The presentation is about the rayon fiber for school going students. In it, I have covered its making process, chemical composition, things that can be made out of it and how good or bad it is for our environment.
Viscose rayon is a manufactured fiber made from regenerated cellulose. It is produced through a process involving treating cellulose pulp with chemicals to create a viscous solution called viscose, which is then forced through spinnerets into an acid bath to harden into filaments. Viscose rayon is inexpensive to produce, with properties similar to cotton. It can be used to make fabrics for apparel, home furnishings, and nonwoven materials.
This presentation by Md. Yousuf Hossain discusses the production of viscose rayon. Viscose rayon is a regenerated cellulosic fiber produced from cellulose. The production process involves steeping pulp in sodium hydroxide, pressing, shredding, aging, xanthation, dissolving, ripening, filtering, spinning and drawing. Key steps include converting cellulose to cellulose xanthate and dissolving it to create a viscose solution that is spun into filaments and drawn. Viscose rayon is used in apparel and hygienic products due to its absorbency and thermal stability.
Viscose rayon is a regenerated cellulose fiber made from cellulose derived from wood or cotton. It is produced through a process involving the conversion of cellulose to a soluble compound called viscose, which is then spun through a spinneret into fibers and treated with acid. Viscose rayon is highly absorbent, soft, easy to dye, and drapes well. It is biodegradable and versatile. The manufacturing process involves treating cellulose with alkali and carbon disulfide to form sodium cellulose xanthate, which is then dissolved to create the viscose solution and spun into fibers.
This document provides information about viscose rayon fiber, including its raw materials, manufacturing process, properties, and other types of regenerated cellulose fibers. It discusses that viscose rayon is made from cellulosic materials like wood pulp or cotton linters through a process involving chemical treatments and spinning. The manufacturing process involves steps like preparation of wood pulp, steeping, shredding, aging, churning, mixing, ripening, and spinning. It also outlines the properties of viscose rayon and compares it to other regenerated cellulose fibers like cuprammonium rayon, polynosic, and tencel.
preparatory process in detail - The wet processing is a term that involves the mechanical and chemical treatment to improve the aesthetic value of the fabric, yarn, fiber.
This document summarizes research on reducing formaldehyde in textile finishing. It discusses hazards of formaldehyde and methods to reduce its release, including scavengers and modified cross-linking agents. Different non-formaldehyde finishes are also examined, such as Dimethyl-4,5, Dihydroxyethylene UREA and poly carboxylic acids like citric acid and butane-tetracarboxylic acid. Padding formulations using these alternatives with additives like catalysts and softeners are provided. The effects of variables like cross-linking agent concentration, curing conditions, and additives on properties like wrinkle recovery angle, tensile strength and bending length are summarized. The conclusions indicate citric acid improves properties
Viscose fibers are the first successful man-made fibers, discovered in the 1890s. There are several types including viscose rayon, lyocell, and modal. They are produced from cellulose sources like wood pulp through chemical processes. Viscose rayon production involves steps like alkaline treatment, xanthation to form cellulose xanthate, dissolution to make viscose solution, and wet spinning into a coagulation bath. Lyocell and modal have similar but optimized production processes. Viscose fibers are hydrophilic, flexible, and biodegradable but have low strength when wet. They are used in apparel, home textiles, and technical applications.
Textile yarn manufacturing involves several key steps. Fibers are first opened and cleaned through blowroom and carding processes. Drawing further arranges fibers into parallel strands called slivers. Roving attenuates slivers and adds twist. Ring frames then spin roving into yarn using drafts and twist. Combing upgrades raw materials by removing short fibers. The processes work to arrange, draft, and twist fibers into consistent yarns for weaving or other uses.
Viscose rayon is a manufactured fiber made from regenerated cellulose. It is produced through a process involving treating cellulose pulp with chemicals to create a viscous solution called viscose, which is then forced through spinnerets into an acid bath to harden into filaments. Viscose rayon is inexpensive to produce, with properties similar to cotton. It can be used to make fabrics for apparel, home furnishings, and nonwoven materials.
This presentation by Md. Yousuf Hossain discusses the production of viscose rayon. Viscose rayon is a regenerated cellulosic fiber produced from cellulose. The production process involves steeping pulp in sodium hydroxide, pressing, shredding, aging, xanthation, dissolving, ripening, filtering, spinning and drawing. Key steps include converting cellulose to cellulose xanthate and dissolving it to create a viscose solution that is spun into filaments and drawn. Viscose rayon is used in apparel and hygienic products due to its absorbency and thermal stability.
