Flowering of regional cultures-India

2. In the medieval period, a number of languages
developed and flourished in different regions
of India. The introduction of Arabic and
Persian by the rulers of the Delhi Sultanate had
a distinct influence on the development of
some of these languages. It also gave birth to a
new language called Urdu.

3. Arabic was A dominant language in
central and west Asia because it was
the language of Prophet Muhammad.
The most famous work in Arabic
produced in this era is the Fatwa-I-
Alamgiri, a treatise on law written
during Aurangzeb’s reign.

4. Persian arose as an important language in central Asia from
the 10th century onwards. Some of the most renowned Persian
scholars, Such as Firdausi and Sadi, lived between the 10th and
14th centuries CE. The arrival of the Turks in India led to the
introduction of Persian as an administrative language in the
country.
The most prolific Persian scholar of the Medieval Period was
Amir Khusrau(1252-1325CE). He was an iconic figure in the
cultural history of the Indian subcontinent. He was a mystic and
a spiritual disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya of Delhi. He wrote
poetry primarily in Persian, but also in Hindavi.

5. Though the Sultans of Delhi did not patronize Sanskrit literature
and there were hardly any Sanskrit poets or scholars at their
courts, certain important Sanskrit works were translated into
Persian. This was done mainly with a view to make available
to the foreign readers useful information contained in the
Sanskrit literature.
Despite the lack of royal patronage, lot of Sanskrit literature was
produced during this period. This was mainly due to the
encouragement extended to Sanskrit by the Hindu kings of
Vijayanagar— Warangal, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Bengal and
the Pallavas of the South. Thus we find that the Sanskrit
literature was mainly produced in areas which were free
from Muslim dominations

6. Hindi literature includes literature in the
various Central Zone Indo-Aryan languages
which . During the later part of
this period and early Bhakti Kala, many
saint-poets like Ramanand and Gorakhnath
... The medieval Hindi literature is marked by
the influence of Bhakti movement and
composition of long, epic poems.

7. The earliest linguistic influences in the
development ofUrdu probably began
with the Muslim conquest of Sindh in
711. The language started evolving from
Farsi and Arabic contacts during the
invasions of the Indian subcontinent by
Persian and Turkic forces from the 11th
century onward.

8. The appearance of modern Indian languages marks the transition from the
ancient to the middle ages in Indian History. They became the media of
literature and the instruments of medieval thought.It is true that Sanskrit
continued to be cultivated; but with the downfall of Hindu principalities and
the drying up of the sources of patronage, its vogue rapidly diminished. It
still remained the language of orthodox religious literature and of
philosophy, and treatises were composed in it on ancient sciences, but the
days of its glory were over. The cultural currents which began to sweep the
country from the 12th century onwards left the channels of Sanskrit dry, and
flowed through new beds. The creative impulses of India passed it by and
inspired new dialects. As the magnificent treasure-house of ancient Indian
culture, Sanskrit still commanded the homage of the people, and exercised a
deep influence over the growth of new languages and literatures; but for the
expression of living experience and thought,its usefulness had ceased.

9.  Punjabi developed from Sanskrit through Prakrit languages and
later Apabhraṃśa .From 600 BC Sanskrit gave birth to many
regional languages in different parts of India. All these languages
are called Prakrit collectively. Shauraseni Prakrit was one of these
Prakrit languages, which was spoken in north and north-western
India and Punjabi and western dialects of Hindi developed from
this Prakrit. Later in northern India Shauraseni Prakrit gave rise
to Shauraseni Aparbhsha, a descendent of Prakrit. Punjabi
emerged as an Apabhramsha, a degenerated form of Prakrit, in
the 7th century A.D. and became stable by the 10th century. By the
10th century, many Nath poets were associated with earlier
Punjabi works.

10. Marathi Medieval age marked the beginning of the real
Marathi literature. Some of the early prominent poets
and scholars were Chakradhar, Bhaskar, Bhatt,
Narendra and Muknndaraya. It was only with the
emergence of religious saints like Namdeva that the
Marathi language gained prominence.
Namdeva compered hymen is Marathi. Another
prominent Bhakt who rendered valuable contribution
to the Marathi literature was Jnaneswar of
Pandharpur who advocated the doctrine that there
were no ranks or classes before God and all were equal
in his view.

11. The Alvar and Nayanar saints composed
devotional literature in
Tamil.Nambiandar Nambi was a popular
Nayanar Saint and Nammalvar, Andal
and Tondaradipodialvar were well known
Alvar saints.The Cholas were great
patrons of Tamil Poetry,

12.  Teluguliterature or TeluguSahityam is the body of
works written in the Telugu language. It consists of
poems, novels, short stories, dramas and puranas.
Telugu literature can be traced back to the early
10th century period (Prabandha Ratnavali(1918)
talk about the existence of Jain Telugu
literature during 850-1000AD) followed by 11th
century period when Mahabharata was first
translated to Telugu from Sanskrit by Nannaya. It
flourished under the rule of the Vijayanagara
Empire, where Telugu was one of the empire's
official languages.


13. The generally held view is that Malayalam was the
western coastal dialect of Tamil.
Ramacharitham is a collection of poems
written at the end of the preliminary stage in
Malayalam literature's evolution. It is the oldest
Malayalam book available. The collection has
1,814 poems in it. Ramacharitham mainly
consists of stories from the Yuddha Kanda of
the Ramayana.

