The document provides biographical information about the Rani of Jhansi, Lakshmibai. It details that she was born in 1828 as Manikarnika Tambe and later renamed Lakshmibai after marrying the Maharaja of Jhansi. After her husband's death, the British East India Company annexed Jhansi under the Doctrine of Lapse. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British, Lakshmibai led the defense of Jhansi and emerged as a symbol of Indian resistance. She was killed in June 1858 while fighting British forces at Gwalior.

1. Rani of Jhansi
The Rani of Jhansi (19 November 1828 – 18 June
1858[1][2][3]
), born as Manikarnika and renamed Lak-
shmibai pronunciation in 1842 after her marriage, was
the queen of the Maratha-ruled Jhansi State, situated in
the north-central part of India. She was one of the leading
figures of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and became for
Indian nationalists a symbol of resistance to the British
Raj.
1 Biography
Lakshmibai was born probably on 19 November
1828[1][3][4][5][6]
in the holy town of Varanasi into a
Marathi Brahman (Karhade Brahmin) family.[7][8]
She
was named Manikarnika and was nicknamed Manu.[9]
Her father was Moropant Tambe and her mother Bha-
girathi Sapre (Bhagirathi Bai). Her parents came from
Maharashtra. Her mother died when she was four. Her
father worked for a court Peshwa of Bithoor district who
brought Manikarnika up like his own daughter.[10]
The
Peshwa called her “Chhabili”, which means “playful”.
She was educated at home and was more independent in
her childhood than others of her age; her studies included
shooting, horsemanship, and fencing.[11][12]
Manikarnika was married to the Maharaja of Jhansi, Raja
Gangadhar Rao Newalkar, in May 1842[4][13]
and was af-
terwards called Lakshmibai (or Laxmibai) in honour of
the Hindu goddess Lakshmi.[14]
She gave birth to a boy,
later named Damodar Rao, in 1851, who died when four
months old. The Maharaja adopted a child called Anand
Rao, the son of Gangadhar Rao’s cousin, who was re-
named Damodar Rao, on the day before the Maharaja
died. The adoption was in the presence of the British po-
litical officer who was given a letter from the Maharaja
instructing that the child be treated with respect and that
the government of Jhansi should be given to his widow for
her lifetime. After the death of the Maharaja in Novem-
ber 1853, because Damodar Rao was adopted, the British
East India Company, under Governor-General Lord Dal-
housie, applied the Doctrine of Lapse, rejecting Damodar
Rao’s claim to the throne and annexing the state to its ter-
ritories. In March 1854, Lakshmibai was given a pension
of Rs. 60,000 and ordered to leave the palace and the
fort.[15][16]
Rani Lakshmibai was accustomed to riding on horse-
back accompanied by a small escort between the palace
and the temple although sometimes she was carried by
palanquin.[17]
Her horses included Sarangi, Pavan and
Badal; according to tradition she rode Badal when escap-
ing from the fort in 1858. The Rani Mahal, the palace
of Rani Lakshmibai, has now been converted into a mu-
seum. It houses a collection of archaeological remains of
the period between the 9th and 12th centuries AD.