Viscose rayon is a regenerated cellulose fiber made from cellulose derived from wood or cotton. It is produced through a process involving the conversion of cellulose to a soluble compound called viscose, which is then spun through a spinneret into fibers and treated with acid. Viscose rayon is highly absorbent, soft, easy to dye, and drapes well. It is biodegradable and versatile. The manufacturing process involves treating cellulose with alkali and carbon disulfide to form sodium cellulose xanthate, which is then dissolved to create the viscose solution and spun into fibers.
This document provides information about viscose rayon fiber, including its raw materials, manufacturing process, properties, and other types of regenerated cellulose fibers. It discusses that viscose rayon is made from cellulosic materials like wood pulp or cotton linters through a process involving chemical treatments and spinning. The manufacturing process involves steps like preparation of wood pulp, steeping, shredding, aging, churning, mixing, ripening, and spinning. It also outlines the properties of viscose rayon and compares it to other regenerated cellulose fibers like cuprammonium rayon, polynosic, and tencel.
preparatory process in detail - The wet processing is a term that involves the mechanical and chemical treatment to improve the aesthetic value of the fabric, yarn, fiber.
This document summarizes research on reducing formaldehyde in textile finishing. It discusses hazards of formaldehyde and methods to reduce its release, including scavengers and modified cross-linking agents. Different non-formaldehyde finishes are also examined, such as Dimethyl-4,5, Dihydroxyethylene UREA and poly carboxylic acids like citric acid and butane-tetracarboxylic acid. Padding formulations using these alternatives with additives like catalysts and softeners are provided. The effects of variables like cross-linking agent concentration, curing conditions, and additives on properties like wrinkle recovery angle, tensile strength and bending length are summarized. The conclusions indicate citric acid improves properties
Viscose fibers are the first successful man-made fibers, discovered in the 1890s. There are several types including viscose rayon, lyocell, and modal. They are produced from cellulose sources like wood pulp through chemical processes. Viscose rayon production involves steps like alkaline treatment, xanthation to form cellulose xanthate, dissolution to make viscose solution, and wet spinning into a coagulation bath. Lyocell and modal have similar but optimized production processes. Viscose fibers are hydrophilic, flexible, and biodegradable but have low strength when wet. They are used in apparel, home textiles, and technical applications.
Textile yarn manufacturing involves several key steps. Fibers are first opened and cleaned through blowroom and carding processes. Drawing further arranges fibers into parallel strands called slivers. Roving attenuates slivers and adds twist. Ring frames then spin roving into yarn using drafts and twist. Combing upgrades raw materials by removing short fibers. The processes work to arrange, draft, and twist fibers into consistent yarns for weaving or other uses.
This document discusses man-made fibers, including their classification and production processes. It begins by listing reference books on textile fibers. It then defines textile fibers and their key properties. There are two main types of man-made fibers: regenerated fibers made from cellulose, such as viscose, and synthetic fibers produced through chemical reactions, like polyester and nylon. These fibers are made using processes like melt spinning, dry spinning, and wet spinning. The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of man-made fibers compared to natural fibers, as well as various fiber properties and texturing methods.
The document discusses the scouring process, which involves removing natural and added impurities from textile fibers. There are three main methods for removing impurities: saponification, emulsification, and solubilization. Saponification converts impurities like oils and fats into water-soluble soaps. Emulsification forms suspensions of non-saponifiable impurities. Solubilization dissolves substances like pectin and proteins into soluble salts. The scouring process aims to remove all impurities and leave the fibers highly absorbent without damage. Common scouring agents include alkaline solutions, surfactants, and sometimes organic solvents.
Vat dyes are water-insoluble dyes that can be converted to a water-soluble form through chemical reduction. They were first developed in the 1850s as synthetic dyes and include indigo dye. The vat dyeing process involves three steps - vatting to convert the dye to its soluble leuco form, oxidation to convert it back to insoluble form in the fiber, and after treatment. Vat dyes have high color fastness but more limited shades than other dyes and their application process is complex and time-consuming.
This document provides an overview of drawing and texturizing processes in the textile industry. It begins with an introduction to filament production from man-made materials and defines drawing as a process used to orient polymer molecules and increase filament strength. Texturizing is defined as introducing crimps, loops or coils to filaments to create bulk. Common texturizing methods like false twist, draw texturizing and air jet texturizing are described. The document concludes with links to related textile technology Facebook pages.
Desizing is the process of removing starch sizes from warp yarns after weaving. The key methods are rot steeping, acidic desizing using dilute acid, enzymatic desizing using starch-hydrolyzing enzymes, and oxidative desizing using oxidizing agents. Rot steeping is the oldest method but is slow, while enzymatic desizing is now widely used as it efficiently removes sizes under mild conditions without damaging fibers. Acidic and oxidative desizing can also work but may damage fibers if not properly controlled. The Tegewa violet scale is commonly used to assess desizing efficiency by checking for color changes from starch residues on fabrics.
