The significance of power factor correction (PFC) has long been visualized as a technology requirement for improving the efficiency of a power system network by compensating for the fundamental reactive power generated or consumed by simple inductive or capacitive loads. With the Information Age in full swing, the growth of high reliability, low cost electronic products have led utilities to escalate their power quality concerns created by the increase of such “switching loads.” These products include: entertainment devices such as Digital TVs, DVDs, and audio equipment; information technology devices such as PCs, printers, and fax-machines; variable speed motor drives for HVAC and white goods appliances; food preparation and cooking products such as microwaves and cook tops; and lighting products, which include electronic ballasts, LED and fluorescent lamps, and other power conversion devices that operate a variety of lamps. The drivers that have resulted in this proliferation are a direct result of the availability of low-cost switch-mode devices and control circuitry in all major end-use segments: residential, commercial, and industrial.
The significance of power factor correction (PFC) has long been visualized as a technology requirement for improving the efficiency of a power system network by compensating for the fundamental reactive power generated or consumed by simple inductive or capacitive loads. With the Information Age in full swing, the growth of high reliability, low cost electronic products have led utilities to escalate their power quality concerns created by the increase of such “switching loads.” These products include: entertainment devices such as Digital TVs, DVDs, and audio equipment; information technology devices such as PCs, printers, and fax-machines; variable speed motor drives for HVAC and white goods appliances; food preparation and cooking products such as microwaves and cook tops; and lighting products, which include electronic ballasts, LED and fluorescent lamps, and other power conversion devices that operate a variety of lamps. The drivers that have resulted in this proliferation are a direct result of the availability of low-cost switch-mode devices and control circuitry in all major end-use segments: residential, commercial, and industrial.
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
Power Quality is a combination of Voltage profile, Frequency profile, Harmonics contain and reliability of power supply.
The Power Quality is defined as the degree to which the power supply approaches the ideal case of stable, uninterrupted, zero distortion and disturbance free supply.
A flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) is a system composed of static equipment used for the AC transmission of electrical energy. It is meant to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability of the network. It is generally a power electronics-based system.
In conventional AC transmission system, the ability to transfer AC power is limited by several factors like thermal limits, transient stability limit, voltage limit, short circuit current limit etc. These limits define the maximum electric power which can be efficiently transmitted through the transmission line without causing any damage to the electrical equipments and the transmission lines. This is normally achieved by bringing changes in the power system layout. However this is not feasible and another way of achieving maximum power transfer capability without any changes in the power system layout. Also with the introduction of variable impedance devices like capacitors and inductors, whole of the energy or power from the source is not transferred to the load, but a part is stored in these devices as reactive power and returned back to the source. Thus the actual amount of power transferred to the load or the active power is always less than the apparent power or the net power. For ideal transmission the active power should be equal to the apparent power. In other words, the power factor (the ratio of active power to apparent power) should be unity. This is where the role of Flexible AC transmission System comes.
In the modern power system the reactive power compensation is one of the main issues, the transmission of active power requires a difference in angular phase between voltages at the sending and receiving points (which is feasible within wide limits), whereas the transmission of reactive power requires a difference in magnitude of these same voltages (which is feasible only within very narrow limits). The reactive power is consumed not only by most of the network elements, but also by most of the consumer loads, so it must be supplied somewhere. If we can't transmit it very easily, then it ought to be generated where it is needed." (Reference Edited by T. J. E. Miller, Forward Page ix).Thus we need to work on the efficient methods by which VAR compensation can be applied easily and we can optimize the modern power system. VAR control technique can provides appropriate placement of compensation devices by which a desirable voltage profile can be achieved and at the same time minimizing the power losses in the system. This report discusses the transmission line requirements for reactive power compensation. In this report thyristor switched capacitor is explained which is a static VAR compensator used for reactive power management in electrical systems.
Seminar Topic For Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Voltage Regulation and Control in Transmission LinesToshaliMohapatra
Voltage Regulation and Control in Transmission Lines includes: Importance of Voltage Control, Methods of Voltage Control, Shunt Compensator, Shunt Capacitor & Reactors, Series Compensator, Performance of Series and Shunt Compensators, Results Obtained from Graph, Synchronous Condenser, Tap Changing Transformer, Auto Transformer, Booster Transformer
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
Power Quality is a combination of Voltage profile, Frequency profile, Harmonics contain and reliability of power supply.
The Power Quality is defined as the degree to which the power supply approaches the ideal case of stable, uninterrupted, zero distortion and disturbance free supply.
A flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) is a system composed of static equipment used for the AC transmission of electrical energy. It is meant to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability of the network. It is generally a power electronics-based system.