According to a memoir purporting to be by Damodar
Rao he was among his mother’s troops and household at
the battle of Gwalior; together with others who had sur-
vived the battle (some 60 retainers with 60 camels and 22
horses) he fled from the camp of Rao Sahib of Bithur and
as the village people of Bundelkhand dared not aid them
for fear of reprisals from the British they were forced to
live in the forest and suffer many privations. After two
years there were about 12 survivors and these together
with another group of 24 they encountered sought the city
of Jhalrapatan where there were yet more refugees from
Jhansi. Damodar Rao surrendered himself to a British of-
ficial and his memoir ends in May 1860 when he has been
allowed a pension of Rs. 10,000, seven retainers only, and
is in the guardianship of Munshi Dharmanarayan.[18]
1.1 Indian Rebellion of 1857
1.1.1 May – July 1857
A rumour that the cartridges supplied by the East India
Company to the soldiers in its army contained pork or
beef fat began to spread throughout India in the early
months of 1857.[19]
On 10 May 1857 the Indian Rebellion
started in Meerut; when news of this reached Jhansi, the
Rani asked the British political officer, Captain Alexan-
der Skene, for permission to raise a body of armed men
for her own protection and Skene agreed to this.[20]
The
city was relatively calm in the midst of unrest in the re-
gion but the Rani conducted a Haldi Kumkum ceremony
with pomp in front of all the women of Jhansi to provide
assurance to her subjects, and to convince them that the
British were cowards and not to be afraid of them.[21][22]
Till this point, Lakshmibai was reluctant to rebel against
the British. In June 1857 a few men of the 12th Bengal
Native Infantry seized the fort containing the treasure and
magazine, and massacred the European officers of the
garrison along with their wives and children. Her involve-
ment in this massacre is still a subject of debate.[23][24]
An army doctor, Thomas Lowe, wrote after the rebellion
characterising her as the “Jezebel of India ... the young
rani upon whose head rested the blood of the slain”.[25]
Four days after the massacre the sepoys left Jhansi hav-
ing obtained a large sum of money from the Rani, and
1

2. 2 1 BIOGRAPHY
having threatened to blow up the palace where she lived.
Following this as the only source of authority in the city
the Rani felt obliged to assume the administration and
wrote to Major Erskine, commissioner of the Saugor di-
vision explaining the events which had led her to do so.[26]
On 2 July Erskine wrote in reply that he requested her
to “manage the District for the British Government” un-
til the arrival of a British Superintendent.[27]
The Rani’s
forces defeated an attempt by the mutineers to assert the
claim to the throne of a rival prince who was captured
and imprisoned. There was then an invasion of Jhansi by
the forces of Company allies Orchha and Datia; their in-
tention however was to divide Jhansi between themselves.
The Rani appealed to the British for aid but it was now
believed by the governor-general that she was responsi-
ble for the massacre and no reply was received. She set
up a foundry to cast cannon to be used on the walls of
the fort and assembled forces including some from for-
mer feudatories of Jhansi and elements of the mutineers
which were able to defeat the invaders in August 1857.
Her intention at this time was still to hold Jhansi on be-
half of the British.[28]
1.1.2 August 1857 – June 1858
From August 1857 to January 1858 Jhansi under the
Rani’s rule was at peace. The British had announced
that troops would be sent there to maintain control but
the fact that none arrived strengthened the position of
a party of her advisers who wanted independence from
British rule. When the British forces finally arrived in
March they found it well defended and the fort had heavy
guns which could fire over the town and nearby country-
side. Sir Hugh Rose, commanding the British forces, de-
manded the surrender of the city; if this was refused it
would be destroyed.[29]
After due deliberation the Rani
issued a proclamation: “We fight for independence. In the
words of Lord Krishna, we will if we are victorious, enjoy
the fruits of victory, if defeated and killed on the field of
battle, we shall surely earn eternal glory and salvation.”[30]
She defended Jhansi against British troops when Sir Hugh
Rose besieged Jhansi on 23 March 1858.
