as microwaves and cook tops; and lighting products, which include electronic ballasts, LED and fluorescent lamps, and other power conversion devices that operate a variety of lamps. The drivers that have resulted in this proliferation are a direct result of the availability of low-cost switch-mode devices and control circuitry in all major end-use segments: residential, commercial, and industrial.
The document is a seminar report on FACTS controllers that was submitted by a student. It provides an introduction to flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) and defines FACTS controllers. It then discusses various types of FACTS controllers in detail, including the static variable compensator (SVC), voltage source converter (VSC), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC), static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), and unified power flow controller (UPFC). It also outlines the benefits of FACTS controllers such as improving power transmission efficiency and reliability.
Transient stability in power system is vital to be addressed due to large disturbances that could damage the system such as load changes and voltage increases. This paper presents a multi-machine transient stability using the Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). SSSC is a device that is connected in series with the power transmission line and produces controllable voltage which contribute to a better performance in the power system stability. As a result, this research has observed a comparison of the synchronization of a three-phase system during single-phase faults before and after installing the SSSC device. In addition, this research investigates the ability of three different types of controllers i.e. Proportional Integral (PI), Proportional Integral Derivation (PID), and Generic controllers to be added to the SSSC improve the transient stability as it cannot operate by itself. This is because the improvement is too small and not able to achieve the desired output. The task presented is to improve the synchronization of the system and time taken for the voltage to stabilize due to the fault. The simulation result shows that the SSSC with an additional controller can improve the stability of a multi-machine power system in a single phase fault.
Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systemsijtsrd
Flexible AC Transmission System FACTS refers to a family of power electronics-based devices designed to increase power transfer capability of power transmission system. The main objective of FACTS is to obtain AC systems with a high level of flexibility just as in high-voltage DC systems. FACTS uses power electronics for controlling power flow in a transmission system. This paper provides a brief introduction to FACTS devices or controllers. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Adedamola A. Omotoso | Sarhan M. Musa | Adebowale E. Shadare "Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19063.pdf
Simulation of 3 Phase, 24 Pulse GTO Converter for Flow Control of Transmissio...ijtsrd
Gate Turn off GTO thyristor based power control controller for flow control of transmission system is used to regulate voltage and reactive power improment. GTO thyristor switching devices with high power handling capability and the advancement of the other type of power semiconductor devices such as IGBTs, MOSFETs, Ideal switch and so on have led to the development of fast controllable reactive power source utilizing new electronic switching and converter technology. Nowadays, the development of a large capacity Gate Turn off thyristor has made it possible to manufacture self commutated converter employing GTO thyristor for power applications. At present, most of the research on GTO thyristor has focused on their use in power electronic systems at high switching frequencies. GTO thyristor enable the design of the solid state shunt equipment based upon switching technology. The improved rating of GTOs made possible the use of voltage sourced converter VSC in power system applications. In this paper, GTO based voltage source converter VSC is used in high power Flexible AC Transmission Systems FACTS which are used to control power flow on transmission grids. It can be used to build a model of shunt or series static compensator STATCOM or SSSC or, using two such converters, a combination of shunt and series devices known as Unified Power Flow Controller UPFC . This paper has shown a basic application of MATLAB SimPowerSystems programming for 24 pulse GTO converter STATCOM. Zin Wah Aung | Aye Myo Thant | Hnin Yu Lwin "Simulation of 3-Phase, 24 Pulse GTO Converter for Flow Control of Transmission System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27887.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27887/simulation-of-3-phase-24-pulse-gto-converter-for-flow-control-of-transmission-system/zin-wah-aung
An Overview of FACTS Controllers for Power Quality Improvementtheijes
Large penetration of non-conventional sources of energy (such as wind and solar) into the utility grid usually leads to power quality deterioration of the net system due to the intermittency nature associated with such energy sources. Power quality parameters that may likely be disturbed by such interconnection include voltage profile, frequency waveform, power factor, as well as active and reactive power of the power system. However, grid operators and consumers at all level of usage requires a perfectly balanced three phase a.c power of constant frequency and magnitude with smooth sinusoidal wave shape. In order to compensate for such disturbances, Flexible A.C Transmission System (FACTS) controllers were developed. This paper presents a technological review of different types of FACTS controllers and their application for power quality improvement in a grid network composing of conventional and non-conventional energy sources.
The document discusses unified power flow controllers (UPFCs) and their benefits for power systems. It provides the following key points:
1) A UPFC consists of two voltage-source converters connected by a DC link, allowing one converter to operate as a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) to provide reactive power support and the other to function as a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) to control real power flow.
2) UPFCs offer benefits like regulating power flows, reducing the need for new transmission infrastructure, improving transient stability, and independently controlling real and reactive power flows.
