Introduction to Linux OS, Linux file system hierarchy, Linux commands, Files permissions, Input-Output redirection, Environment variables, Process management, Linux shell scripting.
This ppt contains the introduction to raspberry pi.which is available for very cheap cost as well as consumes very less power. This is the Cheapest board can be used as a computer works on Linux platform designed by raspberry foundation which is a charity, and the aim to produce this board is to develop an interest of basic computer programming among the kids and adults ...
Computers are connected in a network to exchange information or resources with each other. Two or more computer are connected through network media called computer media.
There are a number of network devices or media that are involved to form computer network.
Computer loaded with Linux Operation System can also be a part of network whether it is a small or large network by multitasking and multi user natures.
Maintaining of system and network up and running is a task of System / Network Administrator’s job. In this article we are going to review frequently used network configuration and troubleshoot commands in Linux.
This study guide is intended to provide those pursuing the CCNA certification with a framework of what concepts need to be studied. This is not a comprehensive document containing all the secrets of the CCNA, nor is it a “braindump” of questions and answers.
I sincerely hope that this document provides some assistance and clarity in your studies.
This is NANO PC based on Raspberry pi latest version.This is basically used for poor people,who cant effort more money to buy computers.
Then you can design your won NANO computer and Do the work whatever you want.
Its same like mini computers
This ppt contains the introduction to raspberry pi.which is available for very cheap cost as well as consumes very less power. This is the Cheapest board can be used as a computer works on Linux platform designed by raspberry foundation which is a charity, and the aim to produce this board is to develop an interest of basic computer programming among the kids and adults ...
Computers are connected in a network to exchange information or resources with each other. Two or more computer are connected through network media called computer media.
There are a number of network devices or media that are involved to form computer network.
Computer loaded with Linux Operation System can also be a part of network whether it is a small or large network by multitasking and multi user natures.
Maintaining of system and network up and running is a task of System / Network Administrator’s job. In this article we are going to review frequently used network configuration and troubleshoot commands in Linux.
This study guide is intended to provide those pursuing the CCNA certification with a framework of what concepts need to be studied. This is not a comprehensive document containing all the secrets of the CCNA, nor is it a “braindump” of questions and answers.
I sincerely hope that this document provides some assistance and clarity in your studies.
This is NANO PC based on Raspberry pi latest version.This is basically used for poor people,who cant effort more money to buy computers.
Then you can design your won NANO computer and Do the work whatever you want.
Its same like mini computers
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An introduction to the Raspberry PI computer. More information and a video of the accompanying lecture by Professor Alan Mycroft from the Raspberry Pi foundation is available here:
http://blogs.it.ox.ac.uk/openspires/2012/03/31/a-taste-of-raspberry-pi-for-open-education-week-at-oxford-university/that supports this slideshare
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MPI DevCon Hsinchu City 2017: Next generation MIPI Physical Layer Design and ...MIPI Alliance
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An introduction to the Raspberry PI computer. More information and a video of the accompanying lecture by Professor Alan Mycroft from the Raspberry Pi foundation is available here:
http://blogs.it.ox.ac.uk/openspires/2012/03/31/a-taste-of-raspberry-pi-for-open-education-week-at-oxford-university/that supports this slideshare
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* Functions types (Synch. vs. ASynch, Reentrant vs. non-Reentrant, Recursive, Inline function vs. function-like macro).
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Emertxe Information Technologies (http://www.emertxe.com) is a pioneer IT finishing school based out of Bangalore India. We offer best-in-class trainings (instructor lead, workshops, online) for making individuals business ready. Our portfolio consist of Embedded systems, Cloud computing, Mobile Application, Software Engineering.
In the Embedded side, Linux is been our center of everything we do. Our Linux portfolio consist of four major areas: Linux Systems, Embedded Linux, Linux Internals & Networking, Device drivers. Each area has multiple topics that can be targeted for students, corporate and universities. For any queries please feel free to write to us at training@emertxe.com
Emertxe Information Technologies (http://www.emertxe.com) is a pioneer IT finishing school based out of Bangalore India. We offer best-in-class trainings (instructor lead, workshops, online) for making individuals business ready. Our portfolio consist of Embedded systems, Cloud computing, Mobile Application, Software Engineering. These training programs are targeted for students, corporate and universities with heavy stress on applied & practical learning. In case of any queries please free to get in touch with us at training@emertxe.com
Preparing impressive resume is key in getting jobs. As entry level engineer is really important to build it by taking a step-by-step approach. Here are the set of slides that will help you to build resume in a practical way.
