Mahatma Gandhi was the preeminent leader of Indian independence movement in British-ruled India. He was born in 1869 in Gujarat and employed non-violent civil disobedience to achieve independence. Some of his notable campaigns included the Champaran and Kheda satyagrahas, non-cooperation movement, and the famous Dandi Salt March. He was assassinated in 1948 by Nathuram Godse due to his vision of a secular post-independent India.

1. Mahatma Gandhi

2. Structure Vocabulary

3. Quick Facts

4. Satyagraha

5. Biography:

6. •Early life and Background

7. •Time in London

8. •Gandhi in South Africa

9. •Role in World War I

10. Structure Indian Independence:

11. • Champaran and Kheda

12. • Non-cooperation

13. • Salt Satyagraha (Salt March)

14. • Partition of India

15. Assasination

16. Sources

17. Vocabulary English Faith

18. Barrister

19. Landlady

20. To run foul of

21. Circumstanses

22. Poll - tax German Glaube / Vertrauen

23. Anwalt (Zivilrecht)

24. Wirtin

25. Jmd. anfahren

26. Umstände

27. Die Kopfsteuer

28. Vocabulary English Average

29. Vow

30. Litigants

31. Appeal

32. Fee

33. Home-spun German Mittelwert, Havarie

34. Schwur, Gelöbnis

35. Prozessführende Patei / Personen

36. Anziehungskraft

37. Dues, Payment

38. Selbst gesponnen

39. Quick Facts Name: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Date of Birth: 2 nd October 1869 Place of Birth: Porbandar, Guajarat, British India Date of Death: 30 th January 1948 Place of Death: New Dehli, India (Assassination)

40. Mahatma Gandhi Political and ideological leader of India during the Indian independence movement

41. Is called Bapu in India (Bapu = “Father”)

42. Offically honored in India as “Father of Nation”

43. 2 Oct. (Birthday of Gandhi) is the “International Day of Non-Violence”

44. Values Truth (Satya)

45. Non-Violence (Ahisma)

46. Vegetarianism

47. Self-Discipline (Brahmacharya)

48. Simplicty

49. Faith

50. Non-Possession (Aparigraha)

51. Equality (Savra Dharma Samanata)

52. Satyagraha Satyagraha (Sanskrit: सत्याग्रह satyāgraha), loosely translated as "Soul Force,"[1] "truth force," or is a particular philosophy and practice within the broader overall category generally known as nonviolent resistance or civil resistance

53. Youth and Background

54. Karamchand Gandhi

55. His Father Name: Karamchand Gandhi

56. Lived 1822 – 1885 (63 years)

57. Hindu

58. High official serving the state

59. Putlibai Gandhi

60. His Mother Name: Putlibai Gandhi

61. Lived 1839 – 1891 (52 years)

62. Brought up very devout and under Jain (Hindu) traditions

63. Highly influcenced Mohondas to have compassions for:

64. sentient beings, vegetarianism, fasting for self-purification, and mutual tolerance among individuals of different creeds

65. Youth and Background Also did some Indian classic stories influence Gandhi.

66. Youth and Background Mohondas father(1822–1885), named Karamchand Gandhi, was a Hindu and a high official.

67. Putlibai G. , his mother, was also a Hindu. She grew up very devout and under Jain traditions. This influenced the young boy and woke his compassion for: sentient beings, vegetarianism, fasting for self-purification, and mutual tolerance among individuals of different creeds.