The document discusses various types of functional finishes for textiles, including antimicrobial, antistatic, crease resistant, durable press, flame resistant, soil release, and water and stain repellent finishes. It provides details on the objectives, methods, benefits, and requirements of antimicrobial finishes. It also explains the mechanisms and methods of application for antistatic and crease resistant finishes.
The document provides information on the process of manufacturing jute yarn. It begins with an overview of jute fiber characteristics and proceeds to describe the steps in detail:
1) Raw jute bales are brought to jute mills and stored.
2) The bales are graded and a batch is selected based on fiber properties and desired yarn quality.
3) An emulsion is prepared using water, oil, and emulsifier to soften the fibers.
4) The fibers pass through softening machines with spiraled rollers where emulsion is applied to make them flexible for spinning.
Flax is a widely cultivated plant with pale blue flowers and slender stems containing textile fibers. The fibers are made into linen fabric through harvesting, processing, and weaving. Flax fiber production has a history of over 5000 years and was used by ancient Egyptians. Flax fabric is 100% natural with properties like quick drying, UV protection, and antibacterial/antifungal qualities. However, it can be easily ignited and deteriorates with heat and steam. Flax farming has environmental benefits from less fertilizer and pesticide use. Flax fabric is strong and durable with qualities like some types of steel. It is used for items like curtains, bed linen, upholstery and dressings.
Cropping and shearing of wool fabric involves removing protruding fibers from the fabric surface using blades. Shearing has been used since the 15th century and was originally done manually. It is preferred over singeing for wool and other protein fibers because singeing can form convolutes on fiber tips, giving the fabric a harsh feel and uneven shade. The shearing process uses a series of helical blades that cut fibers as the fabric passes beneath, with an additional vertical blade to shear the other side. Objectives of cropping include removing surface fibers, giving a cleaner appearance and controlling pill formation. Advantages are increased flame retardancy, aesthetic properties, and ability to produce effects like hairiness. Downsides include being slower and requiring
The document discusses acrylic fiber, including its definition, chemical composition, properties, characteristics, advantages, uses, and commercial applications. Acrylic fiber is a synthetic fiber made from polymers containing acrylonitrile. It is often used as an artificial replacement for wool in applications like sweaters, socks, and blankets due to its softness and insulating properties. Major uses of acrylic fiber include knit apparel, carpets, and home furnishings due to its ability to wick moisture, durability, and resistance to moths and chemicals.
Softener is an finishing agent that when applied to textile material improves its handle giving pleasing touch. As a general rule, the softening agents applied are lubricating agents, which facilitate the fiber sliding within the fabric structure, thus granting easier deformation and creasing of the fabric.
Singeing is a process that burns off small fibers and fuzz from fabric surfaces to make them smoother. It helps prevent pilling, improves dyeing and appearance, and increases luster. There are three main types of singeing machines: plate, roller, and gas machines. Gas machines are most common and use burners to singe fabric as it passes through. Proper singeing requires controlling flame intensity, fabric speed, distance to flames, and other parameters to completely remove fibers without damaging the fabric. Issues like uneven singeing can result from moisture, flame or machine inconsistencies.
The document discusses various natural and man-made textile fibers such as rayon, acetate, nylon, polyester, acrylic, modacrylic, spandex, polypropylene, and specialty fibers like glass, carbon, and aramid. It describes the material each fiber is derived from, its properties, common uses, and manufacturing processes. The fibers have a range of properties that make them suitable for different applications in apparel, home furnishings, industrial products, and other uses.
Acetate rayon is a modified cellulose fiber made from cotton linters or wood pulp. It is produced through a process involving acetylation, hydrolysis, dissolving in acetone to make a dope solution, and spinning. The fiber exists as either primary acetate, which is soluble only in toxic solvents, or secondary acetate, soluble in acetone. Secondary acetate is used commercially for fabrics, dresses, curtains, and bed sheets due to its brightness, softness, and resistance to mold, bacteria, and wear from laundering.
Raising is a mechanical process that uses revolving cylinders covered with metal points or abrasives to stand up the surface fibers of a fabric, creating a lofty texture. It is done on wet wool or dry cotton fabrics. Raising is used to create effects such as pile, fleece, peach skin, and a warmer, softer hand. There are two main types of raising machines - teasel raising machines and card wire raising machines. The two primary types of raising are napping, which uses metal wires to dig out fibers and create higher pile, and sueding, which uses abrasives like sandpaper for a lower, suede-like pile typically on silk fabrics.