Jhansi Fort, 1882
The bombardment began on 24 March but was met by
heavy return fire and the damaged defences were re-
paired. The defenders sent appeals for help to Tatya
Tope;[27]
an army of more than 20,000, headed by Tan-
tiatope , was sent to relieve Jhansi but they failed to do
so when they fought the British on 31 March. During
the battle with Tantia Tope’s forces part of the British
forces continued the siege and by 2 April it was decided to
launch an assault by a breach in the walls. Four columns
assaulted the defences at different points and those at-
tempting to scale the walls came under heavy fire. Two
other columns had already entered the city and were ap-
proaching the palace together. Determined resistance
was encountered in every street and in every room of
the palace. Street fighting continued into the following
day and no quarter was given, even to women and chil-
dren. “No maudlin clemency was to mark the fall of the
city” wrote Thomas Lowe.[31]
The Rani withdrew from
the palace to the fort and after taking counsel decided
that since resistance in the city was useless she must leave
and join either Tantia Tope or Rao Sahib (Nana Sahib's
nephew).[32]
The place from where Rani Lakshmibai jumped on her horse,
Badal[33]
According to tradition with Damodar Rao on her back she
jumped on her horse Badal from the fort; they survived
but the horse died.[34]
The Rani escaped in the night with
her son, surrounded by guards.[35]
The escort included the
warriors Khuda Bakhsh Basharat Ali (commandant), Gu-
lam Gaus Khan, Dost Khan, Lala Bhau Bakshi, Moti Bai,
Sunder-Mundar, Kashi Bai, Deewan Raghunath Singh
and Deewan Jawahar Singh. Along with all these war-
riors the local population of Jhansi irrespective of their
religion or caste were always determined to fight and give
their lives with pleasure for the cause of independence
and their beloved Rani. She decamped to Kalpi with a
few guards, where she joined additional rebel forces, in-
cluding Tatya Tope.[32]
They occupied the town of Kalpi
and prepared to defend it. On 22 May British forces at-
tacked Kalpi; the Indian forces were commanded by the
Rani herself and were again defeated. The leaders (the
Rani of Jhansi, Tantia Tope, the Nawab of Banda, and
Rao Sahib) fled once more. They came to Gwalior and
joined the Indian forces who now held the city (Maharaja

3. 2.1 Literature, film & television 3
Scindia having fled to Agra from the battlefield at Morar).
They moved on to Gwalior intending to occupy the strate-
gic Gwalior Fort and the rebel forces occupied the city
without opposition. The rebels proclaimed Nana Sahib
as Peshwa of a revived Maratha dominion with Rao Sahib
as his governor (subedar) in Gwalior. The Rani was un-
successful in trying to persuade the other rebel leaders to
prepare to defend Gwalior against a British attack which
she expected would come soon. General Rose’s forces
took Morar on 16 June and then made a successful attack
on the city.[36]
On 17 June in Kotah-ki-Serai 26°12′44.26″N
78°10′24.76″E / 26.2122944°N 78.1735444°E near the
Phool Bagh of Gwalior, a squadron of the 8th (King’s
Royal Irish) Hussars, under Captain Heneage, fought
the large Indian force commanded by Rani Lakshmibai
which was trying to leave the area. The 8th Hussars
charged into the Indian force, killing many Indian
soldiers, taking two guns and continuing the charge
right through the Phool Bagh encampment. In this
engagement, according to an eyewitness account, Rani
Lakshmibai put on a sowar’s uniform and attacked one
of the hussars; she was unhorsed and also wounded,
probably by his sabre. Shortly afterwards, as she sat
bleeding by the roadside, she recognised the soldier and
fired at him with a pistol, whereupon he “dispatched
the young lady with his carbine”.[37][38]
According to
another tradition Rani Lakshmibai, the Queen of Jhansi,
dressed as a cavalry leader, was badly wounded; not
wishing the British to capture her body, she told a hermit
to burn it. After her death a few local people cremated
her body. The British captured the city of Gwalior after
three days. In the British report of this battle, Hugh
Rose commented that Rani Lakshmibai is “personable,
clever and beautiful” and she is “the most dangerous of
all Indian leaders”.[39][40]
Rose reported that she had
been buried “with great ceremony under a tamarind tree
under the Rock of Gwalior, where I saw her bones and
ashes”.[41][42]
Her tomb is in the Phool Bagh area of
Gwalior. Twenty years after her death Colonel Malleson
wrote in the History of the Indian Mutiny; vol. 3; London,
1878 'Whatever her faults in British eyes may have been,
her countrymen will ever remember that she was driven
by ill-treatment into rebellion, and that she lived and died
for her country.'[43]
2 Cultural depictions & memorials
Equestrian statues of Lakshmibai are seen in many places
of India, which show her and her son tied to her back.
Laxmibai National University of Physical Education in
Gwalior and Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College in
Jhansi are named after her. Rani Laxmi Bai National
Agricultural University in Jhansi was founded in 2013.