File is a container for storing information. It can be treated as a sequence of characters. Unlike the old DOS files, a UNIX file doesn‟t contain eof (end- of –file) mark. A file‟s size is not stored in the file, nor even its name. All files attributes are kept in separate area of hard disk, not accessible to humans, but only to the kernel.ThesisScientist.com
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
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2. Linux OS Agenda
Introduction to Linux OS.
Linux file system hierarchy.
Linux commands.
Files permissions.
Input-Output redirection.
Environment variables.
Process management.
Linux shell scripting.
2
5. What is Linux operating system ?
• In 1983, Richard Stallman, founder of the Free Software Foundation, set
forth plans of a complete Unix-like operating system, called GNU,
composed entirely of free software.
• By 1991 the lower level (kernel, device drivers, system-level utilities and
daemons) was still mostly lacking.
• In 1991, Linus Torvalds released the first version of the Linux kernel. Early
Linux developers ported GNU code, including the GNU C Compiler, to the
kernel. The free software community adopted the use of the Linux kernel
as the missing kernel for the GNU operating system.
Introduction to Linux operating system
5
6. Linux OS main components
Introduction to Linux operating system
6
7. Linux features
• Open Source: Linux source code is freely available and it is community
based development project. Multiple teams works in collaboration to
enhance the capability of Linux operating system and it is continuously
evolving.
• Multi-User: Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can access
system resources like memory, ram, application programs at same time.
• Multiprogramming: Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple
applications can run at same time.
• Hierarchical File System: Linux provides a standard file structure in which
system files, user files are arranged.
Introduction to Linux operating system
7
8. Linux features
• Shell: Linux provides a special interpreter program which can be used to
execute commands of the operating system. It can be used to do various
types of operations, call application programs etc.
• Security: Linux provides user security using authentication features like
password protection, controlled access to specific files, encryption of
data.
Introduction to Linux operating system
8
12. /etc
• Contains systems configurations files.
/usr/bin
• Contains commands for all users.
/usr/sbin
• Contains commands for root user.
/dev
• Contains hardware devices tree.
/home/username
• Home directory for user of name “username”.
Linux file system hierarchy
12
13. Linux file system hierarchy
/etc/passwd
• Contains one line for each user account, with seven fields delimited by
colons (“:”). These fields are:
[login name : encrypted password : user ID : group ID : comment : home
dir : default shell]
/etc/shadow
• Contains the password information for the system’s accounts and
optional aging information.
• Each line contains 9 fields, separated by colons (“:”), in the following
order:
[login name : encrypted password : last change : min pass age : max pass
age : pass warning period : pass inactivity period : account expiration date
: reserved field]
13
14. Linux file system hierarchy
/etc/group
• Contains the groups on the system with one line per group..
• Each line contains 4 fields, separated by colons (“:”), in the following
order:
[group name : password : group ID : members usernames separated by
commas]
14
16. Command format
Command option argument
Command: required command to execute.
Option: options given to command.
Argument: which the command is executed on.