This document discusses resin finishing, which is a process that adds crease resistance and recovery properties to cotton fabrics. It involves applying cross-linking resins like DMDHEU to the fabric using a chemical finishing process with water and heat. The resins chemically bond to the cotton fibers and prevent creasing during wear and laundering. The document covers the types of resins used, the objectives of resin finishing, its advantages and disadvantages, how resin concentration and curing temperature affect properties, and provides an example resin finishing recipe.
Rayon is a man-made fiber produced from cellulose. The production process involves converting cellulose sources like bamboo or bagasse into a viscous solution, extruding it through spinnerets into filaments, and solidifying the filaments. There are different types of rayon produced based on the cellulose molecular structure and properties. Rayon has properties similar to natural fibers like cotton in terms of strength, absorbency, and dyeability. It can be produced as filament or spun yarns for various applications.
Lyocell, also known by the brand name Tencel, is a man-made cellulosic fiber produced by dissolving cellulose in an organic solvent without derivatization. It is produced from wood pulp through a solvent-spinning process using N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO) as the solvent. The manufacturing process involves dissolving cellulose pulp in NMMO, filtering the solution, extruding it through spinnerets into fibers, and removing the solvent to produce a strong yet soft fiber. Lyocell fibers have properties similar to cotton such as high strength, absorbency and softness but are more durable and easier to care for.
Rayon is a versatile fiber produced from cellulose. The manufacturing process involves treating cellulose pulp with caustic soda and carbon disulfide to produce a solution called viscose, which is then forced through spinnerets to produce filaments. These filaments are regenerated using a sulfuric acid bath and stretched. Rayon provides characteristics like absorbency and softness at a low cost. It can be blended with other fibers and modified to have properties like flame retardancy. Common uses include apparel, home furnishings, and industrial products. Rayon requires dry cleaning but some types can be machine washed.
Flax fiber is obtained from the stem of the flax plant. The document describes the process of obtaining and processing flax fiber. It involves cultivation of flax plants, harvesting, retting to separate fibers from stem, breaking, scutching, hackling, drawing, roving, spinning, drying, winding, and bleaching. Retting is done through dam, dew, water or chemical methods. Properties of flax fiber include high tensile strength when wet, yellowish-white color, and elongation of around 2%. The document provides details on each step of processing flax fiber into yarn and concludes that flax fiber is one of the strongest natural fibers with a long history of household use.
This document discusses man-made fibers, including their classification and production processes. It begins by listing reference books on textile fibers. It then defines textile fibers and their key properties. There are two main types of man-made fibers: regenerated fibers made from cellulose, such as viscose, and synthetic fibers produced through chemical reactions, like polyester and nylon. These fibers are made using processes like melt spinning, dry spinning, and wet spinning. The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of man-made fibers compared to natural fibers, as well as various fiber properties and texturing methods.
The document discusses the scouring process, which involves removing natural and added impurities from textile fibers. There are three main methods for removing impurities: saponification, emulsification, and solubilization. Saponification converts impurities like oils and fats into water-soluble soaps. Emulsification forms suspensions of non-saponifiable impurities. Solubilization dissolves substances like pectin and proteins into soluble salts. The scouring process aims to remove all impurities and leave the fibers highly absorbent without damage. Common scouring agents include alkaline solutions, surfactants, and sometimes organic solvents.
Vat dyes are water-insoluble dyes that can be converted to a water-soluble form through chemical reduction. They were first developed in the 1850s as synthetic dyes and include indigo dye. The vat dyeing process involves three steps - vatting to convert the dye to its soluble leuco form, oxidation to convert it back to insoluble form in the fiber, and after treatment. Vat dyes have high color fastness but more limited shades than other dyes and their application process is complex and time-consuming.
This document provides an overview of drawing and texturizing processes in the textile industry. It begins with an introduction to filament production from man-made materials and defines drawing as a process used to orient polymer molecules and increase filament strength. Texturizing is defined as introducing crimps, loops or coils to filaments to create bulk. Common texturizing methods like false twist, draw texturizing and air jet texturizing are described. The document concludes with links to related textile technology Facebook pages.
Desizing is the process of removing starch sizes from warp yarns after weaving. The key methods are rot steeping, acidic desizing using dilute acid, enzymatic desizing using starch-hydrolyzing enzymes, and oxidative desizing using oxidizing agents. Rot steeping is the oldest method but is slow, while enzymatic desizing is now widely used as it efficiently removes sizes under mild conditions without damaging fibers. Acidic and oxidative desizing can also work but may damage fibers if not properly controlled. The Tegewa violet scale is commonly used to assess desizing efficiency by checking for color changes from starch residues on fabrics.