In conventional AC transmission system, the ability to transfer AC power is limited by several factors like thermal limits, transient stability limit, voltage limit, short circuit current limit etc. These limits define the maximum electric power which can be efficiently transmitted through the transmission line without causing any damage to the electrical equipments and the transmission lines. This is normally achieved by bringing changes in the power system layout. However this is not feasible and another way of achieving maximum power transfer capability without any changes in the power system layout. Also with the introduction of variable impedance devices like capacitors and inductors, whole of the energy or power from the source is not transferred to the load, but a part is stored in these devices as reactive power and returned back to the source. Thus the actual amount of power transferred to the load or the active power is always less than the apparent power or the net power. For ideal transmission the active power should be equal to the apparent power. In other words, the power factor (the ratio of active power to apparent power) should be unity. This is where the role of Flexible AC transmission System comes.
In the modern power system the reactive power compensation is one of the main issues, the transmission of active power requires a difference in angular phase between voltages at the sending and receiving points (which is feasible within wide limits), whereas the transmission of reactive power requires a difference in magnitude of these same voltages (which is feasible only within very narrow limits). The reactive power is consumed not only by most of the network elements, but also by most of the consumer loads, so it must be supplied somewhere. If we can't transmit it very easily, then it ought to be generated where it is needed." (Reference Edited by T. J. E. Miller, Forward Page ix).Thus we need to work on the efficient methods by which VAR compensation can be applied easily and we can optimize the modern power system. VAR control technique can provides appropriate placement of compensation devices by which a desirable voltage profile can be achieved and at the same time minimizing the power losses in the system. This report discusses the transmission line requirements for reactive power compensation. In this report thyristor switched capacitor is explained which is a static VAR compensator used for reactive power management in electrical systems.
Seminar Topic For Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Voltage Regulation and Control in Transmission LinesToshaliMohapatra
Voltage Regulation and Control in Transmission Lines includes: Importance of Voltage Control, Methods of Voltage Control, Shunt Compensator, Shunt Capacitor & Reactors, Series Compensator, Performance of Series and Shunt Compensators, Results Obtained from Graph, Synchronous Condenser, Tap Changing Transformer, Auto Transformer, Booster Transformer
Mitigation of Voltage Sag for Power Quality Improvement Using DPFC SystemIJMTST Journal
A new control scheme to improve and maintain the power quality of an electrical power system by design of distributed power flow controller. Generally, In case of modern power utilities have problems like challenges in growth of electricity in case of non-linear loads in grid connected systems. In this paper, we introduced a new FACTS method i.e. distributed power flow controller which is similar to other series-shunt controller types. This DPFC method is also used like UPFC to mitigate voltage sag and swell as a power quality issue. In DPFC, we eliminate the common dc link capacitor and instead of single three phase series converter it has three individual single phase converters. In this paper the control circuit is designed by using series referral voltages, branch currents. The evaluated values are obtained by using MATLAB/SIMULINK.
This paper describes the steady-state response and control of power in transmission line equipped with
FACTS devices. Detailed simulations are carried out on two -machine systems to illustrate the control
features of these devices and their influence to increase power transfer capability and improve
system reliability. The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC) and DPFC
has the same control capability as the UPFC. The DPFC can be considered as a UPFC with an eliminated
common dc link. The active power exchange between the shunt and series converters, which is through the
common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the transmission lines at the third -harmonic frequency.
The interaction between the DPFC, the network and the machines are analyzed.
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
UPFC in order to Enhance the Power System ReliabilityIJMER
The maintenance and reliability of the power system has become a major aspect of study. The
solution is the use of FACTS devices especially the use of UPFC. Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
is the most widely used FACTS device to control the power flow and to optimize the system stability in the
transmission line. It is used to control the power flow in the transmission systems by controlling the
impedance, voltage magnitude and phase angle. This controller offers advantages in terms of static and
dynamic operation of the power system. The UPFC with its various modes of operation is understood.
Second, the operation of control system used in its converters is also studied. Finally by help of modeling
of a power system in SIMULINK / MATLAB SIMPOWERSYSTEM and by installing single phase UPFC
in transmission link, its use as power flow controller and voltage injection and constructing a lab scale
model of UPFC is discussed also.
Power Flow Control In A Transmission Line Using Unified Power Flow ControllerIJMER
This paper concentrates on FACT device UPFC which is used for powerflow control in the
transmission side. With the growing demand of electricity, it is not possible to erect new lines to face the
situation. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) makes use of the thyristor controlled devices and optimally
utilizes the existing transmission network. One of such device is Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) on
which the emphasis is given in this present work. Real, reactive power, and voltage balance of the unified
power-flow control (UPFC) system is analyzed. A novel coordination controller is proposed for the UPFC.