3) The document describes the basic configuration and circuit of a UPFC installed between a sending and receiving end
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
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Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
This document summarizes several FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) devices that can be installed in power systems to better control power flows. It discusses both shunt and series FACTS controllers, including the Static VAR Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), Thyristor Controlled Phase Angle Regulator (TCPAR), Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) and others. It provides an overview of how these devices work and their benefits, such as increasing transmission capacity, improving stability, and allowing for more optimal
Facts controllers for power flow control a brief reviewDHEERAJ DHAKAR
This paper provides a review of FACTS devices. The value of these FACTS is the improvement of security and efficiency of power transmission networks. Fast controllability in emergency situation provides increased flexibility and therefore stability and security advantages. The flexibility in control allows operating closer to stability limits and improve the efficiency of existing networks
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
Power Quality Improvement in Power System using UPFCijtsrd
Occurrence of a fault in a power system causes transients. To stabilize the system, Power System Stabilizer (PSS) and Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) are used. Load flow analysis is done to analyze the transients introduced in the system due to the occurrence of faults. The Flexible Alternating Current Transmission (FACTS) devices such as UPFC are becoming important in suppressing power system oscillations and improving system damping. The UPFC is a solid-state device, which can be used to control the active and reactive power. This paper considers a power system as a case study for investigating the performance of UPFC is achieving stability. By using a UPFC the oscillation introduced by the faults, the voltage deviations and speed deviations can be damped out quickly than a system without a UPFC. The effectiveness of UPFC in suppressing power system oscillation is investigated by analyzing their voltage deviations and reactive power support in this paper. A proportional integral (PI) controller has been employed for the UPFC. It is also shown that a UPFC can control independently the real and reactive power flow in a transmission line. Navneet Kaur | Gagan Deep Yadav"Power Quality Improvement in Power System using UPFC" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7139.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/7139/power-quality-improvement-in-power-system-using-upfc/navneet-kaur
Implementation of UPFC for Improvement of Power StabilityIOSR Journals
This document presents a study on implementing a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) to improve power stability in multi-machine power systems. Simulation models of power systems with and without UPFC are developed in MATLAB. A two hydro generating station system is analyzed under a 3-phase fault condition, showing oscillations in voltage, active power, and reactive power without UPFC. With UPFC installed, the oscillations are reduced and the fault clearing time is decreased. The UPFC provides simultaneous control of voltage, power flow, and impedance to enhance stability.
This document is a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Engineering degree. The project investigates the optimal location of Interline Power Flow Controllers (IPFC) in power transmission systems. The objectives are to maintain voltage profiles and real and reactive power flows. The scope involves improving voltage profiles and power transfer capabilities using IPFCs. Recently, FACTS devices like IPFCs have attracted interest for applications like congestion management and cost reduction. The problem is that few publications have investigated IPFC locations in power systems and their effects. The report is organized into chapters covering theory, location determination methods, IPFC performance simulation and results.
The document provides an overview of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) controllers. It discusses that FACTS controllers use power electronics to control parameters like impedance, voltage, and phase angle to enhance power flow controllability and transmission capacity. FACTS devices allow for better utilization of existing transmission systems and include series controllers that inject voltage in series with transmission lines and shunt controllers that inject current. The benefits of FACTS are more efficient power transfer, increased reliability and grid stability, and delayed investment in new transmission infrastructure.
Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTs) technology opens up new opportunities for
controlling power flow and enhancing the usable capacity of present, as well as new and upgraded lines. These
FACTs device which enables independent control of active and reactive power besides improving reliability and
quality of the supply. This paper describes the real and reactive power flow control through a short transmission
line and then compensated short transmission line with different FACTs devices are used to selection of FACTs
devices for better reactive power compensation with change in line capacitance/shunt capacitance to observe
power flow. Computer simulation by MATLAB/SIMULINK has been used to determining better reactive power.
TCSC, STATCOM, UPFC and SSSC FACTs controller with different capacitance are tested for controlling
reactive power flow.
Comparison of Shunt Facts Devices for the Improvement of Transient Stability ...IJSRD
This paper presents, the performance of STATCOM placed at midpoint of the two machine power system and compared with the performance of SVC. The comparison of various results found for the different type of faults (single line, double line & three phase fault) occur in long transmission line, and their removal by using shunt FACTS devices is analysed. Computer simulation results under a severe disturbance condition (three phase fault) for different fault clearing times, and different line lengths are analyzed. Both controllers are implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results shows that the STATCOM with conventional PI controller installed with two machine three bus systems provides better damping oscillation characteristics in rotor angle as compared to two machine power system installed with SVC. The transient stability of two machine system installed with STATCOM has been improved considerably and post settling time of the system after facing disturbance is also improved.
A flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) is a system composed of static equipment used for the AC transmission of electrical energy. It is meant to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability of the network. It is generally a power electronics-based system.
In conventional AC transmission system, the ability to transfer AC power is limited by several factors like thermal limits, transient stability limit, voltage limit, short circuit current limit etc. These limits define the maximum electric power which can be efficiently transmitted through the transmission line without causing any damage to the electrical equipments and the transmission lines. This is normally achieved by bringing changes in the power system layout. However this is not feasible and another way of achieving maximum power transfer capability without any changes in the power system layout. Also with the introduction of variable impedance devices like capacitors and inductors, whole of the energy or power from the source is not transferred to the load, but a part is stored in these devices as reactive power and returned back to the source. Thus the actual amount of power transferred to the load or the active power is always less than the apparent power or the net power. For ideal transmission the active power should be equal to the apparent power. In other words, the power factor (the ratio of active power to apparent power) should be unity. This is where the role of Flexible AC transmission System comes.