The document discusses various types of functional finishes for textiles, including antimicrobial, antistatic, crease resistant, durable press, flame resistant, soil release, and water and stain repellent finishes. It provides details on the objectives, methods, benefits, and requirements of antimicrobial finishes. It also explains the mechanisms and methods of application for antistatic and crease resistant finishes.
The document provides information on the process of manufacturing jute yarn. It begins with an overview of jute fiber characteristics and proceeds to describe the steps in detail:
1) Raw jute bales are brought to jute mills and stored.
2) The bales are graded and a batch is selected based on fiber properties and desired yarn quality.
3) An emulsion is prepared using water, oil, and emulsifier to soften the fibers.
4) The fibers pass through softening machines with spiraled rollers where emulsion is applied to make them flexible for spinning.
Flax is a widely cultivated plant with pale blue flowers and slender stems containing textile fibers. The fibers are made into linen fabric through harvesting, processing, and weaving. Flax fiber production has a history of over 5000 years and was used by ancient Egyptians. Flax fabric is 100% natural with properties like quick drying, UV protection, and antibacterial/antifungal qualities. However, it can be easily ignited and deteriorates with heat and steam. Flax farming has environmental benefits from less fertilizer and pesticide use. Flax fabric is strong and durable with qualities like some types of steel. It is used for items like curtains, bed linen, upholstery and dressings.
Cropping and shearing of wool fabric involves removing protruding fibers from the fabric surface using blades. Shearing has been used since the 15th century and was originally done manually. It is preferred over singeing for wool and other protein fibers because singeing can form convolutes on fiber tips, giving the fabric a harsh feel and uneven shade. The shearing process uses a series of helical blades that cut fibers as the fabric passes beneath, with an additional vertical blade to shear the other side. Objectives of cropping include removing surface fibers, giving a cleaner appearance and controlling pill formation. Advantages are increased flame retardancy, aesthetic properties, and ability to produce effects like hairiness. Downsides include being slower and requiring
The document discusses acrylic fiber, including its definition, chemical composition, properties, characteristics, advantages, uses, and commercial applications. Acrylic fiber is a synthetic fiber made from polymers containing acrylonitrile. It is often used as an artificial replacement for wool in applications like sweaters, socks, and blankets due to its softness and insulating properties. Major uses of acrylic fiber include knit apparel, carpets, and home furnishings due to its ability to wick moisture, durability, and resistance to moths and chemicals.
Softener is an finishing agent that when applied to textile material improves its handle giving pleasing touch. As a general rule, the softening agents applied are lubricating agents, which facilitate the fiber sliding within the fabric structure, thus granting easier deformation and creasing of the fabric.
Singeing is a process that burns off small fibers and fuzz from fabric surfaces to make them smoother. It helps prevent pilling, improves dyeing and appearance, and increases luster. There are three main types of singeing machines: plate, roller, and gas machines. Gas machines are most common and use burners to singe fabric as it passes through. Proper singeing requires controlling flame intensity, fabric speed, distance to flames, and other parameters to completely remove fibers without damaging the fabric. Issues like uneven singeing can result from moisture, flame or machine inconsistencies.
The document discusses various natural and man-made textile fibers such as rayon, acetate, nylon, polyester, acrylic, modacrylic, spandex, polypropylene, and specialty fibers like glass, carbon, and aramid. It describes the material each fiber is derived from, its properties, common uses, and manufacturing processes. The fibers have a range of properties that make them suitable for different applications in apparel, home furnishings, industrial products, and other uses.
Acetate rayon is a modified cellulose fiber made from cotton linters or wood pulp. It is produced through a process involving acetylation, hydrolysis, dissolving in acetone to make a dope solution, and spinning. The fiber exists as either primary acetate, which is soluble only in toxic solvents, or secondary acetate, soluble in acetone. Secondary acetate is used commercially for fabrics, dresses, curtains, and bed sheets due to its brightness, softness, and resistance to mold, bacteria, and wear from laundering.
Raising is a mechanical process that uses revolving cylinders covered with metal points or abrasives to stand up the surface fibers of a fabric, creating a lofty texture. It is done on wet wool or dry cotton fabrics. Raising is used to create effects such as pile, fleece, peach skin, and a warmer, softer hand. There are two main types of raising machines - teasel raising machines and card wire raising machines. The two primary types of raising are napping, which uses metal wires to dig out fibers and create higher pile, and sueding, which uses abrasives like sandpaper for a lower, suede-like pile typically on silk fabrics.