The basic control method is such that the shunt converter controls the transmission line reactive power
flow and the dc-link voltage. The series converter controls the real power flow in the transmission line and
the UPFC bus voltages. Experimental works have been conducted to verify the effectiveness of the
UPFC in power flow control in the transmission line. The simulation model was done in
MATLAB/SIMULINK platform.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTs) technology opens up new opportunities for
controlling power flow and enhancing the usable capacity of present, as well as new and upgraded lines. These
FACTs device which enables independent control of active and reactive power besides improving reliability and
quality of the supply. This paper describes the real and reactive power flow control through a short transmission
line and then compensated short transmission line with different FACTs devices are used to selection of FACTs
devices for better reactive power compensation with change in line capacitance/shunt capacitance to observe
power flow. Computer simulation by MATLAB/SIMULINK has been used to determining better reactive power.
TCSC, STATCOM, UPFC and SSSC FACTs controller with different capacitance are tested for controlling
reactive power flow.
Location of Shunt FACTS Devices for First-Swing Stability Enhancement in Inte...Editor IJMTER
This paper deals with the location of shunt FACTS devices to improve transient stability
in a long transmission line with predefined direction of real power flow. Shunt Flexible AC
Transmission System (FACTS) devices, when placed at the mid-point of a long transmission line,
play an important role in controlling the reactive power flow to the power network and hence both
the system voltage fluctuations and transient stability. The validity of the mid-point location of shunt
FACTS devices was verified using Simulink, with different shunt FACTS devices, namely static var
compensator (SVC) and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) in a long transmission line
using the actual line model. It has been observed that the FACTS devices, when placed slightly offcentre towards sending-end, give better performance in improving transient stability and the location
depends on the amount of local/through load. The results are experimented and simulated on
MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Facts controllers for power flow control a brief reviewDHEERAJ DHAKAR
This paper provides a review of FACTS devices. The value of these FACTS is the improvement of security and efficiency of power transmission networks. Fast controllability in emergency situation provides increased flexibility and therefore stability and security advantages. The flexibility in control allows operating closer to stability limits and improve the efficiency of existing networks
USING SSSC & STATCOM --IMPROVE TRANSIENT STABILITY--P & Q OSICALLATIONSIJSRD
In a deregulated power system, the electric power demand is extending ordinary which may lead to overloads and loss of generation. Transient stability studies put a fundamental part in power systems, which give information related to the capacity of a power structure to stay in synchronism during major disturbances resulting from either the loss of generation or transmission facilities, sudden or sustained changes. The examination of transient quality is discriminating to work the power structure more secure and this paper focuses on growing the transient relentlessness using FACTS devices like Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). These FACTS contraptions are in a perfect world set on transmission structure using Sensitivity approach framework.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
ANALYSIS OF FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM BASED INTERLINE POWER FLOW CONTROLLER FOR ...IAEME Publication
For series compensation, an interline power flow controller (IPFC) is a converterbased FACTS controller for AC transmission networks that may regulate power flow across many lines in the same corridor. A DC-link connects a series of voltage source converters in the architecture of IPFC. Using a shared DC-link, real and reactive power may be transferred between the voltage source converters. An IPFC system with two voltage source converters is employed in this work to control the impedances of two parallel transmission lines having similar characteristics. In this study, the fuzzy inference system is proposed as the controller for the control circuits of both master and slave converters of the IPFC. To show the system behavior of the IPFC, the model is developed in MATLAB/Simulink, and the simulation studies are carried out during faulted conditions. The results are compared with PI controller-based IPFC and without IPFC
A Literature Review on Experimental Study of Power Losses in Transmission Lin...paperpublications3
Abstract: The flexible Ac transmission system (FACTS) controllers can play an important role in the power system security enhancement. However, due to high capital investment, it is necessary to locate these controllers optimally in the power system. FACTS devices can regulate the active and reactive power control as well as adaptive to voltage-magnitude control simultaneously because of their flexibility and fast control characteristics. Placement of these devices in suitable location can lead to control in line flow and maintain bus voltages in desired level and so improve voltage stability margins. In the previous paper three type of FACTS devices used in transmission lines for improvement of voltage profile in the power system. This paper describes the simulation result of flexible Alternative Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices used in the disturbed power systems. Out of three types of FACTS device UPFC performances is considered to be best comparatively with respect to each of the three devices.
Google Calendar is a versatile tool that allows users to manage their schedules and events effectively. With Google Calendar, you can create and organize calendars, set reminders for important events, and share your calendars with others. It also provides features like creating events, inviting attendees, and accessing your calendar from mobile devices. Additionally, Google Calendar allows you to embed calendars in websites or platforms like SlideShare, making it easier for others to view and interact with your schedules.