68. Gandhi and his wife Kasturba

69. Marriage / Relationship May 1883 Mohondas was married to Kasturbai Makhanji

70. Mohondas was 13

71. Kasturbai was 14

72. Arranged child marriage

73. Marriage / Relationship Their first child was born when Gandhi was 15 but only survived a few days

74. They had four other kids:

75. Harilal (born 1888)

76. Manilal (born 1892)

77. Ramdas (born in 1897)

78. Devdas (born in 1900)

79. Academic Career Average student

80. Problems with entry Test for College

81. Unhappy: family wanted him to become barrister

82. Academic Career 4 Sept. 1888 goes to study in London

83. Made vow to be vegetarian, not to drink alcohol etc.

84. Still experimented with English customs:

85. took dance lessons

86. Time in London Could not eat food “at home” => always hungry

87. Found vegetarian resturant

88. Joined the vegetarian society

89. Got elected to executive comittee

90. Time in London Some vegetarians made him join the Theosophical Society

91. It studys Buddhist and Hindu literature

92. Gandhi became interested in religion

93. Reads Hindu and Christians scriptures

94. Time in London Passed his final exam 10 June 1891

95. Went to India 12 June 1891

96. His mother died while he was in London

97. Back in India His plan to work in Bombay failed

98. Returned to Rajkot as he didn't get the job as high scool teacher

99. Also had to quit making drafts of petitions for litigants when crashed into a British officer with a car

100. April 1893: Accepts to work in South Africa (British Empire)

101. Gandhi in South Africa

102. Gandhi in South Africa Thrown off a train

103. Gets beaten by driver

104. Kicked out from several hotels

105. Ordered to remove his turban

106. => Exeperienced racsim

107. => Starts to think about the place he has in society

108. Gandhi in South Africa Extends stay-over

109. Wants to support Indian's trying to get the right to vote

110. Helps to found Natal Indian Congress

111. Forms a unified Indian political force

112. Gandhi in South Africa Gets attacked by whites after landing in Durban

113. Principles: Does not want revenge

114. Gandhi in South Africa 1906: Transvaal government wants to count Indian population

115. => Mass protest in Johannesbourg 11. September

116. Gandhi in South Africa Gandhi tells the Indian to be non-violent and resist punishments

117. His mates follow his request

118. =>7 year “fight”: Many get jailed (Monhondas included) or even executed

119. Gandhi in South Africa Government was succsessful repressing Indian

120. Public was shocked of violence used against peaceful Indians

121. => South African General had to negotiate a compromise with Gandhi

122. Satyagraha got delveloped

123. Zulu War 1906 British introduce new poll – tax

124. Zulus kill two British officers

125. British declare war against Zulus

126. Zulu War Gandhi wants to help

127. Government refuses to have Indian army officers but allow Indian stretcher-bearer corps

128. Corps: 23 members, lead by Gandhi

129. Zulu War Mohondas wanted Britians to see that Indians are “useful”, Indians get training in warfare

130. Describes Zulu war as Man-hunt

131. Even English think same

132. Back in India Back 1915 Mahatma was introduced to Indian issues, politics and people

133. Spoke at the Indian National Congress

134. Role in World War I Recruits Indians for war

135. Will not hurt / kill anybody

136. Says that it is important to know how to use weapons

137. Champaran and Kheda

138. Champaran and Kheda First big succsess (1918) Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha

139. Bad situation: dirty, unhygenic, alcoholism

140. British want to increase tax

141. Opens ashram

142. Champaran and Kheda Has confidence of villagers

143. Starts clean-up, bulding schools

144. Gets arrested because of causing unrest

145. => Big protest

146. Freed he negotiates contract which gives farmers more rights

147. Champaran and Kheda Gets famous

148. => Names like Bapu (= Father) and Mahatma (= Great Soul) develop

149. Non-cooperation Gandhis weapons: non-cooperation, non-violence, peaceful resistance

150. Violence from British side => Indian react with violence

151. Gandhi critises both sides

152. Holds speech: No violence can be justified

153. Non-cooperation => Gandhi's objective: complete individual, spiritual, political independence of India (Swaraj) 1921 Gandhi becomes Leader of National Indian Congress