This document discusses resin finishing, which is a process that adds crease resistance and recovery properties to cotton fabrics. It involves applying cross-linking resins like DMDHEU to the fabric using a chemical finishing process with water and heat. The resins chemically bond to the cotton fibers and prevent creasing during wear and laundering. The document covers the types of resins used, the objectives of resin finishing, its advantages and disadvantages, how resin concentration and curing temperature affect properties, and provides an example resin finishing recipe.
Rayon is a man-made fiber produced from cellulose. The production process involves converting cellulose sources like bamboo or bagasse into a viscous solution, extruding it through spinnerets into filaments, and solidifying the filaments. There are different types of rayon produced based on the cellulose molecular structure and properties. Rayon has properties similar to natural fibers like cotton in terms of strength, absorbency, and dyeability. It can be produced as filament or spun yarns for various applications.
Lyocell, also known by the brand name Tencel, is a man-made cellulosic fiber produced by dissolving cellulose in an organic solvent without derivatization. It is produced from wood pulp through a solvent-spinning process using N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO) as the solvent. The manufacturing process involves dissolving cellulose pulp in NMMO, filtering the solution, extruding it through spinnerets into fibers, and removing the solvent to produce a strong yet soft fiber. Lyocell fibers have properties similar to cotton such as high strength, absorbency and softness but are more durable and easier to care for.
Rayon is a versatile fiber produced from cellulose. The manufacturing process involves treating cellulose pulp with caustic soda and carbon disulfide to produce a solution called viscose, which is then forced through spinnerets to produce filaments. These filaments are regenerated using a sulfuric acid bath and stretched. Rayon provides characteristics like absorbency and softness at a low cost. It can be blended with other fibers and modified to have properties like flame retardancy. Common uses include apparel, home furnishings, and industrial products. Rayon requires dry cleaning but some types can be machine washed.
Flax fiber is obtained from the stem of the flax plant. The document describes the process of obtaining and processing flax fiber. It involves cultivation of flax plants, harvesting, retting to separate fibers from stem, breaking, scutching, hackling, drawing, roving, spinning, drying, winding, and bleaching. Retting is done through dam, dew, water or chemical methods. Properties of flax fiber include high tensile strength when wet, yellowish-white color, and elongation of around 2%. The document provides details on each step of processing flax fiber into yarn and concludes that flax fiber is one of the strongest natural fibers with a long history of household use.
Fabric finishes alter the properties of fabrics. Physical finishes like brushing use rollers to change the fabric surface. Chemical finishes include bleaching to remove color, flame proofing to slow burning, and waterproofing using silicones. New finishes produce fabrics resistant to fire, abrasion, and chemicals. Understanding fabric finishes allows for new uses of fabrics.
This document provides an overview of textile and garment finishing methods. It discusses what finishing is and how it can give textiles desirable appearance, feel, and durable properties. Finishing methods are classified as either physical/mechanical or chemical finishes. Specific finishing methods covered include calendering, sanforizing, decating, napping, water repellent finishes, and washes. The document explains how each method works and what properties it imparts to textiles.
Dr bmn college special finishes for textiles pradnya_ss
This document provides information about various textile finishing processes. It begins with an introduction to textile finishing, defining it as the final surface treatment of cloth after weaving or knitting to prepare it for market. It then discusses the objectives and types of finishing, including mechanical finishes like calendaring and chemical finishes like bleaching. Specific mechanical finishes like tentering and calendaring are described in more detail. The document also covers special finishes like resin finishing, degumming, carbonising and softening. It aims to improve the appearance, feel and performance properties of fabrics.
This document discusses beetling and stiffening processes for linen and other fabrics. Beetling involves hammering linen with wooden blocks to flatten yarns and produce a smooth sheen. Stiffening involves applying polymeric coatings like starches, gums, or synthetic resins to fabrics to make them rigid. Natural agents for stiffening include starches, gums, and dextrins, while synthetic options are methyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate, acrylates, and polystyrene. The document explains the methods and advantages of various stiffening techniques.
This document provides information on various natural and man-made fiber types including their properties. It discusses cotton, wool, jute, silk, viscose rayon, and spandex fibers. For each fiber, it outlines key physical properties such as length, strength, elasticity, moisture content and chemical properties including how they are affected by factors like acids, alkalis, bleaches, sunlight and microorganisms. The document serves as a reference for understanding the characteristics and structures of different fibers.
The document discusses different types of fibres including natural, synthetic and man-made fibres. It provides details about various natural fibres such as cotton, linen and wool obtained from plants and animals. Synthetic fibres discussed include nylon and polyester which are manufactured by polymerization of monomers through processes like spinning and drawing. Nylon-6,6 is synthesized from hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid while polyester is formed by the reaction of alcohol and carboxylic acid. Both fibres find a variety of applications. The document also highlights some issues with silk and artificial muscle production processes.
