This presentation provides an overview of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices. It defines FACTS as power electronics-based static equipment used to improve power transfer capability and enhance controllability of AC transmission systems. The presentation categorizes FACTS devices based on their connection type to the transmission network and technology. It describes common first and second generation FACTS devices such as SVC, STATCOM, SSSC, TCSC, and UPFC; and their technical benefits regarding load flow control, voltage control, and stability. Potential applications and future enhancements of FACTS are also discussed, along with benefits, operation, and maintenance.
Introduction
Definition of FACTS system
Necessity of facts devices
Shunt connected controllers
Types of facts controllers
Shunt connected controllers
Benefits of FACTS
The concept of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) refers to a family of power electronics based devices able to enhance AC system controllability and stability and to increase power transfer capability.
The design of the different schemes and configurations of FACTS devices is based on the combination of traditional power system components (such as transformers, reactors, switches, and capacitors) with power electronics elements (such as various types of transistors and thyristors).
Introduction
Definition of FACTS system
Necessity of facts devices
Shunt connected controllers
Types of facts controllers
Shunt connected controllers
Benefits of FACTS
The concept of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) refers to a family of power electronics based devices able to enhance AC system controllability and stability and to increase power transfer capability.
The design of the different schemes and configurations of FACTS devices is based on the combination of traditional power system components (such as transformers, reactors, switches, and capacitors) with power electronics elements (such as various types of transistors and thyristors).
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical powerDr.Raja R
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical power
Reactive power in transmission line :
Reactive power control
Reactive power and its importance
Apparent Power
Reactive Power
Apparent Power
Reactive Power Formula
Nowadays, it is very important to maintain voltage level. Controlling of that voltage is also important. This Presentation contains methods of voltage control.
We had made a working model on static VAR compensator which is made by power electronic switch and mechanically switched. We had chosen mechanically switched capacitor method to improved receiving end voltage as well as power factor.
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical powerDr.Raja R
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical power
Reactive power in transmission line :
Reactive power control
Reactive power and its importance
Apparent Power
Reactive Power
Apparent Power
Reactive Power Formula
Nowadays, it is very important to maintain voltage level. Controlling of that voltage is also important. This Presentation contains methods of voltage control.
We had made a working model on static VAR compensator which is made by power electronic switch and mechanically switched. We had chosen mechanically switched capacitor method to improved receiving end voltage as well as power factor.
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTs) technology opens up new opportunities for
controlling power flow and enhancing the usable capacity of present, as well as new and upgraded lines. These
FACTs device which enables independent control of active and reactive power besides improving reliability and
quality of the supply. This paper describes the real and reactive power flow control through a short transmission
line and then compensated short transmission line with different FACTs devices are used to selection of FACTs
devices for better reactive power compensation with change in line capacitance/shunt capacitance to observe
power flow. Computer simulation by MATLAB/SIMULINK has been used to determining better reactive power.
TCSC, STATCOM, UPFC and SSSC FACTs controller with different capacitance are tested for controlling
reactive power flow.
The significance of power factor correction (PFC) has long been visualized as a technology requirement for improving the efficiency of a power system network by compensating for the fundamental reactive power generated or consumed by simple inductive or capacitive loads. With the Information Age in full swing, the growth of high reliability, low cost electronic products have led utilities to escalate their power quality concerns created by the increase of such “switching loads.” These products include: entertainment devices such as Digital TVs, DVDs, and audio equipment; information technology devices such as PCs, printers, and fax-machines; variable speed motor drives for HVAC and white goods appliances; food preparation and cooking products such as microwaves and cook tops; and lighting products, which include electronic ballasts, LED and fluorescent lamps, and other power conversion devices that operate a variety of lamps. The drivers that have resulted in this proliferation are a direct result of the availability of low-cost switch-mode devices and control circuitry in all major end-use segments: residential, commercial, and industrial.
The concept of FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System) refers to a family of power electronics-based devices able to enhance AC system controllability and stability and to increase power transfer capability.
