Rayon is a semi-synthetic fiber made from regenerated cellulose. It is produced through a process that involves dissolving cellulose pulp in chemicals to form a solution called viscose, which is then extruded through spinnerets into an acid bath to harden the fibers. The fibers are then stretched, washed, and cut or left as filaments. Rayon has properties between synthetic and natural fibers - it is strong and absorbent like cotton but can be dyed in bright colors. It is used widely in apparel, home textiles, and industrial products like tires.
The presentation is about the rayon fiber for school going students. In it, I have covered its making process, chemical composition, things that can be made out of it and how good or bad it is for our environment.
The presentation is about the rayon fiber for school going students. In it, I have covered its making process, chemical composition, things that can be made out of it and how good or bad it is for our environment.
I am the student of Textile Institute of Pakistan in the discipline of Textile Science [B.Sc( Hons)] & this presentation is about Viscose Rayon fiber, its manufacturing, its chemical composition, its types, its modification, its identification and its uses.
Start a business unit of viscose filament yarn. opportunities in textiles and...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Start a business unit of viscose filament yarn. opportunities in textiles and clothing market.
Viscose is a fiber made from cellulose pulp that dissolves. Wood, cotton, and bamboo are among the raw materials used in its production. A natural yarn made from wood pulp, bamboo pulp, or cotton pulp is known as viscose filament yarn (VFY). It's a completely natural product.
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Denim is a sturdy cotton warp-faced textile in which the weft passes under two or more warp threads. This twill weaving produces a diagonal ribbing that distinguishes it from cotton duck.
Denim is available in a range of colors, but the most common denim is indigo denim in which the warp thread is dyed while the weft thread is left white. As a result of the warp-faced twill weaving, one side of the textile is dominated by the blue warp threads and the other side is dominated by the white weft threads. Jeans fabricated from this cloth are thus predominantly white on the inside.
Bahauddin Zakariya University College of Textile Engineering.
Rayons are regenerated cellulosic fibers. this presentation explores viscose rayon and cuprammonium rayon, discussing their manufacturing process, properties and uses.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
3. ABOUT RAYON
Rayon is the oldest manmade fiber.
The U.S Trade commission defines Rayon as
“man made textile fibers and filament composed
of regenerated cellulose”.
Discovered by C.E.Cross and E.J.Bevan in 1891.
4. RAYON AS A MATERIAL
It is neither a truly
synthetic fiber, nor a
natural fiber.
Is a Semi-synthetic or a
artificial fiber.
Is known by the names
viscose rayon and art silk in
the textile industry.
A high luster quality
giving a bright sheen.
5. TYPES OF RAYON
Regular Rayon: This rayon has the largest market share. It is
typically used in apparel and home furnishing.
High Wet Modulus (HWM): This rayon has the same property as
regular rayon but with high wet strength. It performs much like
cotton in similar end uses.
High Tenacity Rayon: This is a modified regular rayon with
exceptional strength (two times the strength of HWM rayon). It is
primarily used in tire cord and industrial end uses.
Microfibers: This is manufactured from either regular rayon or
HWM rayon's. Rayon microfibers are very fine. The fabrics from
microfibers drapes better and are silk-like in hand and appearance.
6. CHARACTERISTICS OF RAYON
It is strong and durable.
It is extremely absorbent.
It is soft and comfortable.
It is breathable.
It is easily dyed in vivid colors.
It is abrasion resistant.
It resists insect damage.
It looses 30% to 50% of its strength when wet.
It drapes well and does not have a problem with static.
It wrinkles easily.
7. PRODUCTION PROCESS
Production process used in making rayon is either a
continuous or a batch process.
Regular rayon (or viscose) is the most widely
produced form of rayon. This method of rayon
production has been utilized since the early
1900s and it has the ability to produce either
filament or staple fibers.
8. THE PROCESS IS AS FOLLOWS
Cellulose: Production begins with processed cellulose.
Immersion: The cellulose is dissolved in caustic soda:
(C6H10O5)n + nNaOH → (C6H9O4ONa)n + nH2O
Pressing: The solution is then pressed between rollers
to remove excess liquid
White Crumb: The pressed sheets are crumbled or
shredded to produce what is known as "white crumb"
Aging: The "white crumb" aged through exposure to
oxygen
9. THE PROCESS CONT’D
Xanthation The aged "white crumb" is mixed with carbon
disulfide in a process known as Xanthation, the aged alkali
cellulose crumbs are placed in vats and are allowed to react
with carbon disulfide under controlled temperature (20 to
30 C) to form cellulose xanthine:
(C6H9O4ONa)n + nCS2 → (C6H9O4O-SC-SNa)n
Yellow Crumb: Xanthation changes the chemical makeup of
the cellulose mixture and the resulting product is now called
"yellow crumb“.
Viscose: The "yellow crumb" is dissolved in a caustic solution
to form viscose.
Ripening: The viscose is set to stand for a period of
time, allowing it to ripen: (C 6H9O4O-SC-SNa)n + nH2O →
(C6H10O5)n + nCS2 + nNaOH.
10. THE PROCESS CONT’D:-
Filtering: After ripening, the viscose is filtered to remove any
undissolved particles
Degassing: Any bubbles of air are pressed from the viscose in a
degassing process.
Extruding: The viscose solution is extruded through a
spinneret, which resembles a shower head with many small holes.
Acid Bath: As the viscose exits the spinneret, it lands in a bath of
sulfuric acid, resulting in the formation of rayon filaments: (C 6H9O4O-
SC-SNa)n + ½nH2SO4 → (C6H10O5)n + nCS2 + ½nNa2SO4
Drawing: The rayon filaments are stretched, known as drawing, to
straighten out the fibers
11. THE PROCESS CONT’D:-
Washing: The fibers are then washed to remove any residual
chemicals
Cutting: If filament fibers are desired the process ends here.
The filaments are cut down when producing staple fibers
High wet modulus rayon (HWM) is a modified version of
viscose that has a greater strength when wet. It also has the
ability to be mercerized like cotton. HWM rayon's are also
known as "polynosic" or can be identified by the trade name
Modal.
12. USES OF RAYON
Apparel -
Blouses, dresses, jackets, lingerie, linings, millinery, slac
ks, sport shirts, sportswear, suits, ties, work clothes
Home Fashions -
bedspreads, blankets, curtains, draperies, sheet, slip
covers, tablecloths, upholstery.