Linux commands
16
17. Commands examples
$ ls /etc : list directory content
$ ls –l /etc : long list option
$ ls –t /etc : sort with time
$ ls –l –t /etc : long list and sort with time
$ cal : calendar of current month
$ cal 2014 : calendar of 2014
$ cal 5 2014 : calendar of 5/2014
$ alias display=“ls –l” : create an alias
$ unalias display : delete an alias
Linux commands
17
18. Commands examples
$ man command : get manual for any command
$ man –k : search in manual by keyword
$ man –s1 : search in section 1 (s1 for user commands, s4 for file formats)
$ pwd : print working directory
$ cd /etc : change directory to /etc
$ cd .. : change directory to parent directory
$ cd : change directory to home directory
$ cd ~ : same as previous
Linux commands
18
19. Commands examples
$ mkdir dirname : make new directory with name “dirname”
$ mkdir /dir1/dir2 : make new directory and create any parent directory
$ rmdir : remove empty directory
$ touch : create new empty file
$ rm : remove file
$ rm –r : remove folder with all its content
$ find startPoint criteria itemToSearchFor
$ grep pattern files : search for a pattern in files
$ echo Text : print Text to screen
Linux commands
19
20. Commands examples
$ cat : display file content
$ more : display file content according to screen size
$ less : same as more, and allows backward movement
$ head -3 : display first 3 lines of a file
$ head : display by default 10 lines
$ tail -2 : display 2 lines from the file end
$ sort –k1 –t: -r /etc/passwd : sort file according to field 1, with field
separator of : in descending order according to ASCII
$ sort –nk3 : sort in numeric order
$ sort –o output file : save result in same file
Linux commands
20
21. Commands examples
$ wc : display count of lines, words and characters of a file
$ wc –l : display number of lines
$ wc –w : display number of words
$ wc –c : display number of characters
$ cp source destination : copy file from source to destination
$ cp –r : copy directory
$ mv : move file or directory
$ mv -i: ask for overwrite if exists
Linux commands
21
22. Commands examples
$ date : display current day date
$ who : display logged in users
$ df : display all disk partitions with size in blocks of 512 bytes
$ df – k : size in Kbytes
$ df –h : size in Gbytes
$ cut –f1,7 –d: /etc/passwd : display fields 1 and 7 with separator : in file
/etc/passwd
$ cut –f3-5 –d: /etc/passwd : from field 3 to field 5
$ cut –f3- –d: /etc/passwd : from field 3 to the end
$ cut –f-3 –d: /etc/passwd : from first field to field 3
Linux commands
22
23. ~ : home directory
* : any combination (alpha-num)
? : one character (alpha-num)
[ab3sc] : one character of this set
[a-e0-4] : one character in this ranges
$ ls *.[abc0-5] : list directory content which names contains any set of
characters followed by ‘dot .’ then followed by one character of (a, b, c, 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5)
File name expansion
23
25. $ ls –l /etc/passwd
-rw-r- -r-- 1 root root 988 ….. ….
-rw-r- -r-- : file type, owner permissions, group permissions, other
permissions
1 : number of hard links
Root : owner
Roor : group
988 : size
Creation time and file name
$ ls –d /etc/ : list directory permissions
Files permissions
25
26. Files permissions
Permission On file On directory
R Read file content List files
W Modify file content Modify directory
from outside
X Execute file Change to directory
or access any file
inside it
$ chmod u+x : add execute permission to owner
$ chmod u=rx,g=-,o=x : make owner read execute, group none, other
execute only
$ chmod 7 file1 : change permissions to be 007
$ umask 777 : set umask to be 111 to set default permissions to be
complement of umask
$ umask : display current default permissions
26
31. Built in variables:
• $ echo $PWD : display value of $PWD that saves current path
• $HOME : save home directory
• $LOGNAME : save login name
• $PS1 : shell command prompt
• $PS2 : appears when command didn’t end yet
• $PS3 : appears when user is asked to enter a choice
• $PATH : contains all paths that shell uses to search for commands
• $$ : process ID (PID) of current shell
Environment variables
31
32. User defined variables:
• $ x=4 : create variable x and put 4 inside it
• $ y=abc : create variable y and put “abc” inside it
• $ z=x : create variable z and put ‘x’ inside it, not value of x
• $ z=$x : create variable z and put value of x inside it
• $ set : display all declared variables (Built-in and user defined)
• $ export x : export variable x to child process
Environment variables
32
34. CTRL+Z : pause current process in the background
$ bg : continue paused process, continue will be in the background
$ fg : continue paused process, continue will be in the foreground
$ jobs : display all processes that exist in the background
$ ls –R / & : start the process in the background
Process management
34
35. ps : display processes status in current shell
ps –e : display processes status in all the system
Ps –u name : display processes status for specific user name
pstree : display process tree
Pgrep text : display PID of any process contains “text” in its name
Pgrep -l text : display PID and name of any process contains “text” in its name
Process management
35
36. Process signals
• $ kill -l : display all available signals
• $ man –s3head signal : display manual for signals
• $ kill -2 pid1 pid2 : send signal 2 to processes with IDs pid1 and pid2
• $ kill pid : send default signal which is signal 15 (terminate)
• $ pkill pname : send signal to any process contains “pname” in its name
• Default action for some signals:
Signal 9: kill immediately
Signal 15: terminate (not mandatory to end process)
Signal 2: interrupt
Process management
36
38. Shell scripting
• Shell scripting is an interpreted language executed line by line during
runtime so it is slower than other languages like C for example.