The document discusses shearing and singeing processes. Shearing is used to cut fibers or loops from fabric surfaces to smooth and clean the fabric. Singeing removes loose fibers by controlled burning. It summarizes different shearing and singeing methods and machines. It also discusses sizing, which coats warp yarns to prevent breakage during weaving, and desizing to remove sizing for dyeing. Desizing methods include hydrolysis using acids or enzymes and oxidative degradation. Factors that impact desizing efficiency are also outlined.
The document discusses different types of regenerated cellulosic fibers, including their production processes and properties. Viscose rayon is the first man-made fiber derived from wood pulp. It has properties similar to cotton or other natural fibers. Cuprammonium rayon is made by dissolving cellulose in a cuprammonium solution. Modal fiber is soft and smooth with strength comparable to polyester. Acetate fibers are made from cellulose acetate and include triacetate and secondary acetate. Regenerated fibers combine natural cellulosic raw materials with chemical manufacturing processes.
The document discusses various manufactured regenerated cellulosic fibers including rayon, lyocell, acetate, bamboo, and seaweed fiber. It describes their production processes, physical structures, properties, uses, sustainability aspects, and types. Rayon is produced through a wet spinning process and comes in regular, high-wet modulus, and cuprammonium varieties. Lyocell is a more environmentally friendly alternative to rayon produced through a solvent-recovery process. Acetate is a thermoplastic fiber produced through acetylation of cellulose. Bamboo and seaweed fibers are also discussed as cellulosic regenerated fibers derived from those materials.
Rayon is a semi-synthetic fiber made from regenerated cellulose. It is produced through a process that involves dissolving cellulose pulp in chemicals to form a solution called viscose, which is then extruded through spinnerets into an acid bath to harden the fibers. The fibers are then stretched, washed, and cut or left as filaments. Rayon has properties between synthetic and natural fibers - it is strong and absorbent like cotton but can be dyed in bright colors. It is used widely in apparel, home textiles, and industrial products like tires.
Lyocell, also known by the brand name Tencel, is a man-made cellulosic fiber produced from wood pulp through a solvent-spinning process using N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO) as a solvent. It provides properties like strength, absorbency, softness, and biodegradability. The manufacturing process involves harvesting trees, producing wood pulp, dissolving cellulose in NMMO, filtering, spinning through spinnerets, washing, and drying the fibers. Lyocell fibers have applications in clothing, upholstery, medical dressings, and more due to their comfortable, durable, and versatile qualities.
Chemical spinning is the process of converting a fiber-forming substance into a viscous fluid that is extruded through spinneret holes and then solidified. The most widely used chemical spinning method is melt spinning, which is used for polymers that can be melted safely. A spinneret must have corrosion-resistant holes of controlled dimensions to produce uniform fibers and withstand high pressures. Melt spinning is the fastest chemical spinning method. Dry spinning fibers often have deformed cross-sectional shapes due to uneven solidification from the exterior to interior layers. Solvent recovery is essential for dry spinning to minimize environmental and economic costs. Wet spinning poses the highest pollution risks of the three methods discussed.
Modal is a type of rayon fiber that is stronger and more dimensionally stable when wet than regular viscose rayon. It is produced through a modified viscose process involving treatment with weaker caustic soda and lower concentrations of acids and salts in the coagulating bath. This results in longer polymer chains and a more crystalline structure compared to viscose rayon. Modal fiber is commonly blended with cotton or polyester and used in textiles like towels, bed sheets, and clothing due to its soft, absorbent properties and resemblance to cotton.
Textile processing of many textile materialROHIT SINGH
This document discusses various natural and added impurities found in textile fibers like cotton, wool, and silk. It provides details about the typical composition and structure of cotton fibers. The natural impurities in different fibers are described along with the processes to remove them. These include scouring wool to remove grease and degumming silk to remove gum. Singeing is introduced as a process to burn off protruding fibers from fabric. The importance of pretreatment processes like desizing, scouring, bleaching before dyeing or printing is also mentioned. Control parameters for effective singeing are listed.
The document discusses various textile processing techniques. It begins by explaining preparatory processes like singeing, desizing, scouring, bleaching, and mercerization that are used to clean and prepare fabric for further processing. It then covers dyeing methods like reactive, vat, direct dyeing. Other topics include shrinkage control finishes and effluent treatment plants used to treat industrial wastewater. The conclusion reflects on the learning from the internship and challenges of capturing all textile processing details within a short report.