154. => Reorganises, for national mass appeal

155. => Membership for little fee

156. Non-cooperation Swadeshi policy: Boycott of forgein made goods, especially British

157. Khadi: Should wear home-spun cloth

158. Also boycott British educational institutes, jobs, law-courts, titles and honors

159. Non-cooperation Campain has great sucsess

160. Called of because of violence

161. 3th time big campaign gets called off by Gandhi

162. 15.000 Supporters jailed

163. Arrested 10 March 1922 => 6 years jail because of sedition, released February 1924 (illness)

164. Non-cooperation National Congress splinters in 2 sections: Make laws <=> use British laws

165. Hindu and Muslim cooperation reduces

166. Gandhi couldn't restore old state

167. Salt Satyagraha (Salt March)

168. Salt Satyagraha (Salt March) Stays out of active politics in 1920s

169. 1928 returns to the fore

170. British govornement: New constitution commission with out Indian

171. =>Boycott of commission by Indian partys

172. Salt Satyagraha (Salt March) Congress (Dec 1928): Dominion status or non-cooperation with complete Independence

173. Ultimatum: 1 year, Mahatma refers to views of Subhas Chandra Bose, Jawaharlal Nehru

174. Salt Satyagraha (Salt March) British don't respond

175. => 31 Dec 1929 India declares it's Independence

176. 26 January 1930: Indian Independence Day

177. Salt Satyagraha (Salt March) Satyagraha, cause: Tax on salt in March

178. Salt March( 12 Mar – 6 April): 388 km Ahmedabad to Dandi (coast)

179. Wants to make salt himself

180. Thousands join

181. One of most succsessful campaign Britains jail over 60.000 people

182. Salt Satyagraha (Salt March) Lord Edward Irwin negoiates with Gandhi

183. => Gandhi – Irwin Pact Britain: Frees all political prisoners

184. India: Stops civil disobedience Mahatma invited to Round Table Congress London Disappointment: no discussion of power transfer

185. Salt Satyagraha (Salt March) Sucsessor of Irwin: New campaign subduing nationalist movement

186. => Gandhi gets imprisoned and isolated from followers (no use)

187. Salt Satyagraha (Salt March) 1932: Role in granting rights to vote to the class of untouchable ends in 3 assassination attempt (1934)

188. => Leaves congress party

189. Salt Satyagraha(Salt March) Returns to politics 1936

190. Wants focus on independence

191. Accepts socialism as goal

192. Conflict with Subhas Bose (president 1938): Contra Democracy, Non-violence Bose resigned. Cause: Mass-resignment because of abandoment of Gandhis priciples

193. Partiton of India Gandhi and Indian National Congress wanted independent India

194. Muslim League wanted to divide India

195. Compromise: provisional government with Indian and Muslim League

196. Partition of India Plebiscite (=Volksabstimmung) about partiton

197. Riots => Gandhi goes and stops them

198. Gandhi makes strong efforts to unite the Indian Hindus, Muslims and Christians

199. Assasination 30 January 1948: Shot by Nathuram Godse

200. His last words maybe: “Oh God”

201. Godse and his co-conspirator Narayan Apte executed on 15 November 1949

202. Assasination Ashes were sent all over India, even to the Nil

203. Raj Ghat, Delhi memorial of his cremation

205. Gandhi nursing

206. Gandhi having tea with Lord Mountbatten

207. Young Gandhi

208. Sources http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_9UxHwUfG2qQ/TGiyUAVcAOI/AAAAAAAAA0k/QUcHJbggIXI/s1600/mahatmagandhi.jpg http://www.kurzbiografie.info/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/mahatmagandhi.jpg http://www.slideshare.net/parthav_funny/mahatma-gandhi-presentation-961337 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi dict.leo.org translate.google.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagraha en.wikipedia.org maps.google.com

209. Sources http://de.academic.ru/pictures/dewiki/80/Putlibai_Gandhi.jpg http://www.mkgandhi.org/gphotgallery/1869-1914/images/d.jpg https://geniusmothers.com/genius-mothers-of/governors-politicians/Putlibai-Gandhi/

210. Gandhi