• To execute a shell script, it should have rw (read-write) permissions.
• To add rw permissions to script, after creating the script:
$ chmod u+rx scriptname
Linux shell scripting
38
39. Arrays
• Arr[5]=hello : create array called Arr, and store at index 5 new element
and make its value equals “hello”
• Echo ${Arr[*]} : will print > hello
• Arr[3]=23 : store at index 3 new element and make its value equals 23
• Arr[100]=abc : store at index 100 new element and make its value equals
“abc”
• Echo ${Arr[*]} : will print > 23 hello abc
• Echo ${#Arr[*]} : display number of elements in Arr which is 3 now
Linux shell scripting
39
40. Command substitution
• Y=`ls` : Y will be the result of executing ls command
• Y=$(ls) : same as previous example
Arithmetic operations
• Y=5;z=10
• Echo $(($Y+$z)) : will print 15
• Echo 5+10 | bc : same as previous example
Linux shell scripting
40
41. Notes
• #!/bin/shellname: written at the beginning of the script to decide which
shell will be used to run the script
• Ex. #!/bin/bash
• $# : variable contains number of arguments sent to script
• $* : variable contains values of all arguments sent to script
• $1 : variable contains value of first argument sent to script
• $2 : variable contains value of second argument sent to script
• $0 : variable contains script name
Linux shell scripting
41
42. sed command
• sed command filename: reads line from file, executes command on it,
prints line after command execution, repeats for all lines.
• sed ‘p’ /etc/passwd : will print each line twice of file /etc/passwd
• sed ‘3p’ /etc/passwd : will print each line once, except line 3 will be
printed twice.
• sed ‘3p;10p’ /etc/passwd : will print each line once, except line 3 and line
10 will be printed twice.
• sed ‘3,10p’ /etc/passwd : will print each line once, except from line 3 to
line 10 will be printed twice.
• sed –n ‘3,10p’ /etc/passwd : will print only line 3 to 10 one time.
Linux shell scripting
42
43. sed command
• sed –n ‘/bin/p’ /etc/passwd : will print only lines containing bin keyword.
• sed –n ‘/^bin/p’ /etc/passwd : will print only lines containing bin keyword
at the start of the line.
Linux shell scripting
43
44. Flow control for integers : returns Zero if True
• test $x –eq $y : == comparator
• test $x –nq $y : != comparator
• test $x –gt $y : > comparator
• test $x –ge $y : >= comparator
• test $x –lt $y : < comparator
• test $x –le $y : <= comparator
Linux shell scripting
44
45. Flow control for strings: returns Zero if True
• test $x = $y : == comparator
• test $x != $y : != comparator
• Test $x –eq $y –a $x –eq $z : x==y and x==z
Linux shell scripting
45
46. If statment
if test $x –eq $y
then
echo they are equal
elif test $x –gt $y
then
echo x greater than y
else
echo x less than y
fi
Linux shell scripting
46
47. While loop
while condition
do
echo newline
done
It will execute (echo newline) as long as the condition is true.
Linux shell scripting
47
48. While loop
while read x
do
echo x
done < /etc/passwd
It will read each line in the file and print it.
Linux shell scripting
48
49. Until loop
until condition
do
echo newline
done
It will execute (echo newline) as long as the condition is false.
Linux shell scripting
49
50. Signal handling
trap “command” signalnumber
The “command” will be executed when the “signalnumber” is received.
If command is leaved empty “ “, signal will be ignored.
The only signal that can’t be ignored is signal 9 which kills the process.
Linux shell scripting
50
51. Functions
Function() {
echo line
}
Function take arguments like script not like functions in c language.
Linux shell scripting
51