14. A source textis a text (sometimes oral) from which information or ideas are
derived.

15. During the Mughal rule in India, Indian Classical music emerged as two
separate traditions - North Indian Hindustani and the south Indian
Carnatic, mainly because of the Islamic influence. The Hindustani system
may be thought as a mixture of traditional Indian musical concepts and
Persian performance practice. Many new musical forms like Khayal and
Ghazal.
Persian music influenced in India Persian music is the music of Persia and
Persian language countries: musiqi, the science and art of music, and
muzik, the sound and performance of music. Many Ustads, or
professional musicians, have learned North Indian classical music in
India, and some of them were Indian descendants who moved from India
to the royal court in and they use the Hindustani musical theories and
terminology, for example raga (melodic form) and tala (rhythmic cycle).

16. India is a treasure house of cultural and traditional heritage.
This country has a long history in its every sphere. Since
time immemorial when the geographical demarcations
were not yet assigned, the land developed interesting
ethnicity and customs. After the topographical divisions,
the early civilizations also offered traces of dances and
music. In ancient India dancers performed in the temples
in reverence to the Gods and Goddess and the era saw rise
of devadasi system. However, with the advent of medieval
era, there was a radical change in the field of dance and
other performing arts in the country. Dance in Medieval
India witnessed several changes.

17. Bharatanatyam also historically called Sadir, is a major genre of Indian
classical dance that originated in Tamil Nadu. Traditionally,
Bharatanatyam has been a solo dance that was performed
exclusively by women,and it expressed South Indian religious
themes and spiritual ideas, particularly
of Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism.
Bharatanatyam's theoretical foundations trace to the ancient Sanskrit
text by Bharata Muni, Natya Shastra, its existence by 2nd century
CE is noted in the ancient Tamil epic Silappatikaram, while temple
sculptures of 6th to 9th century CE suggest it was a well refined
performance art by mid 1st millennium CE. Bharatanatyam may be
the oldest classical dance tradition of India.

18. Kathak(कथक) is the Hindi name for one of the eight major forms
of Indian classical dance. The origin of Kathak is traditionally
attributed to the traveling bards of ancient northern India known
as Kathakars or storytellers. The term Kathak is derived from the
Vedic Sanskrit word Katha which means "story",
and Kathaka which means "the one who tells a story", or "to do
with stories". Wandering Kathakars communicated stories from
the great epics and ancient mythology through dance, songs and
music in a manner similar to early Greek theatre.Kathak dancers
tell various stories through their hand movements and footwork,
but most importantly through their facial expressions. Kathak
evolved during the Bhakti movement, particularly by
incorporating the childhood and stories of the Hindu
god Krishna, as well as independently in the courts of north
Indian kingdoms.

19. Kathakali is one of the major forms of classical
Indian dance. It is a "story play" genre of art,
but one distinguished by the elaborately
colorful make-up, costumes and facemasks
that the traditionally male actor-dancers
wear. Kathakali primarily developed as a
Hindu performance art in the Malayalam-
speaking southwestern region of India
(Kerala).

20. Manipuridance, also known as Jagoi,is one of the major Indian
classical dance forms, named after the region of its origin –
Manipur, a state in northeastern India bordering
with Myanmar (Burma), Assam, Nagaland and Mizora
m. It is particularly known for its
Hindu Vaishnavism themes, and exquisite performances of
love-inspired dance drama of Radha-Krishna
called Raslila. However, the dance is also performed to
themes related to Shaivism, Shaktism and regional deities
such as Umang Lai during Lai Haraoba.

21. Mohiniyattam, also spelled Mohiniattam , is one of the
eight classical dances of India that developed and
remain popular in the state of Kerala.The other
classical dance form from Kerala
is Kathakali. Mohiniyattam dance gets its name
from the word Mohini – a mythical enchantress
avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu, who helps the good
prevail over evil by deploying her feminine powers.

22. Odissi, also referred to as Orissi in older literature, is a
major ancient Indian classical dance that originated in
the Hindu temples of Odisha – an eastern coastal state
of India. Odissi, in its history, was performed
predominantly by women, and
expressed religious stories and spiritual ideas,
particularly of Vaishnavism (Vishnu as Jagannath).
Odissi performances have also expressed ideas of other
traditions such as those related to Hindu
gods Shiva and Surya, as well as Hindu goddesses
(Shaktism).

23.  Kuchipudi is one of the eleven major Indian
classical dances. It originated in a village
named Kuchipudi in the Indian state of Andhra
Pradesh.
 Kuchipudi is a dance-drama performance, with
its roots in the ancient Hindu Sanskrit text
of Natya Shastra. It developed as a religious art
linked to traveling bards, temples and spiritual
beliefs, like all major classical dances of
India. Evidence of Kuchipudi's existence in an
older version are found in copper inscriptions of
the 10th century, and by the 15th century in texts
such as the Machupalli Kaifat. Kuchipudi
tradition holds that Tirtha Narayana Yati –
a sanyassin of Advaita Vedanta persuasion, and
his disciple, an orphan named Siddhendra Yogi,
founded and systematized the modern version
of Kuchipudi in the 17th century. Kuchipudi
largely developed as a Hindu god Krishna-
oriented Vaishnavism tradition,and it is most
closely related to Bhagavata Mela performance
art found in Tamil Nadu.

24. Thank you
By
Rayyaan