USING SSSC & STATCOM --IMPROVE TRANSIENT STABILITY--P & Q OSICALLATIONSIJSRD
In a deregulated power system, the electric power demand is extending ordinary which may lead to overloads and loss of generation. Transient stability studies put a fundamental part in power systems, which give information related to the capacity of a power structure to stay in synchronism during major disturbances resulting from either the loss of generation or transmission facilities, sudden or sustained changes. The examination of transient quality is discriminating to work the power structure more secure and this paper focuses on growing the transient relentlessness using FACTS devices like Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). These FACTS contraptions are in a perfect world set on transmission structure using Sensitivity approach framework.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
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This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. FACTS DEVICES – INTRODUCTION
CONCEPT
BENEFITS OF FACTS
OVER-VIEW OF FACTS
CLASSIFICATION OF FACTS
TECHNICAL BENEFIGTS OF FACTS
APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
CONCLUSION
CONTENTSCONTENTS
22
3. Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System.
FACTS as they are generally known, are new devices that
improve transmission systems.
FACTS is a static equipment used for the AC transmission
of electrical energy.
It is generally a power electronics based device.
Meant to enhance controllability and increase power
transfer capability.
INTRODUCTION
33
4. FACTSFACTS
Flexible AC Transmission System (Facts) is a newFlexible AC Transmission System (Facts) is a new
integrated concept based on power electronic switchingintegrated concept based on power electronic switching
converters and dynamic controllers to enhance the systemconverters and dynamic controllers to enhance the system
utilization and power transfer capacity as well as the stability,utilization and power transfer capacity as well as the stability,
security, reliability and power quality of AC systemsecurity, reliability and power quality of AC system
interconnections.interconnections.
6. UPFC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Benefits of using FACTS devices
Better utilization of existing transmission system assets
Increased transmission system reliability and availability
(lower vulnerability to load changes, line faults)
Increased dynamic and transient grid
Stability and reduction of loop flows
Increased quality of supply for sensitive industries
(through mitigation of flicker, frequency variations)
Environmental benefits
66
7. OVER VIEW OF FACTS
AC- NETWORK
CONTROLLERS
CONVENTIONAL
(Switched)
FACTS-Devices
(Fast and Static)
R,L,C,
Transformer
Thyristor
Valve
VSC Hybrid
Shunt
Devices
Series
Devices
Shunt-
Series
Switched Shunt
Compensation
Switched Series
Compensation
Phase Shifting
Transformer
SVC
UPFC,
DPFC
STATCOM
SSSC,
IPFCTCSC FCL
STATCOM
+ Energy
Storage
DFC
77
8. CLASSIFICATION OF FACTS
A. Depending on the type of connection to the network
The FACTS device can be classified in TWO ways.
• Serial controller
• Derivation controller
• Serial to serial controller
• Serial derivation controllers
B. Depending on technological features the FACTS devices can be divided
into two generations:
First generation - uses thyristors with ignition controlled by door (SCR).
Second generation - semiconductors with ignition and extinction
controlled by door (GTO, IGBT, etc.).
88
9. Consist of a variable impedance as a condenser, coil.
Inject a serial tension(variable impedance multiplied by the current) to
the line.
Tension is in quadrature with the line current.
Consumes reactive power.
Ex: Serial Synchronous Static Compensator (SSSC).
a. Serial Controllers
99
10. b. Controllers in derivation
Consist of a variable impedance, variable source or a combination of both.
Inject current to the system in the point of connection. (variable impedance
connected to line tension causes variable current flow, thus injecting current
to the line).
While the injected current is in quadrature with the line tension.
Consumes reactive power.
Ex: Synchronous Static Compensator (STATCOM).
1010
11. Combination of coordinated serial controllers in a multiline transmission
system or can also be an unified controller.
The serial controllers provide serial reactive compensation for each line also
transferring active power between lines through the link of power.
The term “unified” means that the DC terminals of the converters of all the
controllers are connected to achieve a transfer of active power between each
other.
Ex: Interline Power Flow Compensator (IPFC).
c. Serial - Serial Controllers
1111
12. d. Serial - Derivation Controllers
Combination of serial and derivations controllers separated, co-ordinately
controlled.