This document provides information about viscose rayon fiber. It discusses the manufacturing process which involves steps like steeping pulp in alkali, shredding, aging, xanthation, ripening, and wet spinning of the viscose solution through a spinneret into a spin bath. The properties and applications of viscose rayon fiber are also outlined. It is used to make fabrics for apparel, home textiles, and industrial textiles. While viscose rayon is lightweight and soft, it has disadvantages like shrinking easily and deteriorating when exposed to heat or dry cleaning fluids.
This document provides information about the fiber Lyocell (Tencell), including its production process, properties, uses, and comparison to other fibers. It discusses that Lyocell is a man-made cellulosic fiber produced by dissolving cellulose from wood or bamboo pulp in an organic solvent called NMMO (N-methylmorpholine N-oxide). The production process involves dissolving and filtering the cellulose solution before spinning it into fibers, which are then dried. Key properties of Lyocell include strength, absorbency, softness, and biodegradability. It finds use in apparel, upholstery, medical dressings, and more. Lyocell has a denser, more homogeneous structure than
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
2. Introduction
Rayon is technically neither
an
artificial fibre or a natural
fibre. It is derived from
cellulose which is a natural
product but it requires a lot
of
processing to become Rayon.
3. Rayon
Production:
• Wet spun rayon (viscose)
• High wet modulus (HWM) rayon
Physical structure:
• Natural bright
• Can be solution dyed
• Regular rayon: Serrated cross section.
• HWM rayon: Rounder cross section and better performance.
5. Viscose Process
The vast majority
of rayon is
fabricated using
the viscose
process. This
process started in
the early 1900’s.
6. Manufacturing Process
• Purification of Cellulose: The purified cellulose that is used in
the fabrication of rayon comes from processed wood pulp that is
of a higher grade that that used for paper. Also known as
“dissolving cellulose” or “dissolving pulp”. It is composed of long
chain molecules.
• Steeping Process: The sheets of cellulose are saturated in
sodium hydroxide and left to set so that the sodium hydroxide
can penetrate the sheets and transform it into “soda cellulose”.
• Shredding or cutting process: The sheets of cellulose are
shredded so they can be processed easier. Shredded cellulose is
commonly referred to as “white crumb”.
7. • Ageing Process: Because white crumb has such a high alkalinity,
so it is oxidized to lower molecular weights.
• Churning Process or Xanthation: The cellulose crumbs are
allowed to react with carbon disulphide to form cellulose
xanthate.
• Mixing or dissolving Process: The yellow crumb is dissolved in an
aqueous solution.
• Ripening Process: The viscose is allowed to stand for a period of
time.
• Filtering: It’s filtered to remove any undissolved materials that
could cause defects.
8. • Degassing: Bubbles of air that could also cause defects are
removed.
• Spinning Process: The material is moved into a bath containing;
sodium sulphate, sulphuric acid and zinc sulphate. This causes the
rayon filaments to bond together tightly.
• Drawing: The newly bonded rayon filaments are stretched.
• Washing: The rayon gets washed to remove any impurities that
may remain.
• Cutting: To be made usable the rayon is passed through a rotary
cutter to create a fibre that can be processed the same as any
other.
9.
10. Rayon Properties
• Physical: Fluid drape, soft hand, control lustre, length, diameter.
• Mechanical:
Regular: Weak, especially wet.
HWM: Stronger, adequate breaking elongation.
• Chemical: Absorbent, dyes well, high regain, smooth, soft, good heat & static
conductor.
• Appearance retention: Moderate
Regular: poor resiliency, progressive shrinkage
HWM: less wrinkling, accepts durable press & dimensional stability finishes, can be
mercerized
• Care:
Regular: limited wash ability (wrinkling, loss of sizing, excessive shrinkage) dry clean
HWM: greater wash ability, less wrinkling, shrinkage may be controlled
11. Environmental Impacts of Fabric:
Rayon
• Rayon requires raw wood, usually hemlock or pine, and a great
deal of water and energy to process.
• Here's a fun fact: Port Angeles, WA was once home to a pulp mill
that produced the raw cellulose needed to make rayon and a
number of other products. Today, it's a toxic clean-up site. The
company's name? Rayonier.
• This is another artificial fibre, made from wood pulp, which on
the face of it seems more sustainable. However, old growth
forest is often cleared and/or subsistence farmers are displaced
to make way for pulpwood plantations. Often the tree planted is
eucalyptus, which draws up phenomenal amounts of water, causing
problems in sensitive regions. To make rayon, the wood pulp is
treated with hazardous chemicals such as caustic soda and
sulphuric acid.