Building a Raspberry Pi Robot with Dot NET 8, Blazor and SignalR - Slides Onl...Peter Gallagher
In this session delivered at Leeds IoT, I talk about how you can control a 3D printed Robot Arm with a Raspberry Pi, .NET 8, Blazor and SignalR.
I also show how you can use a Unity app on an Meta Quest 3 to control the arm VR too.
You can find the GitHub repo and workshop instructions here;
https://bit.ly/dotnetrobotgithub
3. FACTS – WHAT IT IS??
• FACTs is an acronym for Flexible AC Transmission Systems. FACTs uses solid
state switching devices to control power flow through a transmission
network.
• FACTs idea was put forward by Prof. Hingorani of EPRI,USA in 1988.
• A line can be loaded up to its full thermal limit by FACTs.
• Power transfer can be increased through an old line by FACTs.
4. HISTORY OF FACTS
• Flexible AC Transmission Systems Technology (FACTs) was first proposed by
the Dr. Narain G. Hingorani in 1988 of Electric Power Research Institute
(EPRI),USA.
• The first FACTS installation was at the C.J. Slatt Substation near
Arlington,Oregon.
• This is a 500 KV, 3-phase 60 Hz substation, and was developed by EPRI, the
Bonneville Power Administration and General Electric Company.
5. OBJECTIVES OF FACTS
• To increase the power transfer capability of transmission
systems.
• To keep power flow over designated routes.
• Secure loading of transmission lines nearer to their thermal
limits.
• Prevention of cascading outages by contributing to
emergency control.
• Damping of oscillations that can threaten security or limit the
useable line capacity.
7. CLASSIFICATION OF FACTS
The FACTS device can be classified in TWO ways:
• Depending on the type of connection to the network
1.Serial Controller.
2.Derivation Controller.
3.Serial to Serial Controller.
4.Serial Derivation Controllers.
• Depending on Technological Features the FACTS devices can be divided into
two generations:
1.First Generation- Uses thyristors with ignition controlled by door (SCR).
2.Second Generation- semiconductors with ignition and extinction
controlled by door (GTO,IGBT,etc.)
8. SERIAL AND DERIVATION CONTROLLER
Serial Controllers: 1.Consist of a variable impedance as a coil.
2.Inject a serial tension to the line.
3.Consumes reactive power.
Example:Serial Synchronous Static Compensator(SSSC)
Controllers in Derivation:1.Consist of a variable
impedance,variable source or a combination of both.
2.Inject current to the system in the point of connection.
3.Consumes reactive power.
Example:Synchronous Static Compensator(STATCOM)
9. SERIAL-SERIAL AND SERIAL-DERIVATION
CONTROLLERS
Serial-Serial Controllers: Combination of coordinated serial
controllers in a multiline transmission system or can also be an
unified controller.
Example: Interline Power Flow Compensator(IPFC)
Serial-Derivation Controllers: Combination of serial and derivations
controllers separated, co-ordinately controlled.
Example: Unified Power Flow Controller(UPFC)
10. GENERATION OF FACTS
1.FIRST GENERATION OF FACTS
1.Static Compensator of VAR’s (SVC,TCR)
2.Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation (TCSC,TCSR)
3.Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer(TCPST)
4.Thyristor Controlled Voltage Regulator(TCVR)
2.SECOND GENERATION OF FACTS
1. Synchronous Static Compensator(STATCOM)
2. Static Synchronous Series Compensator(SSSC)
3. Unified Power Flow Controller(UPFC)
4. Interline Power Flow Controller(IPFC)
11. ADVANTAGES OF FACTS
• Transmission Cost is minimized.
• Smooth steady state and dynamic control.
• Active damping of power oscillations.
• Increase of reliability.
• Improvement of system stability and voltage control.
• Provide greater flexibility in sitting new generation.
• Optimum power flow for certain objectives.
13. MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION
• Maintenance of FACTS Devices:
1.Is minimal and similar to that required for shunt capacitors, reactors and
transformers.
2.The amount of maintenance ranges from 150 to 250 man-hours per
year.
* Operation of FACTS Devices:
1. Operated Automatically.
2. Can be done locally and remotely.
14. APPLICATIONS OF FACTS
• Steady State Voltage Stability.
• Power Flow Control.
• Damping of power system oscillations.
• Reducing generation costs.
• HVDC link application.
• Deregulated Power Systems.
• Flicker Mitigation.
15. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS OF FACTS
• Several FACTS devices have been introduced for various application world-
wide.
• A member of new types of devices are in the stage of being introduced in
practice.
• Many new devices are under research process, such as…
HFC(Hybrid Flow Controller)
RHFC(Rotary Hybrid Flow Controller)
DPFC(Distributed Power Flow Controller)
C-UPFC(Center Node) and Many More….