The Rani Jhansi Marine National Park is located in the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. A
An equestrian statue of Lakshmibai in Solapur, Maharashtra
The samadhi of Rani Lakshmibai
Rani Lakshmi Bai Park, Jhansi
women’s unit of the Indian National Army was named the
Rani of Jhansi Regiment. In 1957 two postage stamps
were issued to commemorate the centenary of the rebel-
lion: the 15 n.p. stamp portrayed the Rani on horseback.
2.1 Literature, film & television
Songs and poems
Patriotic songs have been written about the Rani; one of
them includes these lines (translated): “How valiantly like
a man fought she / The Rani of Jhansi / On every parapet
a gun she set / Raining fire of hell / How well like a man
fought the Rani of Jhansi / How valiantly and well!"[44]
She is a symbol of woman manhood as the line says in

4. 4 4 REFERENCES
her respect “Khoob ladi mardani wo to jhansi wali rani
thi” (Bravely and relentlessly she fought like men).
The most famous composition of Subhadra Kumari
Chauhan is the Hindi poem Jhansi ki Rani, an emotion-
ally charged description of the life of Rani Lakshmibai.
Novels
• Flashman in the Great Game by George MacDonald
Fraser, a historical fiction novel about the Indian Re-
volt describing several meetings between Flashman
and the Rani.
• La femme sacrée, in French, by Michel de Grèce.
A novel based on the Rani of Jhansi’s life in which
the author imagines an affair between the Rani and
an English lawyer. Pocket, 1988, ISBN 978-2-266-
02361-0
• La Reine des cipayes, in French, by Catherine Clé-
ment, Paris: Seuil, 2012, ISBN 978-2-021-02651-1
• Rani, a 2007 novel in English by Jaishree Misra.
• Nightrunners of Bengal, a 1951 novel in English by
John Masters.
• Manu (ISBN 072788073X) and Queen of
Glory (ISBN 0727881213), (2011 & 2012) by
Christopher Nicole, two novels about Lakshmibai
from the time of her marriage until her death during
the 'Indian Revolt' as seen and experienced by an
English woman companion.
• Rebel Queen: A Novel by Michelle Moran “A Touch-
stone Book” New York: Simon and Schuster, March
2015
Film and television
• The Tiger and the Flame (1953), one of the first tech-
nicolor films released in India, was directed and pro-
duced by Indian filmmaker Sohrab Modi.
• Jhansi Ki Rani (TV series) an Indian historical drama
television series aired on Zee TV.
• The Rebel, a new film by Ketan Mehta, a companion
piece to his film Mangal Pandey: The Rising. The
screenplay is by Farrukh Dhondy from a story by
Chandra Prakash Dwivedi.
Video game
• The Order: 1886 is a single-player third-person
shooter video game developed by Ready at Dawn
and SCE Santa Monica Studio and published by
Sony Computer Entertainment. It was released ex-
clusively for the PlayStation 4 on February 20, 2015.
A fictional version of Rani Lakshmi Bai is a piv-
otal character in the game and is referred to as
Laxmi/Lakshmi, Lakshmi Bai, Queen of Jhansi,
and Rani in the game by protagonist Galahad and
the rani’s daughter Devi. In the game, she is the rebel
leader fighting the United India Company plotting to
rule the world with unethical force, as had the East
India Company in reality.
Other works
• The Queen of Jhansi, by Mahasweta Devi (trans-
lated by Sagaree and Mandira Sengupta). This book
is a reconstruction of the life of Rani Lakshmi Bai
from extensive research of both historical docu-
ments (collected mostly by G. C. Tambe, grandson
of the Queen) and folk tales, poetry and oral tradi-
tion; the original in Bengali was published in 1956;
the English translation by Seagull Books, Calcutta,
2000, ISBN 8170461758.
3 See also
Rani Mahal, Jhansi
• List of Maratha dynasties and states
• Gangadhar Rao, Maharaja of Jhansi
• Central India Campaign (1858)
• Company rule in India
• Velu Nachiyar
• Jhalkaribai
4 References
[1] Jhansi Ki Rani Lakshmibai Biography (gives birth date of
19 November 1835)

5. 5
[2] Meyer, Karl E. & Brysac, Shareen Blair (1999) Tour-
nament of Shadows. Washington, DC: Counterpoint; p.