Inject current to the system through the component in derivation of the
controller, and serial tension with the line utilizing the serial component.
When the serial and derivation controllers are unified, they can have an
exchange of active power between them through their link.
Ex: Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
1212
13. FIRST GENERATION OF FACTS
Static Compensator of VAR’s (SVC, TCR)
Tyristor Controlled Series Compensation (TCSC, TCSR)
Tyristor Controlled phase shifting Transformer (TCPST)
Tyristor Controlled voltage regulator (TCVR)
SECOND GENERATION OF FACTS
Synchronous Static Compensator (STATCOM with and without
storage)
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC with and without
storage)
Unified Power flow Controller (UPFC)
Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC)
1313
14. Regulate voltage and stabilise(dynamic) the system.
SVC is an automated impedance matching device, designed to bring the system
closer to unity power factor.
If load is capacitive (leading), the SVC will use reactors (in form of TCR)
Under inductive (lagging) ,the capacitor banks are automatically switched in.
SVR may be placed near high and rapidly varying loads, such as arc furnaces,
where they can smooth flicker voltage.
STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR
1414
15.
16. STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR
STATCOM is a regulating(poor power factor and poor voltage) device.
Based on a power electronics voltage-source converter and can act as either a
source or sink of reactive AC power.
If connected to a source of power it can also provide active AC power.
STATCOM provides better damping characteristics than the SVC as it is able
to transiently exchange active power with the system.
1616
17. STATIC SYNCHRONOUS SERIES COMPENSATOR
Works the same way as the STATCOM.
It has a VSC serially connected to a transmission line through a
transformer.
A SSSC is able to exchange active and reactive power with the
transmission system.
Thus SSSC can work like a controllable serial condenser and serial reactor.
The voltage injected through a SSSC is not related to the line intensity and
can be controlled independently.
As a result SSSC can give good results with low loads as well as high
loads.
1717
18.
19. A UPFC system can regulate the active and reactive power at same time.
It has the ability to adjust the three control parameters(bus voltage,
transmission line reactance, and phase angle between two buses, either
simultaneously or independently).
The converter 2 has the main function of the UPFC; it injects an AC voltage
to the line, where magnitude and phase angle are controllable through a
serial transformer.
Converter 1 give or absorb the real power that the converter 2 demands.
UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER
1919
20.
21. Technical Benefits of FACTSTechnical Benefits of FACTS
Load Flow
Control
Voltage
Control
Transient
stability
Dynamic
Stability
SVC LESS HIGH LOW MEDIUM
STATCOM LESS HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM
TCSC MEDIUM LESS HIGH MEDIUM
UPFC HIGH HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM
2121
22. Maintenance of FACTS devices
Is minimal and similar to that required for shunt capacitors, reactors
and transformers
The amount of maintenance ranges from 150 to 250 man-hours per
year
Operation of FACTS devices
operated automatically
can be done locally and remotely
2222
23. Applications of FACTSApplications of FACTS
Steady state voltage stability
Power flow control
Damping of power system oscillations
Reducing generation costs
HVDC link application
Deregulated power systems
Flicker mitigation
Interconnection of renewable, distributed generation
and storages.
2323
24. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS OF FACTSFUTURE ENHANCEMENTS OF FACTS
Several FACTS devices have been introduced for various
application world-wide.
A number of new types of devices are in the stage of being
introduced in practice.
Many new devices are under research process, such as
HFC (Hybrid Flow Controller)
RHFC (Rotary Hybrid Flow Controller)
DPFC (distributed power flow controller)
C-UPFC (center node) and many more…….
2424
25. CONCLUSION
Due to the, every time higher requirements of the liability and quality of
the electricity, the implantation of devices capable of guaranteeing
these requirements will keep increasing.
The development of high power inverters of high performance at low
cost is necessary to consolidate compensators such as STATCOM,
SSSC, UPFC.
The areas to be improved would be:
1. Converter topology
2. Basic control strategies
3. The application of multi-level FACTS devices.
2525