The significance of power factor correction (PFC) has long been visualized as a technology requirement for improving the efficiency of a power system network by compensating for the fundamental reactive power generated or consumed by simple inductive or capacitive loads. With the Information Age in full swing, the growth of high reliability, low cost electronic products have led utilities to escalate their power quality concerns created by the increase of such “switching loads.” These products include: entertainment devices such as Digital TVs, DVDs, and audio equipment; information technology devices such as PCs, printers, and fax-machines; variable speed motor drives for HVAC and white goods appliances; food preparation and cooking products such as microwaves and cook tops; and lighting products, which include electronic ballasts, LED and fluorescent lamps, and other power conversion devices that operate a variety of lamps. The drivers that have resulted in this proliferation are a direct result of the availability of low-cost switch-mode devices and control circuitry in all major end-use segments: residential, commercial, and industrial.
The document is a seminar report on FACTS controllers that was submitted by a student. It provides an introduction to flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) and defines FACTS controllers. It then discusses various types of FACTS controllers in detail, including the static variable compensator (SVC), voltage source converter (VSC), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC), static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), and unified power flow controller (UPFC). It also outlines the benefits of FACTS controllers such as improving power transmission efficiency and reliability.
Transient stability in power system is vital to be addressed due to large disturbances that could damage the system such as load changes and voltage increases. This paper presents a multi-machine transient stability using the Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). SSSC is a device that is connected in series with the power transmission line and produces controllable voltage which contribute to a better performance in the power system stability. As a result, this research has observed a comparison of the synchronization of a three-phase system during single-phase faults before and after installing the SSSC device. In addition, this research investigates the ability of three different types of controllers i.e. Proportional Integral (PI), Proportional Integral Derivation (PID), and Generic controllers to be added to the SSSC improve the transient stability as it cannot operate by itself. This is because the improvement is too small and not able to achieve the desired output. The task presented is to improve the synchronization of the system and time taken for the voltage to stabilize due to the fault. The simulation result shows that the SSSC with an additional controller can improve the stability of a multi-machine power system in a single phase fault.
Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systemsijtsrd
Flexible AC Transmission System FACTS refers to a family of power electronics-based devices designed to increase power transfer capability of power transmission system. The main objective of FACTS is to obtain AC systems with a high level of flexibility just as in high-voltage DC systems. FACTS uses power electronics for controlling power flow in a transmission system. This paper provides a brief introduction to FACTS devices or controllers. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Adedamola A. Omotoso | Sarhan M. Musa | Adebowale E. Shadare "Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19063.pdf
Simulation of 3 Phase, 24 Pulse GTO Converter for Flow Control of Transmissio...ijtsrd
Gate Turn off GTO thyristor based power control controller for flow control of transmission system is used to regulate voltage and reactive power improment. GTO thyristor switching devices with high power handling capability and the advancement of the other type of power semiconductor devices such as IGBTs, MOSFETs, Ideal switch and so on have led to the development of fast controllable reactive power source utilizing new electronic switching and converter technology. Nowadays, the development of a large capacity Gate Turn off thyristor has made it possible to manufacture self commutated converter employing GTO thyristor for power applications. At present, most of the research on GTO thyristor has focused on their use in power electronic systems at high switching frequencies. GTO thyristor enable the design of the solid state shunt equipment based upon switching technology. The improved rating of GTOs made possible the use of voltage sourced converter VSC in power system applications. In this paper, GTO based voltage source converter VSC is used in high power Flexible AC Transmission Systems FACTS which are used to control power flow on transmission grids. It can be used to build a model of shunt or series static compensator STATCOM or SSSC or, using two such converters, a combination of shunt and series devices known as Unified Power Flow Controller UPFC . This paper has shown a basic application of MATLAB SimPowerSystems programming for 24 pulse GTO converter STATCOM. Zin Wah Aung | Aye Myo Thant | Hnin Yu Lwin "Simulation of 3-Phase, 24 Pulse GTO Converter for Flow Control of Transmission System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27887.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27887/simulation-of-3-phase-24-pulse-gto-converter-for-flow-control-of-transmission-system/zin-wah-aung
An Overview of FACTS Controllers for Power Quality Improvementtheijes
Large penetration of non-conventional sources of energy (such as wind and solar) into the utility grid usually leads to power quality deterioration of the net system due to the intermittency nature associated with such energy sources. Power quality parameters that may likely be disturbed by such interconnection include voltage profile, frequency waveform, power factor, as well as active and reactive power of the power system. However, grid operators and consumers at all level of usage requires a perfectly balanced three phase a.c power of constant frequency and magnitude with smooth sinusoidal wave shape. In order to compensate for such disturbances, Flexible A.C Transmission System (FACTS) controllers were developed. This paper presents a technological review of different types of FACTS controllers and their application for power quality improvement in a grid network composing of conventional and non-conventional energy sources.