138--"The Rani of Jhansi ... known to history as Lakshmi
Bai, she was possibly only twelve in 1842 when she mar-
ried the .. Rajah of Jhansi ...”
[3] Though the day of the month is regarded as certain histo-
rians disagree about the year: among those suggested are
1827 and 1835.
[4] Meyer, Karl E. & Brysac, Shareen Blair (1999)
Tournament of Shadows. Washington, DC: Counterpoint;
p. 138--"The Rani of Jhansi ... known to history as Lak-
shmi Bai, she was possibly only twelve in 1842 when she
married the .. Rajah of Jhansi ...”
[5] The 177th anniversary of the Rani’s birth according to the
Hindu calendar was celebrated at Varanasi in November
2012: “Lakshmi Bai birth anniversary celebrated”. Times
of India (World News). 13 November 2012. Retrieved 6
December 2012.
[6] Copsey, Allen. “When was she born?". Lakshmibai, Rani
of Jhansi. Retrieved 2014-06-28.
[7] The Forts of Bundelkhand - Page 39 by Rita Sharma and
Vijay Sharma
[8] David, Saul (2002) The Indian Mutiny, 1857. London:
Viking; p. 350
[9] Allen Copsey (23 September 2005). “Lakshmibai, Rani
of Jhansi – Early Life”. Copsey-family.org. Retrieved 7
July 2012. (gives date of birth as 19 November 1835)
[10] Later in his life Moropant Tambe was a councillor in the
court of Jhansi under his daughter’s rule; he was executed
as a rebel after the capture of the city.“Lakshmibai, Rani
of Jhansi; Victims”. Allen Copsey. Retrieved 17 May
2013.
[11] David (2002), p. 350
[12] N.B. Tambe and Sapre are clan names; “Bai” or "-bai” is
honorific as is "-ji” the masculine equivalent. A Peshwa
in a Maratha state is the chief minister.
[13] “Lakshmibai, Rani of Jhansi; Timeline”. Retrieved 3 June
2015.
[14] “Jhansi Lakshmi Bai”.
[15] Edwardes, Michael (1975) Red Year. London: Sphere
Books, pp. 113–14
[16] N.B. Rao only means “prince"; the maharaja was Gangad-
har Newalkar of the Newalkar clan.
[17] Godse, Vishnu Bhatt. “Godse’s account”. Lakshmibai,
Rani of Jhansi. Allen Copsey. Retrieved 6 December
2012.
[18] The whole memoir was published in Marathi in Kelkar, Y.
N. (1959) Itihasachya Sahali (“Voyages in History”). It is
likely that this text is a written version based on tales of the
prince’s life in oral circulation and what actually happened
to him remains unknown.
[19] Edwardes, Michael (1975) Red Year. London: Sphere
Books, pp. 22–23
[20] Edwardes, Michael (1975) Red Year. London: Sphere
Books, p. 115
[21] David E. Jones, Women Warriors: a History (Brassey’s,
2005), p. 46.
[22] Vishnubhat Godse Maja Pravas
[23] David, Saul (2002) The Indian Mutiny 1857, London:
Penguin, p. 368
[24] “One Indian source [Vishnubhat Godse] alleges that the
day before the sepoys mutinied, Skene went to the Rani
and asked her to 'take charge of the state'. But there is no
supporting evidence. Nor is there any real basis for the as-
sertion that she was involved in conspiracy with the sepoys
before they mutinied."--Edwardes Red Year, p. 115
[25] Lowe, Thomas (1860) Central India during the Rebellion,
cited in Edwardes, Michael (1975) Red Year. London:
Sphere Books, p. 117
[26] Edwardes, Michael (1975) Red Year. London: Sphere
Books, p. 118
[27] Edwardes, Michael (1975) Red Year. London: Sphere
Books, p. 119
[28] Edwardes, Michael (1975) Red Year. London: Sphere
Books. p. 117
[29] Edwardes, Michael (1975) Red Year. London: Sphere
Books, pp. 117–19
[30] Edwardes, Michael (1975) Red Year. London: Sphere
Books, p. 119, citing Vishnubhat Godse Majha Pravas,
Poona, 1948, in Marathi; p. 67
[31] Edwardes, Michael (1975) Red Year. London: Sphere
Books, pp. 120–21
[32] Edwardes, Michael (1975) Red Year. London: Sphere
Books, p. 121
[33] The English version of the notice reads: “Rani Jhansi
jumped from this place on horseback with her adopted
son”
[34] “Jhansi”. Remarkable India. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
[35] Rani of Jhansi, Rebel against will by Rainer Jerosch, pub-
lished by Aakar Books 2007; chapters 5 and 6
[36] Edwardes, Michael (1975) Red Year. London: Sphere
Books, pp. 124–25
[37] David (2006), pp. 351–362
[38] Allen Copsey. “Brigadier M W Smith Jun 25th 1858 to
Gen. Hugh Rose”. Copsey-family.org. Retrieved 7 July
2012.
