The document discusses ratio analysis as a method to evaluate an organization's financial strengths and weaknesses through quantitative relationships in its balance sheet and income statement. It outlines the purposes, advantages, and limitations of ratio analysis, and categorizes the various types of ratios into liquidity, solvency, activity, profitability, and shareholders' ratios, detailing their significance and calculation methods. Key ratios highlighted include current ratio, debt-equity ratio, inventory turnover ratio, and earnings per share, illustrating how they assess financial health and operational efficiency.

1. Ratio Analysis
Submitted By
Sanket Karnekar

2. It is an analysis of strength and
weakness of an organisation by
establishing the quantitative relation
among the items of Balance Sheet or
Income Statement of such an
organisation

3. Purpose/Importance/Advantages
• Analysis of financial Position
• Simplification of Accounting Figures
• Assessment of Operational Efficiency
• Determining Trends in the long-run
• Identification of Strength & Weakness
• Comparison of Performance

4. Limitations of Ratio Analysis
 Based on Historical Data
 Change in Real Value of Monetary Unit
 No Standard Interpretation
Difference in Accounting Methods make
comparison difficult

5. Classification of Ratios
A. Liquidity Ratios
B. Solvency Ratios
C. Activity Ratios
D. Profitability Ratios
E. Shareholders' Ratios

6. A. Liquidity Ratios

7. 1) Current Ratio
Relation between current assets and
current liabilities
Long Term Sources Financing the
Current assets give a stable base for the
liquidity of the organisation
Normally , the ratio should not be less
than 2 i.e., the current assets should be
double the size of current liabilities

8. Measurement of Current Ratio
Current Ratio =

9. 2) Acid Test Ratio/Quick Ratio
 It is the ratio between quick assets and quick
liabilities
 Quick assets include current assets except
inventory and pre-paid expenses
 Quick liabilities include current liabilities
other than bank overdraft
 A 1:1 ratio is healthy
 Healthy indicator of cash management

10. Measurement of Acid Test Ratio
Acid Test Ratio =

11. 3) Working Capital Turn-over Ratio
Shows the efficiency of usage of
working capital
Relation between Sales and Working
Capital
Determination of number of times the
working capital is turned over to achieve
the maximum profit

12. Measurement of Working Capital Turnover Ratio
Capital Turnover Ratio

13. B) Solvency Ratios
Measure long-term liquidity ratio
Reflect the ability of the firm to pay interest
and repayment of loans at due dates on the
long-term loans taken
Avoidance of over-borrowing (over-leverage)
Avoidance of bankruptcy by maintaining
healthy solvency ratios

14. Types of Solvency Ratios
1)Interest Coverage Ratio
2)Debt-Equity Ratio
3)Debt to total funds ratio
4)Proprietary Ratio

15. 1.Interest Coverage Ratio
Interest Coverage Ratio =
Profit before tax and interest (PBIT)
Interest Charges
This ratio indicates whether the business
earns sufficient profit to pay periodically
the interest charges.

16. 2.Debt-Equity Ratio
This ratio attempts to measure the relationship between
long term debts and shareholders funds . its other
words , this ratio measures the relative claims of long
term creditors on the one hand and owners on the
other hand on the assets of the company .

17. 3.Debt to total funds ratio
This ratio shows the relationship between
debts and funds employed in the business.
Debt
Total funds
Debts to Total Funds Ratio =

18. 4.Proprietary Ratio
This is a variant of debt equity ratio. It measures the
relationship between shareholders’ funds and total
assets

19. C) TURNOVER/ACTIVITY RATIOS
1.Inventory turnover ratio
2.Debtors turnover ratio
3.Fixed assets turnover ratio
4.Working capital turnover ratio
5.Capital turnover ratio
6.Creditors turnover ratio

20. 1.Inventory turnover ratio
This ratio is calculated by dividing the COGS by
average inventory.
This ratio thus establishes the relationship between
the cogs during a given period and the average of stock
carried during the period.

21. 2.Debtors turnover ratio
The term debtors includes trade debtors and bills
receivable . doubtful debts are not deducted from
debtors. Moreover, debtors that do not arise from
regular sales should be excluded, e.g. a bill receivable
from buyer of an old plant and machine should be
exclude.

22. 3.Fixed assets turnover ratio
This ratio indicates the efficiency with which the firm is
utilizing its investment in fixed assets such as plant and
machinery land and building etc.

23. 4.Working capital turnover ratio
This ratio indicates the efficiency or
inefficiency in the utilization of working
capital in making sales
Sales (or cost of sales)
Net working capital
=Working capital turnover ratio

24. 5.Capital turnover ratio
This ratio shows the relationship between cost of
sales(or sales) and the total capital employed.
cost of sales (or sales)
total capital employed
Capital turnover ratio =

25. 6.Creditors turnover ratio
This ratio also known as payable turnover
ratio, measures the relation ship between
credit purchases and average accounts
payable.
Net credit purchases
Average accounts payable
Creditors turnover ratio =

26. D. Profitability Ratios
1) Net Profit Ratio
2) Gross Profit Ratio
3) Return on Total Assets
4) Return on Equity

27. 1) Net Profit Ratio

28. 2) Gross Profit Ratio

29. 3) Return on Total Assets

30. 4) Return on Equity

31. E) Shareholders‘ Ratio
1) Earning per Share (EPS)
2) Price-Earning Ratio (PE Ratio)
3) Dividend Yield Ratio
4) Dividend Pay-out Ratio

32. 1) Earning per Share

33. 2) PE Ratio

34. 3) Dividend Yield Ratio

35. 4) Dividend Pay-out Ratio