The document discusses unified power flow controllers (UPFCs) and their benefits for power systems. It provides the following key points:
1) A UPFC consists of two voltage-source converters connected by a DC link, allowing one converter to operate as a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) to provide reactive power support and the other to function as a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) to control real power flow.
2) UPFCs offer benefits like regulating power flows, reducing the need for new transmission infrastructure, improving transient stability, and independently controlling real and reactive power flows.
3) The document describes the basic configuration and circuit of a UPFC installed between a sending and receiving end
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
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Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
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Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
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Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
This document summarizes several FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) devices that can be installed in power systems to better control power flows. It discusses both shunt and series FACTS controllers, including the Static VAR Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), Thyristor Controlled Phase Angle Regulator (TCPAR), Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) and others. It provides an overview of how these devices work and their benefits, such as increasing transmission capacity, improving stability, and allowing for more optimal
Facts controllers for power flow control a brief reviewDHEERAJ DHAKAR
This paper provides a review of FACTS devices. The value of these FACTS is the improvement of security and efficiency of power transmission networks. Fast controllability in emergency situation provides increased flexibility and therefore stability and security advantages. The flexibility in control allows operating closer to stability limits and improve the efficiency of existing networks
USING SSSC & STATCOM --IMPROVE TRANSIENT STABILITY--P & Q OSICALLATIONSIJSRD
In a deregulated power system, the electric power demand is extending ordinary which may lead to overloads and loss of generation. Transient stability studies put a fundamental part in power systems, which give information related to the capacity of a power structure to stay in synchronism during major disturbances resulting from either the loss of generation or transmission facilities, sudden or sustained changes. The examination of transient quality is discriminating to work the power structure more secure and this paper focuses on growing the transient relentlessness using FACTS devices like Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). These FACTS contraptions are in a perfect world set on transmission structure using Sensitivity approach framework.
Application of Multilevel Voltage-Source-Converter in FACTS Devices for Power...IJMER
This document discusses a study on applying a multilevel voltage-source converter (VSC) in flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices for power system voltage control and reactive power compensation. Specifically, it proposes a sixty pulse VSC STATCOM design that combines a twelve pulse converter with a five-level voltage source inverter (VSI) to improve performance. The study finds that the multilevel VSI STATCOM is able to provide satisfactory reactive power flow control and respond quickly to changes in reactive current reference. THD is also maintained within acceptable limits. FACTS devices using power electronics, such as STATCOMs, help enhance power transfer capability, flexibility and stability in transmission networks.
Comparison of Shunt Facts Devices for the Improvement of Transient Stability ...IJSRD
This paper presents, the performance of STATCOM placed at midpoint of the two machine power system and compared with the performance of SVC. The comparison of various results found for the different type of faults (single line, double line & three phase fault) occur in long transmission line, and their removal by using shunt FACTS devices is analysed. Computer simulation results under a severe disturbance condition (three phase fault) for different fault clearing times, and different line lengths are analyzed. Both controllers are implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results shows that the STATCOM with conventional PI controller installed with two machine three bus systems provides better damping oscillation characteristics in rotor angle as compared to two machine power system installed with SVC. The transient stability of two machine system installed with STATCOM has been improved considerably and post settling time of the system after facing disturbance is also improved.
This document provides a literature survey of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers and their applications in power systems. It discusses various FACTS controllers such as thyristor-controlled and voltage source converter-based devices. FACTS controllers can be categorized as series-connected, shunt-connected, series-series connected, or series-shunt connected based on how they are connected to transmission lines. They are used to enhance power system performance in areas such as reactive power support, loss reduction, voltage profile improvement, and damping of power oscillations. The survey concludes that FACTS controllers are effective alternatives to new transmission line construction for improving power system controllability and capacity.
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
This document discusses reactive power compensation techniques using FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) devices. It provides an overview of reactive power and why compensation is needed to regulate voltages and improve stability. Several FACTS devices for reactive power compensation are described, including STATCOM, SVC, TCSC, and UPFC. The document compares these devices based on their ability to control load flow, voltage, and stability. UPFC is found to be most effective for higher load flow control and voltage regulation, while STATCOM is suitable for smaller distribution systems. Reactive power compensation using FACTS devices can enhance power transfer capability and stability.
Enhancement of Power Quality by an Application FACTS DevicesIAES-IJPEDS
1) The document discusses the use of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices like Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)-based Static VAR Compensator (SVC) to enhance power quality and transmission capability.
2) It presents simulation models of TCSC and TCR-SVC developed using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulations show that these FACTS devices can effectively reduce voltage drops, electrical losses in long transmission lines, and improve stability.
3) Student feedback indicates the models are easy to use and effective for learning about controlled reactor compensators, series capacitor compensators, and reactive power/voltage
This document summarizes the key points of a presentation on applying Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers to AC power systems. It discusses the benefits of FACTS controllers, including improved transmission system operation with minimal investment and implementation time compared to new transmission lines. It also outlines the various phases of power system studies involved in FACTS installation projects, from initial feasibility studies to determine system constraints, to pre-manufacturing equipment design studies. Finally, it introduces some basic FACTS controller circuits and their system performance characteristics.