[39] David, Saul (2003), The Indian Mutiny: 1857, London:
Penguin; p. 367
[40] Ashcroft, Nigel (2009), Queen of Jhansi, Mumbai: Hol-
lywood Publishing; p. 1

6. 6 6 EXTERNAL LINKS
[41] Meyer Tournament; p. 145
[42] “The British believed they had found some of her bones
at the place where she was said to have been hurriedly
cremated by her followers, but this too is open to doubt."-
-Edwardes Red Year, p. 125
[43] Edwardes Red Year: one of two quotations to begin pt. 5,
ch. 1 (p. 111); History of the Indian Mutiny was begun
by John Kaye but Malleson both rewrote parts of it and
completed the work.
[44] Meyer, Karl E. & Brysac, Shareen Blair (1999) Tourna-
ment of Shadows. Washington, DC: Counterpoint; p. 145
• Vishnu Bhatt Godse.Maza Pravas: 1857 cya Ban-
daci Hakikat (Marathi “My journey: the truth about
the 1857 rebellion”)
• Meyer, Karl E. & Brysac, Shareen Blair. Tourna-
ment of Shadows Washington D.C.: Counterpoint,
1999; pp. 138–45.
• Verma, Janki Sharan Amar Balidani
• Zila Vikas Pustika, 1996–97, Jhansi
5 Further reading
• Jerinic, Maria (1997). “How we lost the empire:
retelling the stories of the Rani of Jhansi and Queen
Victoria”. In Homans, Margaret; Munich, Adri-
enne. Remaking Queen Victoria. Cambridge Uni-
versity Press. ISBN 9780521574853.
6 External links
• Rani Lakshmibai: warrior queen of Jhansi; Saints,
Sisters, and Sluts
• Day-by-day account of Jhansi’s role during the First
Indian Rebellion
• Lakshmibai, Rani of Jhansi; Allen Copsey
• Rani Lakshmibai in Time’s list of top 10 daredevil
wives

7. 7
7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
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7.2 Images
• File:1857_jhansi_fort2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bb/1857_jhansi_fort2.jpg License: ? Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
• File:Laxmi_bai_park.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Laxmi_bai_park.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ravi94555
• File:Laxmibai’{}s_statue_in_Solapur.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Laxmibai%27s_statue_in_
Solapur.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dharmadhyaksha
• File:Loudspeaker.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg License: Public domain Contrib-
utors: New version of Image:Loudspeaker.png, by AzaToth and compressed by Hautala Original artist: Nethac DIU, waves corrected by
Zoid
• File:Rani_mahal_jhansi.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Rani_mahal_jhansi.jpg License: CC BY-
SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ravi9889
• File:Samadhi_of_Maharani_Lakshmibai.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Samadhi_of_
Maharani_Lakshmibai.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: VidhuKhare
• File:The_place_from_where_Rani_Lakshmibai_jumped.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/The_
place_from_where_Rani_Lakshmibai_jumped.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Clicked this on my visit to Jhansi Fort on 31th
Aug 2012 Original artist: Avinashmaurya

8. 8 7 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
7.3 Content license
• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0