This document discusses power quality enhancement using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. It provides an overview of various FACTS devices including Static Var Compensator (SVC), Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), and Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). MATLAB simulations of systems using SVC, STATCOM and SSSC are presented to demonstrate how each FACTS device can improve power quality by mitigating issues like voltage fluctuations and power oscillations. The document concludes that FACTS devices provide better power quality under varying source voltages and sudden loading conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document discusses power quality enhancement using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. It provides an overview of various FACTS devices including Static Var Compensator (SVC), Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), and Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). MATLAB simulations of systems using SVC, STATCOM and SSSC are presented to demonstrate how each FACTS device can improve power quality by mitigating issues like voltage fluctuations and power oscillations. The document concludes that FACTS devices provide better power quality under varying source voltages and sudden loading conditions.
This document provides an overview of system stability analysis and flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices. It discusses how FACTS devices like STATCOM, SVC, TCSC, and UPFC can improve power system stability, voltage stability, and transient stability through reactive power compensation and active power flow control. Mathematical models of various FACTS devices are also presented to analyze their control capabilities and impact on power flow.
Introduction System stability analysis represents one of the common.pdfbkbk37
This document discusses system stability analysis in electrical systems and the role of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices in enhancing stability. It provides an overview of different FACTS devices like STATCOM, TCSC, TCPST, SVC, and UPFC. Mathematical models for some key FACTS devices are presented, including the UPFC model using a back-to-back voltage source representation. The controllable power flow regions for TCSC, TCPST and UPFC are compared, showing the UPFC has the largest control region. Transient stability is also discussed, noting some FACTS devices can damp power oscillations and improve transient stability following disturbances.
UPFC in order to Enhance the Power System ReliabilityIJMER
This document discusses unified power flow controllers (UPFCs) and their ability to enhance power system reliability. It provides an overview of FACTS devices and describes how UPFCs can control parameters like impedance, voltage, and phase angle to regulate power flow. The document summarizes the components, control modes, and benefits of UPFCs, and discusses modeling a single-phase UPFC in MATLAB/Simulink to demonstrate power flow control and voltage injection capabilities.
This document reviews research on using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices to enhance power system transient stability. It discusses different FACTS devices such as SVC, TCSC, UPFC, and their control capabilities. The document also reviews developments in semiconductor technologies that have improved FACTS devices, such as GTO, IGBT, and IGCT. It analyzes locations and feedback signals important for FACTS controllers to maximize stability enhancement. In conclusion, UPFC is identified as the most effective FACTS device for improving transient stability by providing independent control of voltage, impedance, and power flows.
This document reviews research on using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices to enhance power system transient stability. It discusses different FACTS devices such as SVC, TCSC, UPFC, and their control capabilities. The document also reviews developments in semiconductor technologies that have improved FACTS devices, such as GTO, IGBT, and IGCT. It analyzes locations and feedback signals that maximize FACTS device effectiveness for stability. In conclusion, FACTS devices like UPFC and SVC can improve transient stability by increasing critical clearing times and reducing post-fault swings.
Comparison of FACTS Devices for Two Area Power System Stability Enhancement u...IJAPEJOURNAL
This document compares the performance of SVC and STATCOM FACTS devices for enhancing transient stability in a two-area power system modelled in MATLAB. It first provides background on power system stability challenges and the role of FACTS devices in addressing these issues. It then reviews previous research comparing different FACTS devices. The paper models an SVC and STATCOM controller in MATLAB and simulates their performance under a three-phase fault. Simulation results indicate that the STATCOM controller provides better damping of rotor angle oscillations, suggesting it enhances transient stability more than the SVC in the two-area power system model.
Similar to Transient stability-enhancement-of-power-system-using-upfc-unified-power-flow-controller (20)
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2. International Journal of Engineering Works Vol. 4, Issue 2, PP. 33-40, February 2017
ISSN: 2409-2770
Figure 1: The classification of FACTS devices
1st Generation FACTS devices: Static capacitance as well
as dynamic devices are 1st generation of the FACTS
technology. These 1st generation FACTS devices comprises of
tap changing as well as phase changing transformers, series
capacitors and synchronous generators. These are all dynamics
devices apart from the series capacitors which are
correspondingly called capacitor bank. These devices are
commonly operated at the generation side of the power system
however their cost is very high due to their tremendously huge
size and maintenance. The great drawback of these devices is
permanent series capacitors, since such devices are prepared of
numerous fixed-capacitance capacitors so these devices are
very challenging to control to give the precise not-fixed input
capacitance to the grid.
2nd Generation FACTS devices: Static state compensator
stands the 2nd generation of FACTS technology. It can be
separated into dual categories: thyristor-based technology as
well as fully-controlled compensator constructed technology.
The thyristor controlled device is semi-controlled device for
the reason that once the device is ON then it cannot be moved
OFF manually till the chief power is Cut-OFF [5]. Static Var
Compensator (SVC) and Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor
(TCSC) devices fit in to this category [6]. Whereas the fully
controlled devices comprise of Gate Turn-OFF (GTO)
Thyristor i-e these devices can be physically swapped ON and
OFF when required. The Static Compensator (STATCOM),
Solid Static Series Compensator (SSSC) and Unified Power
Flow Controller (UPFC) fit in to fully-controlled devices.
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is in principle the best
effective and multipurpose FACT device as it can execute the
function of both STATCOM and SSSC at a time as well as it
has transient stability improvement ability by controlling the
power flow on together sides of transmission line via shunt and
series convertors. Henceforward our concentration drive be on
UPFC in this research work [7].
II. FACTS CONTROLLERS
The idea of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) is
grounded on power electronics which propose the effective
control of single or further AC transmission parameters to
increase controllability and enhance the power transfer ability.
Here are three types of FACTS devices which exist classified
as series, shunt as well as combined shunt-series controllers.
The shunt sort of FACTS controller is precise effectual in
enhancing the voltage profile of a definite bus, improve the
power damping oscillation and enhance the transient stability
of system for the duration of disruption. Some of instances of
shunt category of FACTS controllers are Static VAR
Compensator (SVC) also Static Synchronous Compensator
(STATCOM).
The series category of FACTS controller is valuable in
improving the voltage stability limit, increases the transient
stability margin, helps in improving the power oscillation
damping and sub synchronous oscillation damping of power
system throughout disturbance. Instances of series category of
FACTS controllers exist are Thyristor Controlled Series
Capacitor (TCSC), Thyristor Switch Series Capacitor (TSSC)
as well as Static Series Synchronous Capacitor (SSSC).
The mutual shunt-series sort of FACTS controller proposes
multifunctional competence at a time due to which numerous
complications have overcome fronting by power industry.
Some of instance of shunt-series sort of FACTS devices are
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) also Interline Power
Flow Controller (IPFC) [3].
Entirely types of FACTS controllers grounded on convertor
which is well-known as Voltage Source Convertor (VSC). An
elementary building block circuit of every voltage source
convertor VSC is accurately similar as three phase Convertor
Bridge. The utmost collective known configuration of a three
phase bridge circuit is presented in Figure 2. The elementary
three phase bridge convertor comprises of two DC terminals
which are presented by plus „+‟ and negative „- „sign in the
underneath given figure 2. There are three AC terminals „~‟
which remain connected at the middle of bridge convertor legs.
By regulating the different states of switches connected to the
legs of bridge, an arbitrary series of voltage waveforms at the
AC terminals can be formed.
While a voltage source convertor VSC is connected to a
transmission system at that time it has to use the transmission
line frequency for its operation in command to produce a stable
set of sinusoidal waveforms of voltage. Therefore, a VSC
connected to the transmission system have acquired only two
choices of operation, it can fluctuate the magnitude also the
phase angle of its output voltage in according to the system
voltage [8].
Figure 2.:Phase Convertor Bridge (Basic Building Block of Voltage Source
Convertor)
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ISSN: 2409-2770
These two control approaches of choice can be monitored
all together to exchange the reactive and active power with the
transmission system. Magnitude of reactive power, swapped
with transmission system is limited merely due to the current
quantity of the convertor switches. Whereas on the other hand
active power related to (from) the transmission line has to be
delivered from (delivered to) the DC terminals, as
characteristically represented in figure3 [8].
Figure 3: VSC linked to the transmission line- P and Q exchange
III. UPFC
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a power
electronic built controller which delivers fast and quick
reactive power compensation response at high voltage level
electric transmission systems during instabilities. The pair of
three phase controlled bridges is applied in UPFC which
generates an AC current. This AC current is inserted to the
transmission line with the aid of series transformer. Succeeding
the injection of AC current to transmission line, it can progress
the active and reactive power flow in the transmission line. The
UPFC includes solid state power electronics devices such as
GTO, IGBT etc, which deals multipurpose flexibility to the
power system while the conventional control systems is based
on thyristors which do not offer such flexibility.
The UPFC idea was developed by L. Gyugyi in 1995. The
UPFC is a mutual FACT technology of a static synchronous
series compensator (SSS) and a static synchronous
compensator (STATCOM) linked through the common DC
voltage link (a capacitor).The UPFC accomplishes a secondary
but a very important function which is stability control of
power system in order to damp the unwanted system
oscillations in order to progress transient stability of power
system [13, 26].
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a multipurpose
controller and is well-known for simulating a numerous
function at a time, it keeps the power flow level throughout the
transmission lines of power system by controlling the voltage
magnitude. UPFC can accomplish a principal role in the steady
and dynamic operations powers system networks as it can offer
several advantages during such operations. With the discovery
of UPFC, new challenges have been roused in power
electronics and designing of power systems. The core
configuration of UPFC comprises of two voltage source
convertors (VSC), out of which one convertor is linked in
series with transmission line (coupled with SSSC) while the
other one is connected in parallel with transmission line
(coupled with STATCOM).
The UPFC is planned for the dynamic benefit as well as for
the real time control of power flow in AC transmission lines
and power systems. It proposes multifunctional flexibility
which is required by the power system operators to come up
with many problems. With the comparison to the conventional
power transmission technology, the UPFC is accomplished to
control, either selectively or instantaneously, all those
parameters which directly lay effect on power flow in the
transmission line (i-e impedance, voltage and phase angle) and
this main role marks it unique and powerful than other FACTS
devices. It bears the ability of controlling both reactive and
active power in the transmission line independently. The UPFC
is not only used to play the role of dissimilar controllers and
regulators such as STATCOM, TCSC, SSSC, and phase angle
shift regulator but also offer other versatile flexibilities by
uniting the different functions of these controllers.
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) consist of two
voltage source convertors (VSC) along with power electronic
switches like GTO‟s or IGBT‟s, and these two VSC‟s share a
common DC circuit charged by DC capacitor storage, for their
operation. This arrangement makes the convertor to tasks as an
ideal ac to ac invertor due to which the real power can run
without any restriction in either direction, among the AC
terminals of both convertors and each convertor can absorb or
produce reactive power at its own AC output terminal [13].
Figure: 4 Simplified Configuration of UPFC
IV. SIMULATION
Results attained for simulation in MATLAB Sim Power
System are presented in this chapter. The result as well as the
simulation are then followed by discussions and the
examination that contains load flow analysis also the Power
system performance during fault condition.
Simulation were containing 9-bus Test System without
concerning FACTS controllers, means to just measures the
Systems behavior through fault condition by applying three-
phase fault to the system, without the FACTS compensation
effect. Then, the performance of a system was measured with
UPFC.
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ISSN: 2409-2770
A. Simulation and Evaluation of IEEE 9-bus System
performance During Fault without FACT Controller:
For the Base Case, the simulation does not include any
FACTS controllers, but only inclusive. With two wind
generators and an equivalent load. Three-phase fault is applied
to bus 08, in order to measure the performance of the system
not considering any FACTS controllers. The below figure 5
shows simulated IEEE 9- bus test system.
Figure5: IEEE 9-Bus System including 3-phase fault without FACTS
Controllers.
The IEEE nine-bus system comprises of the nine buses and
4 Loads. The entire generation also the load of the system is
2000MW and 15500MVA correspondingly. After running
simulation for 10 seconds, the voltage and active power
profiles of each bus are been plotted, with the help of which we
will assess the performance of system during three phase fault
condition, applied to bus 08, without using any FACT
controller. The voltage and active power profiles resulting from
simulation for 10 seconds are shown in figure 6 and figure 7.
From these outlines the weakest buses and overloaded buses
will be determined with the aid of VPQ measurement blocks.
Figure6: Active Power Profiles of nine buses during fault
From above figure 6 active power profiles can be
effortlessly evaluated. Due to three phase fault applied on bus
08, the bus 08 is considered to be weakest bus as its active
power flow is reduced to -0.06734MW. Other weak buses are
Bus 02, bus 05, bus 07 with active power flow of -10.12MW,
56.94MW and -3.266MW correspondingly.
Figure 7 shows the voltage profiles of each bus. Three
phase fault has severely effected the voltage profiles across
every bus. The voltage of bus 08 is drives down to 2.041e-
05MW and is considered to be weakest bus. Other buses
effected from fault are bus01, bus04, bus05 and bus06 with
voltage profile of 0.009871MW,0.0148MW, 0.0251MW and
0.0352MW correspondingly.
Figure 7: Voltage Profiles of nine buses durilt
B. Analysis of fault effected buses with plots:
The buses that are effected from fault will be assessed by
constructing a plots for each bus in MATLAB. From plots the
performance and ability of all the effected bus can be
determined clearly. The plot of period 10 seconds is
constructed for each bus which is sufficient to evaluate the
transients produced at bus due to three phase fault.
C. Analysis of Active Power Flow of fault effected buses:
Figure 8 shows that plot for bus 01 during fault. It can be
noticeably detected that the oscillations produced due to fault
are very high and need to be damped. These high oscillations
lead to the generation of transients in system due to which
system‟s performance can seriously effected. Here bus 01 is
found to be overloaded.
Figure 8: Bus01 Plot during Fault without FACT
Figure 9 shows the bus 02 plot. It shows that the power
flow is flowing in negative direction over bus 02 due to fault. If
the present situation remains for a long time, then it can affect
the operation of generation plant due to opposite direction of
power flow.
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ISSN: 2409-2770
Figure 9: Bus02 Plot during Fault without FACTS
Figure 10 shows that the oscillations that arisen in bus 05
due to fault. Though the level of power flow over bus 05 is
highly considerable but the oscillations produced due to fault
are continuous and essential to be damped before they effect on
power system.
Figure 10: Bus05 Plot during Fault without FACTS
Figure 11 Bus07 Plot during Fault without FACTS
As the fault is applied at bus 08, its power flow level drives
down nearly to zero and it becomes under-loaded. The
oscillations produced on bus 08 for very small period of time,
are very high and leave the bus with almost non-operational
condition. Figure 12 demonstrates the power flow profile of
bus 08. The power flow of bus 08 also flows in reverse
direction after the occurrence of disorder
Figure 12: Bus08 Plot during Fault without FAC
D. Analysis of voltage profiles of fault affected buses:
With the disruption in flow of active power through the
system, voltage profiles are also being affected due to three
phase fault. Figure 13 shows the effect of bus 01 situation
during fault condition. Its voltage is drop down to almost zero.
The transients and oscillation can visibly be observed.
Figure 13: Bus01 Voltage Plot during Fault without FACTS
The voltage Profiles of bus 04, bus 05 and bus 06 are
shown in the figure 14, 15 and 16 correspondingly. The
voltages of these buses are fallen to a very low level due to
fault occurrence in the system. In spite of voltage drop in
buses, high transients and oscillations also produces on the
buses which lead the power system to instability.
Figure 14: Bus05 Voltage Plot during Fault without FACTS
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ISSN: 2409-2770
Figure 15: Bus06 Voltage Plot during Fault without FACTS
Figure 16: Bus04 Voltage Plot during Fault without FACTS
The three phase fault is applied on bus 08, its voltage is
fallen sharply to a very small value of MW which can be seen
as a straight red line in figure 17. This bus is severely distorted
due to fault and mandatory to return to its original condition
else the system will remain unstable for a long period of time
and its equipment can be damaged.
Figure 17: Bus08 Voltage Plot during Fault without FACTS
From above discussion and examination of numerous buses
which are much effected from three phase fault, over different
plots, it is then required to improve the performance of those
buses in order to avoid the system lead to instability. So to
make the system‟s operation nonstop and stable during fault,
FACTS controllers will be applied in IEEE 9 bus system to
increase the performance and reliability of system. For testing
and examination of FACTS devices, bus 05 is considered
where one of FACT controller will be applied. Three testing
methods will be used to examine the outcome of power system
with FACTS controllers during occurrence of fault at bus 08.
The three methods of testing are given below:
Simulation also Evaluation of IEEE 9-bus system
performance in fault with STATCOM.
Simulation also Evaluation of IEEE 9-bus system
performance in fault with SSSC
Simulation as well as Evaluation of IEEE 9-bus system
performance in fault with UPFC.
II. Simulation and Evaluation of IEEE 9-bus
system performance during fault with UPFC:
UPFC is linked to bus 05 of power system, presented in
figure 19. As UPFC comprises of both SSSC and STATCOM
convertors, so it has the ability to increase both active power
and voltage profiles concurrently as well as can remove the
damps and transients from the system absolutely. The ratings
of both convertors are retained at 100MW as related to system
rating. While the capacitance rating is retained at 750e-06,
which is used to source power to UPFC while its operation.
The performance of UPFC is assessed in detail in beneath plots
of active power flow and voltage.
Figure 19: IEEE 9-Bus System including 3-phase fault with UPFC
III. Analysis of Buses Active Power Flow Profiles during
fault in the presence of UPFC:
The active power flow profiles in existence of UPFC is
presented in figure 4.27, via digital meters. UPFC has
considerably enhanced the active power flow on all nine buses
as well as totally removed and damped the oscillations and
transients from all the buses which make the system very stable
to operate during fault condition. The foremost advantage of
UPFC is that it has totally eliminate the transients from system
which is focus of research to make the system‟s operation fully
stable and constant. The plots and waveforms of selected
buses constructed under UPFC are presented below.
7. International Journal of Engineering Works Vol. 4, Issue 2, PP. 33-40, February 2017
ISSN: 2409-2770
Figure 20: Active Power Flow measurements of nine buses with UPFC
The active power flow of bus 01 is presented in figure 21.
UPFC has considerably controlled the active power at all buses
and take the active power flow level at each bus to a
considerable level of flow. The power flow at bus 01 is 244.7
MW (with UPFC) which is decreased from 292MW.
Figure 21: Bus01 Active Power Plot during Fault with UPFC
(without UPFC), this demostrate that UPFC has relief the
bus 01 from over flow of power throughout fault and more
significant the transients and oscillations are absolutely
vanished from the bus.
The UPFC is inserted to bus 05. The power flow of bus 05
is also amplified to 104.4MW from 55MW, presented in figure
22, which is the major inrease in power flow improvemet at
bus 05 and more significantly oscillations have been reduced
and vanished from the bus which could be dangerous for
system operation.
Figure 22: Bus05 Active Power Plot during Fault with UPFC
The performance of fault affected bus 08 is presented in
figure 23, in operation of UPFC. As fault has seriously affected
the bus active power flow and produces a very high transients
and oscillations over the bus. UPFC has considerably
performed its operation and not only enhanced the active
power but also damps the oscillations and transients absolutely.
Figure 23: Bus08 Active Power Plot during Fault with UPFC
The active power flow waveforms of all 9 buses of power
system in operation of UPFC are presented in figure 24. The
active power flow profiles of all 9 buses are enhanced
considerably during disturbance when the UPFC is introduced
to the proposed system. UPFC has enhanced both the
magnitude and transients very well.
Figure 24: Active Power Flow Plots of all nine buses during fault with UPFC
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